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46
UDC 314
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC MIGRATION: PAST AND PRESENT
L.K .Gurieva, A. V. Dzhioev
North-Ossetian State University of K.L. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz, Russia
443879@mail.ru
Historical retrospective of forms and means of foreign labor power attraction abroad since the middle of the XX century is analyzed; significant geographical changes and changes of economic migration composition are shown. The conclusion about the need to develop a migration policy and demographic expertise of long-term development programs is reasoned. The conducted research testifies that without maintaining of demographic expertise of long-term socioeconomic development national and regional programs and further working of normative-legal framework of Russian Federation migrational policy, especially for its labor-critical regions, solve a problem of economic growth in observable perspective does not seem to be possible. Russia should actively use both its own, so as accumulated abroad formation experience of national economics migrational attractiveness.
Key words: labor migration, migration policy, demographic problems of the labor power.
West-European countries laid the foundation to the formation of world migration system of human resources. Thus, after the discovery of America till 1800 about 2 million of Europeans moved to the New World, then in 1846-1939 under the circumstances of demographic rise - about 60 million of people, 38 million of which went to America, 7 million - to Canada, 7 million - to Argentina, 4,6 million - to Brazil [6, p.67]. Up to the middle of last century Europeans comprised the majority of all international migrators.
After the Second World War the system of international economic migration underwent cardinal changes. The percentage of developing countries natives in the composition of migration flows rose very quickly. Western Europe, experiencing the huge lack of wage workers in post-war period, was converted from population donor to the large center of its attraction. In post-war period three basic types of labor migration were formed:
- migration of unskilled and semiskilled labor power for temporary contract work;
- migration for permanent work abroad and for the purpose of working place creation;
- circulation of professional, technical and administrative workers, businessman and persons, busy with foreign projects realization, including individual migration of professionals and businessmen according to their own wish; movement of managers and technical specialists in the framework of transnational enterprises; movement of high-ranking professionals, technical and administrative specialists along with skilled and unskilled workers for contract work, mainly connected with constructive projects.
The first two types of migration to western governments are characterized by the most mass of people. In 1950-s the west-European countries initiated large-scale import of semiskilled labor power. In sum for two and a half of decade, about 20 million of foreign workers came to the region. Besides, 2/3 from them not appearing to be immigrants from the six countries of European Community of that time, were concentrated in Germany and France, where they comprised 10-12% of labor power. Labor power attraction from foreign countries was realized by west-european countries with the help of two methods: temporary acceptance of foreign workers on the principals of rotation [7, p. 108-111].
German immigration policy was related to the first type. Acceptance of temporary foreign workers was organized in a country with a large scale, corresponding juridical base was developed, a special department according to the guest workers deals was created and necessary infrastructure (with financial participation of entrepreneurs, used foreign labor power) was formed for recruitment and living of labor migrators. The government of GFR signed agreements of foreign workers engagement: in 1955 with Italy, in 1960 with Spain and Greece, in 1961with Turkey and in
1965 with Tunis, Morocco, and a row of other countries. Field recruiting agencies were opened in Athens, Madrid, Istanbul, Belgrade, and Casablanca. Hostels of barrack type, emphasizing their temporary status were prepared for such migrators resettlement [7, p. 119].
On the contrary, Great Britain, abiding the liberty principle of population flow in the fraternity framework, satisfied demands in additional human resources by means of settled immigration of its territory inhabitants, automatically appeared to be its citizens. However, in 1962 intensive inflow of foreign-ethnical migrators, primarily natives from India, Pakistan, countries of Caribbean pool and Kenya, accompanied by racial cleavage aggravation, induced country ruling circles to enter restrictions of non-European population immigration.
Both approaches were combined in French policy. From one side, short-time workers were used first of all from the South of Europe considering their ethnical and cultural compatibility with the local population. From the other side, - immigrants from colonies, mainly from Algeria, appearing to be French nationals were accepted for permanent residence.
In 1960-s labor migration (excluding residents from colonies of Great Britain and France) had, as it was foreseen, reversal, conditioned economic conjuncture character. For repatriation nonrecurrent financial aid, and also possibility of conversion courses passing, organized together with the countries-exporters of labor power was given to the foreign workers. However, such measures did not bring expected outcomes and soon they were rejected. Only a half from 20 million of labor migrators, working in the West Europe returned home. The rest settled in these countries for permanent residence. But also after working labor import cease, migration to the Western Europe still continued. In 1974-1988 net-immigration in GFR comprised 1million of people, in general during this period about 7 million of foreigners came to the country [4, p. 360]. With a help of paths beaten by foreign workers reunite members of their families and also people, searching for the shelter went there. Informal social connection networks formed by migrators, facilitated mass penetration into west-European countries and illegal immigrants from the number of their compatriots, attaching more spontaneous and obstinate character to immigration.
Spontaneous transformation of temporary migration into the permanent one, into the chain process, possessing internal dynamics and practically inconvertible, turned out to be unpleasant unexpectedness for the western countries under the conditions of economic recession, revealing miscounts in the temporary hire practice of foreign workers and migration policy in whole. Bewaring of migrant workers indiscriminate effects and having entered rough immigrational restrictions from the beginning of 1970-s, west-European countries during the long period kept from labor power import renewal.
Nevertheless, under conditions of antimigrational measures in 1970-1980-s the government under the influence of entrepreneurs sometimes agreed to partially satisfy their requests for foreign workers invitation [9, p. 81]. And despite the citizens of EU in 1968 got the right for freedom of movement and employment on its territory, in comparison with the number of migrators from third countries the number of EU citizens, working over the home countries (about 2,5 million of people) was constantly lower, not exceeding 44% of foreign hired personnel of European enterprises.
The wide using of foreign labor in Western Europe in 1970-1980-s testified its importance even under the conditions of business depression. However, the enlargement of foreigners acceptance according to humanitarian considerations led to increase of dependents number detriment of working foreigners. Thus, in GFR the part of working people among foreigners fell from 65,3% in 1972 to 17% in 1981, whereas among the Germans in 1981this index comprised 44% [1, p.11]. Economic lameness of corresponding immigration structure became more evident.
In postwar period labor immigrationin in USA, realized in contradistinction to Germany and France mainly by private lines, also took a big spread. Though, officially the policy of large-scale foreign workers recruitment in the USA was not conducted, governmental acts and programs, in particular, programs "Brasero" (term "brasero" from Spanish the word "brazo"- a hand, was applied for so called "special farm laborers"), and also immigrational preferences on the basis of professionally- qualifying criteria played a significant regulating role in their attraction.
In accordance with this program, realized till 1964, Mexican workers - brasero were temporary allowed to work in the USA. During the time of its activity about 5 million of workers were lawfully accepted, who were mainly busy in agriculture of the south-western districts of the USA. Approximately the same number of Mexican migrators, having got rejection in official allowance for work in the USA, in this period came to the country illegally, that served as reason for program activity cease. Under the conditions of continuing growth of illegally busy brasero the USA authorities under the press of agricultural lobby officially agreed with their temporary presence on the country territory. Therefore, illegal labor migration was practically legalized for two decades - up to 1986, when, finally sanctions against entrepreneurs for illegal migrators hiring were entered, and illegal migrators were suggested to present an amnesty petition.
Preferences for migrators acceptance on the basis of professional-qualifying features were established in the USA in1965 by the law "About migration", which entered two new categories of immigration visas with quantitative restrictions of 27 thousand persons each: 1) for highly-qualified specialists with a bachelor diploma, scientists, actors and etc.; 2) for unskilled and skilled workers, who were in demand. In 1960-1970s the country underwent acute shortage of doctors, nurses and other medical workers in the result of Medicare and Medicaid programs introduction, and also mathematicians, specialists in the computer sphere, physicist, chemists, and engineers. Coming into effect of the given law stimulated "brain drain" from the developing countries, first of all from India, Philippines, Korea, and also China. Nevertheless, immigrants, accepted in accordance with qualifying characteristics, comprised only 5% from the total number of immigrants from the Third World countries, came to the USA in 1965-1990-s, that testified about preservation of immigrational policy humanitarian priorities detriment of economically reasoned attraction of workers from foreign countries.
Though, movement from poor to the rich countries is typically for professional migration, one can also emphasize return flows and circulation between advanced governments. Thus, for the last decades intensive return migration from the USA, mainly to South Korea and Taiwan, conditioned by fast economic growth in this region, was observed in contrast to Western Europe. In the middle of 1990-s annually about 200 thousand of foreign-born Americans, the significant part of which comprised professionals left the country. Generally 1/3 of all migrators left the USA, besides 20% - during the first 10 years of their presence in the country.
At the turn of two decades in the majority of developed countries the problem of human resources lack became again strained, called first of all by birth-rate failing and strengthening by structural disparities on the work labor market. Now every seventh resident of European Union - is older than 65 years, and to 2020 every fifth resident will be older, the part of people older than 50 years will grow from 31,3 to 42,2%. The number of economically active population of "aged" Europe will decrease from 145 million in 1990 to 135 million in 2020. Herewith in the EU countries 30-45% of people in the age of 55-64 years leave the labor market, and in the group of 6569 years only 10% continue to work [8, p. 40].
Such methods actively used by western countries, as enterprise building in the foreign countries and working places export, production modernization and increasing of domestic labours working efficiency, mobilization of economically inactive population (women, aged workers) and others can just partially solve the labor shortage problem. The situation gets worse and immigration structure deforms, conditioned by inflow of reunite family members and refugees, who are not in demand by host countries economy. The main deficit of wage workers is felt in the groups of skilled workers of medium level and highly skilled specialists of technical profile.
The active development of the newest branches broadly conditioned by highly skilled foreign labor attraction. Only more than 2 million of skilled foreigners - programmers, engineer-computerniks and others work in companies of the USA Silicon valley. The research, conducted at the end of 1990-s and covered 4500 of highly-status scientists and engineers, worked in the USA, determined among them extremely high part of immigrants. Foreign origin belonged to 60% of American authors of mainly quoted labors on physics and 30% - on other natural sciences. About
1/4 of founders and presidents of biotechnological companies were natives of other countries [2, p. 587; 8, p. 51-53].
Due to the development of modern communicative means, first of all the Internet, along with traditional forms of foreign work labor using on the territory of host country, its new - remote forms appeared, allowing highly skilled specialists from other countries to work in foreign clients, without leaving of their birthplace. The results of three-year-old research of migration problem in Europe were represented in the report of OECD "Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs", published in 18th of September 2014. The authors of the report predict decrease of working age population (Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain will lose more than 1 million of working age people without consideration of migration flows). However, the number of working age population should grow in OECD countries, considering migration flows in 2,2 % during 20142024 years [5].
The role of foreign working power is very significant also for Russian Federation, which according to UN data, accepts 6,7% from the total number of world migration in the world, taking the second place in the world after the USA (the USA part is 20,2%). According to the UN predictions, to 2050 Russia for the sake of economic growth will have to yearly attract 0,5-1 mln. of migrators, to compensate human resources decrease [5].
The conducted research testifies that without maintaining of demographic expertise of long-term socioeconomic development national and regional programs and further working of normative-legal framework of Russian Federation migrational policy, especially for its labor-critical regions, solve a problem of economic growth in observable perspective does not seem to be possible. Russia should actively uses as own, so accumulated abroad formation experience of national economics migrational attractiveness.
References
1. Andreyuk V. Economic strategy of immigration policy GFR in 1960-1980s of the XX century. M., 1997
2. Gurieva LK., Dzhioev A.V. Migration policy as an instrument of economics innovative development: foreign experience // Vestnik of the North-Ossetian state university of K.L. Khetagurov. 2014. No 4.
3. Gurieva L., Israelsen D. Historical retrospective of labor migration in the USA: case for Russia // The Humanities and social sciences. 2014. No 6.
4. International Migration Review. 2000. No 130.
5. Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs. OECD, European Union, 2014. URL: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/matching-economic-migration-with-labour-market-needs_9789264216501 -en
6. Rasmussen H. No Entry Immigration Policy in Europe. Copenhagen, 1997.
7. Tsapenko I. "Renaissance" of economic migration in the West // Economic questions. 2002. No11.
8. The Economist.1999. August 21-27.
9. Hollificld J. Immigrants, Markets and States. The Political Economy of Postwar Europe. Cambridge, 1982.
Литература
1. Андреюк В. Экономическая стратегия иммиграционной политики ФРГ в 60-80-е годы XX века. М., 1997.
2. Гуриева Л.К., Джиоев А.В. Миграционная политика как инструмент инновационного развития экономики: зарубежный опыт // Вестник СевероОсетинского государственного университета имени К.Л. Хетагурова. 2014. № 4.
3. Gurieva L., Israelsen D. Historical retrospective of labor migration in the USA: case for Russia // Гуманитарные и социальные науки. 2014. № 6.
4. International Migration Review. 2000. No 130.
5. Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs. OECD, European Union, 2014. URL: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/matching-economic-migration-with-labour-market-needs_9789264216501 -en
6. Rasmussen H. No Entry Immigration Policy in Europe. Copenhagen, 1997.
7. Цапенко И. «Ренессанс» экономической миграции на Западе // Вопросы экономики. 2002. No11.
8. The Economist.1999. August 21-27.
9. Hollificld J. Immigrants, Markets and States. The Political Economy of Postwar Europe. Cambridge, 1982.
January, 11, 2016
