CC BY
32
UDC 314
THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL WORK MIGRATION SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF COMPETITIVE ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
L.K. Gurieva
North-Ossetian State University of K.L. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz, Russia
The article presents an analysis of the American experience with migrational policy implied to build the intellectual capacity of the economy potential. Sense of responsibility for Russia rebirth in whole and Russian science in particular is peculiar for the significant part of Russian intellectual diaspora. On what continent its representatives will live, according to our point of view, does not have a principal meaning in the epoch of globalization. The main point is that people, born and grown up in Russia will contribute to country forward integration in global economic system, providing safe and competitive development of its economy.
Key words: economic development, migration policy of the US, attraction of the intellectual elites.
One of the obstacles in competitiveness achievement of Russian territories innovative development appears to be insufficient concentration of intellectual elites in them. In this context research, analysis and foreign experience adaptation of systematic innovative development of territories with a help of realization of highly intellectual migrators purposeful attraction for constant and temporary residence are considered to be very useful on the practical level.
Thus, for instance, the United States of America as a country of traditional migration has old traditions and well-developed mechanisms for attraction and selection of intellectual elites from the other countries. Immigration there plays a very significant role as a factor of population growth, so as economic activity stimulator, providing economy feeding by low-paid labor power and highly skilled specialists that denotes a significant economy of means for their training. For example, just before the beginning of XXI century engineers of Chinese and Indian origin controlled approximately the quarter of high-technology businesses in Californian Silicon Valley with the annual sales of 17,8 bln.dollars. Herewith in a half of new businesses, opened now in Silicon Valley, at least, one of the founders is either immigrant or American in first generation. It is worth mentioning that already in 2000 more than 300 thous. of specialists in high-technology industries and 35 thous. doctors of Indian origin were calculated [9, p. 23]. However intellectual immigration is mot limited by developing countries. Today more than 400 thous. of skilled specialists from the Western Europe work in the USA, only 50 thous. of which want to return to their native countries [9, p. 37].
The modern system of attraction and selection of new foreign specialists was created in the USA in four steps. After the adoption of Marshall Plan in 1947 Americans began inviting people from the whole world to study in their universities: as the result the best stayed in America. Americans faced with interesting problem: diasporas of highly educated status foreigners began to act as lobby, protecting interests of their native countries. The given aspect of intellectual immigration turned to be very significant, as it provided enlargement of political, economical and cultural influence of the USA in the countries of emigration. Already at the first step of Marshall Plan realization thousands of young Europeans, invited to American universities, stayed in the USA. Those, who returned home, often became the bearers of a new political culture, enlarging the potential of American "soft power" (thus, J. Nye characterizes this concept as a possibility to "induce others to wish the same as you do" [8]). The new waves of intellectual migration followed them -at first from the countries of the Western Europe and Japan, then - from South Korea, Taiwan and other courtiers of Asia and Latin America.
In 1970-1980s the turn of China came, and then turn of countries of the Eastern Europe and post-Soviet governments. Thus, continuous feeding of American intellectual elite was realized which made possible selective choice of specialists from the countries with highly developed scientific schools in certain spheres. Nowadays employees-immigrants comprise about a half of academic personnel in the sphere of natural sciences, and students-foreigners get almost three-quarters of Ph.D. academic degrees in natural sciences.
The third stage is creation of Silicon Valley with a special tax treatment and under the minimum influence of the government. At least, at the fourth stage, after 1965, the USA completely changed migrational policy, opened the boundaries for natives of the Third World countries and skilled specialists [4]. Purposeful attraction of human resources to the USA, appearing to be the significant part of demographic policy is quoted. Quota arrangement, as a regulation method of temporary labor immigration, is applied either for immigrants for the purpose of part-time residence, or in order to move for permanent place of residence. Immigrational quotas are quantitative restrictions of migrators number, coming to the country, established by regulatory bodies of accepting country in the form of absolute, or relative range (percentage) countrywide, its separate territories, types of economic activity (branches), home countries, and professional groups [3]. On the basis of employment perspectives in the USA different categories of foreign workers are emphasized, among which individual investors, ready to invest no less than 1 mln. dollars to the economy of the USA, or 0,5 mln.dollars - to economically depressive or rural territories (there is special program) (quota is about 10 thousand of green cards or 7,1 %). Herewith:
- a new business must create no less than 10 working places upon terms of complete employment (excluding an investor himself and dependent persons);
- in case of investments to already existing business, investments should grow its own organization capital or a number of employed people to 140 %, or safe all existing work positions in business, lost about 20 percents of own capital for the period from 1 to two years [3].
Thus, from the point of view of American policy of intellectual immigration stimulation two aspects are considered to be especially important:
- inflow stimulation of highly skilled specialists, relieving the pressure to educational system of the USA and decreasing expenses for their training;
- large-scale training of foreign students in American universities, which allows, from one side to realize selection of the best personnel for employment and give them the place of residence in the USA, from the other side - stimulate formation of proamerican groups, capable to be bearers of a new political culture and ideology, from those who subsequently return to their native countries.
If one speaks about Russian academical diaspore specifically in the USA, then it can be grouped according to the three categories. The first from them includes scientists, who went out as constant emigrants. As was mentioned above, the part of this category quickly decreases in the general flow. The second category includes those, who went out as short-time workers or students, but got the permanent work. The third category unites those who went out with a help of temporary visas in the quality of students, postgraduates, defended respondents. This category is not so large, as it is sometimes imagined. In general it can be amounted about 3 mln. of foreigners studying in the West, and from 35 thous. to 50 thous. in other words only one and half percent from them are Russians [5, p. 8-9].
Besides, skilled migrators are distinguished according to the sphere of action in two relations: could they find a job, corresponding to their academical qualification, or they had to leave for the other spheres of action; what status and income level they have in general and in reference to their preceding and potential situation in Russia.
However the most significant qualifying-status classification is that according to which one can emphasize:
- elite of intellectual emigration - professorship, having constant, essentially, places at universities guaranteed for term of life (tenure), and also owners or highly paid employees of high-technology business or similar state-owned firms;
- persons, stayed abroad and working on the temporary basis (grant recipients, timeworker
and etc.);
- persons, having temporary visas for work and practical study abroad;
- students and postgraduates, having temporary visas for abroad study.
Probability that representatives of rather small group of scientists, possessing the highest qualification will return to Russia is rather small. Attraction to Russia or collaboration with specialists of the last two categories would significantly permit to increase the level of science and education in our country on the basis of the west methodologies and enlarge involvement of Russian scientists and educational institutions into international projects. However, in chase "for arbor" or in aspiration to absolutize the idea of elite returning to Russia, there exists a serious danger to leave the top of intellectual elite overboard, having abruptly decreased the policy efficiency of "academical repatriation". Thus, various parameters and differentiating measures should be put into the plan of governmental events, aimed to attraction (or to collaboration) of concrete intellectual elite groups to the country.
Surveys, conducted with the assistance of Eurasian net of political researches, showed that despite on the fact that most part of migrators have very strong emotional binding to Russia (the majority of respondents pointed to detachment from family, friends and native cultural environment as to an important circumstance, complicating their lives abroad), three blocks of factors, preventing their return, still preserve:
- socioeconomic factors - instability of economic situation in Russia, absence of social protections, especially in pension age, disbelief to the government with dominant influence of bureaucracy and corruption;
- academic factors - immense gap between Russia and West in technical and material support of scientific researches, in salary and social security level of scientists, detachment from the world academic society, corruptness and bureaucracy of academic administrative apparatus (it is worth mentioning that at the end of century the part of Russia in manufacture of the world high-technology products comprised no less than 1 % in comparison with the part of the USA (27%) and China (24%). Expenses for researches and developments in reliance on one researcher in Russia were 10 times lower, than in the USA [1, p. 20, 7]);
- political factors - increasing authoritarian tendencies, weakness of civil society, absence of expression freedom (the last mentioned is especially important for people, doing creative activity), the high level criminality.
In addition to these circumstances a lot of Russian scientists working abroad point to natural (complication of the repeated habituation to severe Russian climate) and ecological (critical state of natural environment, air pollution, endless traffic jams, first of all in Moscow - in the main attraction center of potential intellectual migrators) factors.
Thus, probability that representatives of rather small group of scientists, who possess the highest qualification, important and useful connections in the sphere of business and policy, have access to the best facility, have a fame in the scientific world, will return to Russia is very small. Their attraction is very preferably, however it requires a search of special collaboration forms with them, that would allow them to work in Russia (with an official acknowledgment of their especially high status), without returning to the permanent place of residence, read brief courses, manage the research projects, take PhD students and postgraduates. Their potential role in a quality of mechanism of "soft power", agents of Russian influence on the USA and other accepting countries is rather important [6, p. 43].
Returning of other, less "advanced" scientists theoretically possible, but also requires compensatory package formation, aimed to creation of labor and life conditions equal to the West.
That is why the work success with Russian intellectual diaspora abroad will depend on adequate appropriation of funds and an effective control for their expenditure. Without financing neither researches, nor implementation of innovation are possible. Social climate in Russia, strong intentions of the leadership to revive Russian science, going through the period of depression, will also play the huge role.
Sense of responsibility for Russia rebirth in whole and Russian science in particular is peculiar for the significant part of Russian intellectual diaspora. On what continent its representatives will live, according to our point of view, does not have a principal meaning in the epoch of globalization. The main point is that people, born and grown in Russia will contribute to country forward integration in global economical system, providing safe and competitive development of its economics [2].
References
1. Vlaskin G.A., Lenchuk E.B. Industrial policy under the conditions of transition innovative economics. The experience of Central Europe and CIS countries. M., 2006.
2. Gurieva LK., Baburina O.N. Russian backward integration into global economic system as a threat of its national security //National interests: priorities and safety. 2012. No 18.
3. Korobkov A. Russian scientifically-technological diaspora in the USA http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=402#top
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Литература
1. Власкин Г.А., Ленчук Е.Б. Промышленная политика в условиях перехода к инновационной экономике. Опыт стран Центральной Европы и СНГ. М., 2006.
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3. Коробков А. Российская научно-технологическая диаспора в США http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=402#top
4. Миграционные квоты.Ц^: https://ru.wikipedia.org.
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6. Стратегия возвращения российской интеллектуальной элиты/Под ред. В.Н. Меркушева. М., 2009.
7. Китай приблизился к США по объему высокотехнологичного производства. http://lenta.ru/news/2014/02/07/hitech/
8. Nye J. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. N. Y.: Public Affairs, 2004.
9. Silicon Valley's Skilled Immigrants: Generating Jobs and Wealth for California // Research Brief Issue 21, June 1999, 2. Public Policy Institute of California.
February, 8, 2016
