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THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SPACES FROM THE BEGINNING OF ANCIENTITY
TO OUR DAYS Abilev D.N.1, Samoilov K.I.2
'Abilev DinmukhamedNurlanyly — Bachelor of Arts, Undergraduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich — Doctor of Architecture, Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: since ancient times, the role of public space has played an important role in the urban development aspect, over the years developing and supplementing in the architectural style. Today, this role is still important in the life of mankind.
Keywords: landscape architecture, public spaces, foreign experience, the history of landscape architecture.
The very concept of area is not only the spatial designation of the premises, but also the main architectural element of the urban space and the planning structure of urban development, which forms its own individual image. According to its purpose. the area has various functions (such as exhibition, cultural, pedestrian, etc.) but most importantly, it is an organized public space in the urban planning system.
he origin of the concept of area can be with the Old Slavonic name and the ascent to the older Greek plateia or platys (which means wide or undeveloped urban / rural space). Since ancient times, these spaces in different countries have served for a long time as a place of communication between urban residents, a place of mass gatherings on which voiced the code of laws of the authorities, trading places or holding festivals, etc. Such areas arise mainly at the intersection of large streets of urban structures that are associated with trade or at the intersections of major roads leading to other cities.
As described earlier, the importance of city squares was proven in ancient times, an example of which is the Greek Agora, which hosted many meetings of citizens of the city, in addition to which it performed many functions ranging from cultural events to political and commercial activities. In terms of its design, it was a quadrangular shape decorated around with porticoes and colonnades that adjoined various public buildings such as temples, stadiums and shopping malls, Agora also served as a gathering place for solemn or ritual processions.
Not only Ancient Greece is known only by the agora. In ancient Rome, the Forum (Latin forum -square) was an analogue of the Agora, a large open square located in the very center of the Roman city, which, like the Agora, served as a place for trade in public and political gatherings, in addition to which various sports were held on the square, etc. .d.
According to archaeological excavations and historical data, it is clear that several forums were erected in Roman cities, while research revealed that the general characteristics of Roman forums are similar to Greek places more developed in their composition. During the repetition of this planning composition, during which the Romans adopted the Greek rectangular shape or the elongated square shape with the inner temple, Roman architects discovered a new planning principle by first applying a system of squares that combines the buildings with a single compositional axis, which are visually visible separately. In addition, Roman architects used previously unused semicircles thereby predetermining the emergence of complex beam areas fifteen centuries in advance, which also had the same depth with the axis of symmetry, thereby differing in style and design.
During the Renaissance, the area still remained one of the main objects of urban planning, the explanation for this choice is that the market was a necessary life center. In the place where the market arose in the future, a banking exchange appeared, churches, town halls and various buildings of production workshops were erected, etc. At that time, trade areas were the main focus, public meetings and cultural events with carnival processions took place in the territory.
In the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, in addition to retail space, public squares appear that become the main urban squares. They are covered with stone paving, the streets and surrounding spaces are kept clean, decorated with stone fountains with various designs from statues and carvings, on the territory of which the announcement of state acts, etc.
In the sixteenth century, there is a complete change in the functions of the public square, the innovation of which was the emergence of a new city square, the type of which refers to a more decorative look. The squares of this type had a regular and rectangular layout, which always combined with calm surrounding buildings. At that time, along with rectangular squares, trapezoidal ones appeared. The seventeenth century was marked by the fact that in addition to practical use, the area was created more like a town-planning decoration. This phenomenon was facilitated by the fact that the development of cities at that time had ceased and the previously constructed public and retail spaces fully satisfied the needs of local residents. The squares appeared mainly as a decorative territory from the construction of new churches, as in the Middle Ages, when churches appeared in the middle of the squares, or knocked onto the territory of the squares from the fronts of buildings, most often statues and monuments were installed in the middle of the squares as decoration. Nevertheless, the role of Baroque squares was the opposite of the Renaissance squares, in their characterization they had a complex plan, emphasized by their pretentiousness, in which a complex combination of forms was often used along with a trapezoid and a picturesque curve.
The seventeenth century was marked by the fact that the public squares of French cities also underwent changes, these changes occurred under the influence of the Italian Renaissance, when the plans for urban squares began to represent the correct and strict form. The most common forms of layout of the areas of the French Renaissance were square, triangular and rectangular with cut corners. Thus, the French, in addition to geometrizing floor plans, adopted the same type of formative development of public squares from Italians, namely, the fact that the houses located on the squares of French cities had thick walls along with massive supports in galleries, high roofs, etc.
As historical documents and plans show, in the seventeenth century, the layout of the squares was made in closed forms, which over time, under the influence of Roman Baroque, the city squares begin to weave tightly with the city streets, followed by opening into the outer space with subsequent modernization and refinement by various masters, thanks to which appeared new types of squares. One of these masters is Andre Lenotre and architect Francois Blondel, the first became known for his work as a landscape architect at the Palace of Versailles, thanks to which a round square appears with its subsequent open square terrace, this type of decoration becomes widespread throughout Europe that time. Thanks to the work of the theorist and architect Francois Blondel, the optimal ratio was revealed for them, according to which the height of the area is determined by one quarter of its diameter.
In the middle of the eighteenth century, France became the owner of many squares near embankments and bridges, because of its picturesque location, these squares had a three-sided public development.
Given the European cities with a clear layout of areas, do not forget about the Russian cities of the pre-Petrine period, very little is known, since this is due to the destruction of the wooden buildings that formed them. But according to the stored data, it is known that Russian squares were small spaces and irregular geometric shapes, although the construction of the squares as such is not mentioned in historical chronicles. Since public spaces themselves arose more precisely spontaneously and were mainly formed due to the collapsible structures of the stands. One of the characteristic features in the construction of the Old Russian square is that it was not immediately perceived, but with the passage of time, bypassing the buildings ringing the square.
It was in the eighteenth century that the construction of a city square in Russian urban planning proved to be a topic worthy of attention. It was the layout of city squares that aroused the attention of the international community, namely the competition for the design of a new Palace Square in St. Petersburg, which at that time became a signal for the design and implementation of squares in Russia. However, widespread construction of squares in Russia received after World War II in the year during the beginning of the Empire style. The period of construction of urban public space on the territory of Russia after the October Revolution acquired completely different scales and idealistic assumptions, while in the west public space was not privatized, then on the territory of the USSR the entire urban territory was considered public space. At that time, many cities in which industry developed erected their own public spaces, at which events related to the ideological principles of the cooperative people with the tasks set by the party, etc.
Nevertheless, with the passing of time, many countries have developed and modernized many principles for the formation of urban public spaces to meet modern requirements. Urban territories occupied by multistory buildings prove that modern cities have become cold concrete boxes that distort the very essence of the idea under which they were erected. So what is a modern urban space of a modern eco-city or a simple metropolis? What features exist for the formation of a modern urban space?
One of the features of the formation of modern public spaces is its liveliness, crowding, along with high attendance by these very people, together with a friendly atmosphere, which is one of the main goals to be a center of active life. Whether it is a city on the banks of a river or the sea or one of the cities on the continents, the goals of forming urban spaces are always the same in all countries.
There are already implemented examples all over the world, such as in the Austrian city of Innsbruck, this public space is called the Eduard Wallnofer Square, which draws attention to the absence of sharp corners on concrete elements, which, due to their location, create the appearance of pouring into each other.
Hong Kong Square One Island East, which is a small space connecting an office building with a small residential development, has proved another example of the functional use of urban space, the territory of the space combines the harmonious coexistence of residential and business areas since architects divided the area for office staff in whose territory there are small areas with decorative pools, and a small park area with lush vegetation is intended for residents of bli house, however, between them is a zone with terraces for both representatives. This proves that any territory can be adapted and divided into functional zones regardless of the sphere of human activity, because in the modern world, in the pursuit of profit, many people forget about the very formation of urban space so that a person feels comfortable in it, because a person will not be able to live in space in which contains visual and noise pollution when busy transport lines are located under the windows of the houses.
This is exactly the kind of problem faced in Bilbao, once Indauchu Square was a wide three-lane highway, thereby causing discomfort for residents of nearby houses. Over time, it was decided to turn this territory into a well-equipped pedestrian zone, which the specialists from the architectural bureau JAAM coped with the task, they were able to create a public space decorated like a forest glade on which young trees grow, which have a distinctive look with dotted areas of different circular shapes diameters in which various types of trees grow. Especially the view of this territory is transformed in the evening, when the area is illuminated by LED lights of different heights, which in shape resemble the branches of trees with leaves.
Nevertheless, there are many more examples on this topic of urban public space, regardless of the location and climatic features of all of them have one goal in common, to create comfortable conditions for human life. A feature of which is the integration of the environment with the urban space, with the subsequent elimination of the negative impact of the urban environment. Today, modern methods of construction make it possible to implement public spaces not only in the open air, but also in the buildings themselves, most of which connect external and internal spaces.
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