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UDC 314
LABOR MIGRATION IN RUSSIA AS A DEVELOPMENT TOOL OF THE LABOR MARKET
E.E. Khachaturova, Z.E. Kisiev
University of Finance of RF Government (Vladikavkaz branch). Vladikavkaz, Russia
Eleonora2015@mail. ru
The conclusion that the attraction of foreign labor force is the most promising direction of operation and further development of the Russian labor market is justified in the article basing on the analysis of statistical data. However, the authors consider that it is necessary to establish tighter control over the laws observance of the Russian Federation not only on the part of immigrants, but mainly on the part of employers. Labor power immigration appears to be the most prospective trend for Russian modern labor market. However, more tough control for RF law observance not only from the side of immigrants, but mainly also from the side of employers should be set.
Key words: immigration, international labor immigration, labor market, global trends.
Labor power migration is one of the most characteristic phenomena, influencing on social, economically-political situation in modern Russia. Foreign labor power infusion into business life of our country is economically-necessary factor and it is conditioned by the row of reasons. The most important reason is identical to foundational problem of the world labor market - reduction of employable population number on the general ground of population ageing [3]. One considers that this problem is the most topical at this stage of labor market development and all advanced and developing countries and certainly Russia are interested in its solving [1].
Topicality of the given problem is confirmed by statistical data analysis, received in the course of conducted research. Nowadays population age analysis shows progressive population ageing including Russia and that is why immigration of young and middle aged people is necessary for country economy. For instance, already now labor markets undergo absolute deficit of labor power in many regions of Russia. To 2020 country labor resources will reduce on 10-12 mln. people, and to 2025 - on 18-19 mln. Maximal number reduction of working age population will occur in 2010-2015, when annual population decrease of this age group will exceed 1 mln. 500 thousand of people [2]. Besides that population categories which will enter into working age in the first quarter of XXI century, have been already born, that is why collapse compensation by means of planned birth rate increasing is already impossible. Consequently, labor power attraction from other countries in the nearest quarter of a century appears to be the only way out from this situation.
The statistical analysis for integrality and full analysis perception of the current situation on Russian modern labor market is carried out. One first of all should generally pay attention to population number in Russia. The data are given in the table 1.
Table 1
Population number in Russia from 2009 to 2014, in thousand people
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
141 903 976 142 856 533 142 865 445 143 056 376 143 347 035 146 100 065
Source: [4]
According to the facts of Federal State Statistics Service department (table 1), the population total number for this period was significantly increased. However the given tendency has clearly expressed migrational constituent. In other words migration gain compiled 93,6% from the general population growth [5].
However if one analysis population age structure in reference to such population category of Russia as working age (from 14 to 60 including), then the picture looks in this way:
Table 2
Dynamics of Russian population structure according to the categories of employability, in %
Year Working age population 2009 71,7 2010 67,2 2011 65,21 2012 63,43 2013 61,2 2014 59,35
Population older than 60 years 14,53 17,9 19,34 20,76 21,3 23,58
Population in the age till 14 years 13,77 15,4 15,24 15,54 16,7 17,1
Source: [6]
The analysis of statistical data shows that population number of working age decreases, but population number older than 60 years increases more quickly: the next tendency is clearly observed - the general number of people in the age till 14 years grows more slowly than the population number which is older than 60 years. The result is logical - number reduction of employable population.
And, finally, according to statistical data intensity of official immigration is essentially differ in various years that is reflected in the table 3.
Table 3
International migration in Russia from 2009 to 2014 thous. people
Years 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Number of immigrants 1987588 2102404 341655 4196243 5165590 8722062
Source: [7]
During the period of the world economic crisis of 2008-2010 economical immigration slowed down the rate, this index was especially low in 2009. In accordance with the world crises acuity decrease the number of immigrants significantly increased according to rather economical reasons.
Thus, the given statistical data confirm one very significant tendency at the labor market of Russia: the number of working age people cannot be increased without immigrants.
But what segments of labor market are considered to be more sensitive to the given tendency? What niches of labor market do especially need in labor power? What are the employment patterns of immigrants on the territory of Russia?
The statistical data analysis of FMS Russia answers to this questions. Employment pattern of immigrants is expected and confirmed by the practice in every city of Russia. But for the period from 2009 to 2014 it differs by instability that is reflected in the table 4.
The data analysis of the table 4 shows that the percent of immigrants, working in construction industry is still large and continues growing. Still, as some years ago labor of immigrants is used in those spheres of economic activities, which do not require special knowledge and skills, in other words high qualification.
Herewith using of low-skilled labor power of migrators by employers, especially illegal, significantly decreases final product primecost that is positively shown on its price. That is why the prices on some types of services for population, provided for employers, using labor of immigrants, is significantly lower than for employers, who employ only local population.
Table 4
Employment pattern of immigrants for the period from 2009-2013, is reflected in %
Types of activity Building Wholesale and retail business 2009 41,0 16,0 2010 39,7 18,3 2011 37,2 18,1 2012 37, 7 18,7 2013 39,0 19,0 2014 40,0 18,0
Manufacturing activities 11,2 A A 11,5 7 7 11,1 s 0 11,1 S 'J 11,0 s 0 10,4 7 A
Agriculture Transport and connection 6,4 3,9 7,7 4,2 8,2 4,3 8,3 4,5 8,2 4,6 7,6 4,8
Other types of activity 18,4 18,2 19,2 19,7 20,2 19,2
Source: [6]
Besides positive influence of labor power immigration processes on the labor market and negative consequences of illegal immigration one more problem is also exists, uncertainty of which in significant measure restrains the development of Russian labor market. According to the experts - is rather low mobility of immigrational labor power. Generally the problems of employment, problems with accommodation during the employment change (its high price and underdevelopment of Russian real estate market in general), absence of developed system of professional training and retraining of immigrants are appeared to be the reasons of it. Mainly these factors slow down the process of active labor power redistribution between economy sectors and regions of the country.
The accommodation problem can be solved with the help of some methods. One of the methods is more active economical support of immigrants, who decide to be the citizens of Russia, in construction of their own house. Another method - is construction of compact hostels for immigrants, having temporary permission for work.
The conducted analysis shows that labor power immigration has rather polar characteristics, but in the current situation at the labor market Russia has no other choice, besides labor power external migration. That is why to obtain economic benefits from labor power immigration to Russia, the highest state structures of Russia (FMS, MIA, MFA, Ministry of Transport, and FRA) need to correct its immigration policy.
At first, one should obligatory simplify the procedure of immigrants registration recording, accelerate the order of Russian citizenship obtaining by immigrants and their families, contribute to document execution of former compatriots. Also to legalize illegal immigrants, living in the country, who have already worked in Russia for several years and proved their socially-communal safety and economical utility. Secondly, to enter (as in other countries of the world) compulsive deportation of immigrants with a shady past up to absolute embargo of entrance to the territory of RF. Thirdly, shift the economical expenses, connected with deportation of illegal immigrant, to the employer, who employed him. To develop the existent at the present time so called schools with exchange especially for young people. They allow every teenager visit another country without parents, therefore helping them to be independent and responsible. A teenager studies foreign languages, acquaints with the children from other countries, and at the end of study a teenager can be confident how he will manage with difficulties of living in the country of residence.
The conducted local quizzes of young people from Transcaucasia countries (Armenia and Georgia) showed that year by year the younger generation is more and more interested in migration and one should not obstruct to this as migrational processes are considered to be inseparable part of
socially-political development of the modern world. In other words labor power immigration appears to be the most perspective trend for Russia modern labor market. However, more tough control for RF law observance not only from the side of immigrants, but mainly also from the side of employers should be set.
References
1. Gurieva L., Israelsen D. Historical retrospective of labor migration in the USA: case for Russia// Humanitarian and social studies. 2014. No 6.
2. Demoscope Weekly № 589-590 from 10-23 of March 2014. Russia: demographic results 2013 (part I).
3. Matching Economic Migration with Labor Market Needs. OECD, European Union, 2014. URL: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/matching-economic-migration-with-labour-market-needs_9789264216501 -en
4. Population of Russia for the period from 1897 to 2014. [Electronic resource] Access mode: ru.wikipedia.org3. Ilya Politaev. RIA News from 18 of December 2014. Access mode: www. polit.pro .ru.
5. http://www.gks.ru/ Population number of Russian Federation according to gender and age on 1 of January 2009 -2014.
6. http://www.fms.gov.ru/ Information according to migrational situation in Russian Federation for 2009 -2014.
7. http://www.fms.gov.ru/ Employment pattern of migrators in Russian Federation according to the types of activity for 2008 -2014.
8. Kuzmina V.M. Features the participation of Russia in international labor migration // Science almanac of Black Sea region countries. 2015. № 2. .http://science-almanac.ru
Литература
1. Gurieva L., Israelsen D. Historical retrospective of labor migration in the USA: case for Russia // Гуманитарные и социальные науки. 2014. № 6.
2. Демоскоп Weekly № 589-590 от 10-23 марта 2014 года. Россия: демографические итоги 2013 года (часть I).
3. Matching Economic Migration with Labour Market Needs. OECD, European Union, 2014. URL: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/matching-economic-migration-with-labour-market-needs_9789264216501 -en
4. Население России за период с 1897 года по 2014 год. [Электронный ресурс] Режим доступа: ru.wikipedia.org3. Илья Политаев. РИА Новости от 18 декабря 2014 года Режим доступа: www. polit.pro .ru.
5. http://www.gks.ru/ Численность населения Российской Федерации по полу и возрасту на 1 января 2009 -2014 года.
6. http://www.fms.gov.ru/ Сведения по миграционной ситуации в Российской Федерации за 2009 -2014 года.
7. http://www.fms.gov.ru/ Структура занятости мигрантов в Российской Федерации по видам деятельности за 2008 -2014 года.
8. Kuzmina V.M. Features the participation of Russia in international labor migration // Научный альманах стран Причерноморья. 2015. № 2. http://science-almanac.ru
March, 11, 2016
