CC BY
3UDC 911.3:314.7
Oblakulov Kh.A.
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, Navoi, Uzbekistan
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LABOR MIGRATION IN THE LIFE STYLE OF THE POPULATION OF NAVOYI REGION
Abstract. Due to the large number of large industrial enterprises in the city of Navoi, many residents of the surrounding areas are involved in commuting. The article discusses the processes of internal and external labor migration based on the materials of the Navoi region and their impact on the lifestyle of the population. Sociological questionnaires were developed by the author to study the migration of the population of the Navoi region and analyzed in the context of three natural and economic zones of the region (the zone of irrigated agriculture, the zone of desert-pasture animal husbandry and the zone of foothill-mountain-pasture animal husbandry and dry farming), which differ in the traditional way of life of the population. At the same time, in the context of the selected natural and economic zones, based on the analysis of the results of sociological surveys conducted among representatives of local governments, taxi drivers plying between the city of Navoi and the settlements of the suburban zone, as well as among commuters working at the enterprises of the city of Navoi, an assessment was made the scale of internal and external labor migration, as well as the nature of its impact on the lifestyle of the population.
Key words: population, lifestyle, labor migration, pendulum migration, natural and economic
zones.
Облакулов Х.А.
Навоийский государственный педагогический институт, Навои, Узбекистан
РОЛЬ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ВНУТРЕННЕЙ И ВНЕШНЕЙ ТРУДОВОЙ МИГРАЦИИ В ОБРАЗЕ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ НАВОИЙСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Аннотация. Из-за большого количества крупных промышленных предприятий в городе Навои многие жители близлежащих районов участвуют в маятниковой миграции. В статье рассматриваются процессы внутренней и внешней трудовой миграции на материалах Навоийской области и их влияние на образ жизни населения. Социологические анкеты были разработаны автором для исследования миграции населения Навоийской области и проанализированы в разрезе трех природно-хозяйственных зон региона (зона орошаемого земледелия, зона пустынно-пастбищного животноводства и зона предгорно -горнопастбищного животноводства и богарного земледелия), различающихся традиционным образом жизни населения. При этом в разрезе выделенных природно-хозяйственных зон на основе анализа результатов социологических опросов, проведённых среди представителей органов местного самоуправления, водителей такси, курсирующих между городом Навои и населёнными пунктами пригородной зоны, а также среди маятниковых мигрантов, работающих на предприятиях города Навои, выполнена оценка масштабов внутренней и внешней трудовой миграции, а также характера её влияния на образ жизни населения.
Ключевые слова: население, образ жизни, трудовая миграция, маятниковая миграция, природно-хозяйственные зоны.
Introduction and problem statement. Population migration is a unique phenomenon of people moving in a geographical space. Migration is derived from the word (lat. Migratio-migration) and means the movement of people within the country or from one country to another. [5].
Global urbanization, demographic growth, demand for employment and labor force, as well as the deterioration of the environmental situation, ethnic conflicts are playing a key role in increasing the number of migrants and expanding the scope of migration. According to the International Labor Organization, in 2021, the number of international migrants on our planet increased by 5 million, and the total number reached 281 million people.
According to the results of some studies conducted in the field of migration, as the mobility of the population in the regions increases, their level of socio-economic well-being also increases. In particular, regions with a high migration rate have a high share of GRP (gross regional product) per capita in Navoi region and Tashkent city. But in the Republic of Karakalpakstan by 2010, although the level of population migration is high, the level of GRP per capita is decreasing, the majority of the economically active population is employed in the informal sector of the economy, the lack of jobs in the region, as well as the worsening of the natural and ecological situation. It is one of the main reasons for the increase in labor migration to other regions and abroad [6]. As a result of population mobility, great opportunities are created for the redistribution of labor resources between regions, especially rural areas and cities. It is known that cities are much more developed socio-economically than villages, and therefore they are provided with jobs at a high level. An increase in the migration activity of the rural population will somewhat reduce the disparity resulting from such differences.
The commuting of people from villages to cities has a great impact on their way of life. Because the long distance causes a certain part of a person's life to be spent on transport, and the origin of various diseases. Migrants spend most of their time on the road and at work. Later, such situations affect the family environment and the upbringing of children to one degree or another.
Study of the problem. Preliminary studies on population migration in Uzbekistan K.Kh.Abdurahmonov [1], B.Ya. Goldfarb [4], It is described in the works of M.K. Karakhanov [7], I.R. Mullajonov and B. Makhmudov [12], In the studies of these scientists, the problems of population migration in the pre-independence period were studied. In the years of independence, this topic was researched by L.P. Maksakova [10,11], Also, O.B. Ata-Mirzaev [2,3], A.A.Kayumov [8,9], N. Umarova influence of population migration on socio-economic and demographic development [3], B.E. Togaev [16], Kh.M. Nazarova [13] and D.B. Rasulova [15] contributed greatly to the study of the theoretical foundations of labor migration.
However, it should be recognized that in our republic, in particular, in the Navoi region, large-scale special scientific research on the importance of internal and external temporary labor migration in the lifestyle of the population has not been conducted.
The aim and objectives of the work. The aim of this work is to determine the differences in internal and external temporary labor migration in Navoi region, to determine the geographical factors affecting them, and to study the impact of temporary migration on the lifestyle of the region's population. In accordance with this goal, clarifying the situation of internal and external temporary labor migration in the studied area and its importance in the lifestyle of the population determines the tasks of the research.
Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the article, scientific research methods such as comparative geographical, analysis and synthesis, social survey and statistics were used. Primary materials were collected in the process of special social surveys conducted by the author.
Results and its discussion. The territory of Navoi region is distinguished by the specific characteristics of the population's lifestyle (employment and the main occupations in the daily life of the population, the state of participation of households in the socio-economic life, migratory movements) - desert-pasture cattle breeding, mountain-alpine-pasture cattle breeding and dry farming , irrigated agriculture was divided into natural economic zones [14, p. 54].
Steppe-pasture livestock zone. It includes the city of Zarafshan, Tomdi, Uchkuduk, Konimekh, the south of Kiziltepa district and the part of Nurata district located in the Kizilkum desert. In settlements, desert-pasture animal husbandry is the main type of occupation. Sheep
breeding (mainly karakul sheep breeding), camel breeding, goat breeding are well developed in this zone. In particular, sheep breeding is important in the economic and household life of Kazakh and Karakalpak people, who make up the majority of the population of Tomdi, Uchkuduk and Konimekh districts.
The sub-mountain-pasture animal husbandry and dry farming zone includes the submountain areas of Gazgan town, Nurata and Khatirchi districts. Due to the low elevation of the Nurata mountain range, which is located in the southeast of the region, there are no permanent flowing rivers in these mountains. Such a situation led to the people living in the sub-mountain zone of the region engaged in dry farming, and partially, cattle breeding.
The irrigated farming zone includes the part of Navoi city, Khatirchi, Navbakhor, Karmana and Kiziltepa districts consisting of mainly irrigated lands. Irrigated agricultural lands mainly correspond to the areas adjacent to the Zarafshan River. Intensive agriculture, horticulture, fishing and large-scale industrial enterprises are highly developed in this zone with a dense population and surplus of labor resources.
Migration is one of the main processes that reflect the socio-economic and demographic situation of the population. Currently, in almost all regions of the republic, many people of working age go to work in foreign countries on a temporary basis. A special social survey was conducted in order to determine to what extent this process is spread in Navoi region and how it differs in different parts of the region.
In this social survey, the chairmen and secretaries of 31 neighborhoods in the region were covered. 6 of them live in the desert-pasture livestock zone, 7 in the sub-mountain-pasture livestock and dry farming zone, and 18 in the irrigated farming zone. The respondents were given the following questionnaire (see Table 1).
Table 1
Questions asked to community leaders and secretaries who participated in the social survey _conducted by the author_
No. Questions
1 Where do you live? district village neighborhood
2 To what extent is it common to go to foreign countries to work temporarily in the neighborhood?
3 What countries do people go to earn more money?
4 Which professions do migrant workers earn more money in abroad?
5 What influences the active or slowness of labor migration to foreign countries. Questions asked to community leaders and secretaries who participated in the social survey conducted by the author?
6 What are the negative effects of foreign labor migration on people's lives?
7 What practical measures do you associate with the prospect of reducing labor migration?
The table is compiled by the author
The opinions of the chairpersons and secretaries who participated in the survey differed from each other. Therefore, we consider and analyze them in the section of zones.
Steppe-pasture livestock zone. 1. "To what extent is it common in the neighborhood to go to foreign countries to work temporarily?" when asked the question, the respondents answered as follows. The respondents admitted that most of their answers to this question were of "low" content. In this case, the respondents mostly explain that the population in these areas is busy with cattle breeding.
2. "Which countries do people go to earn more money?" to the question, the chairman and secretaries of the neighborhood mainly emphasized the state of Kazakhstan. We can explain the fact that more people of the zone go to work in this country because they know the Kazakh language and their relatives live in that area.
3. "Which occupations do labor migrants earn abroad the most?" to the question, all district neighborhood chairpersons and secretaries stated that almost all of them work in construction works.
4. "What influences the active or slowness of labor migration to foreign countries? " the question was also included in the questionnaire, and all respondents to this question mentioned that the low income of some families in the region affects the population's migration to another country.
5. What negative consequences does foreign labor migration bring to the life of the population? stated that there was no negative impact on the question, and that rulings were observed in rare cases. Because the population of this zone does not participate in labor migration, we can emphasize that those who come to work do not go for a long time. The fact that the Republic of Kazakhstan borders our country, the distance is relatively close, the fare is cheap, and the fact that the arrival of migrants does not take a long time does not have negative consequences.
6. What practical measures do you associate with the prospect of reducing labor migration? to the question, the residents of the zone emphasized that it is necessary to increase the enterprises of leather and wool re-production in the regions and to provide permanent employment to the population.
Pre-mountain-pasture animal husbandry and dry farming zone. 1. Most of the respondents who live in this zone, "How widespread is temporary work in foreign countries in the neighborhood?" admitted that the answer to the question was formed at a "low level". Due to this, we can say that the population and unemployment rate in the zone are somewhat lower than in other zones. Because the population of this zone is located in the mountainous-pasture region, they are engaged in small and large cattle breeding as an additional income, and their employment does not encourage them to go to foreign countries in order to restore their economy. Also, residents living in the zone find work in the city and stay there because their children studied at the university. One of the main reasons for this is the relatively harsh living conditions of the inhabitants of this zone during the winter season.
2. "Which countries do people go to earn more money?" the respondents answered the question as follows. Most of those who go to work in foreign countries mentioned that they earn income by going to the USA and Russia. Also, the residents of the region go to the USA and work at the expense of winning a GREEN CARD. This is what makes it different from other regions.
3. "Which occupations do labor migrants earn abroad the most?" Most of the respondents to the question stated that the majority of temporary labor migrants are employed in construction work.
4. "What influences the active or slowness of labor migration to foreign countries?" to the question, all the district chairmen mentioned that the low income of the population in the region affects the population going to work in other countries.
5. "What negative consequences does foreign labor migration bring to the lives of the population?" to the question, some of the respondents cited the violation of children's upbringing and behavior. Because the fact that most of the migrants who left the zone left with their families does not affect their children's upbringing. Most of them are those who left at the expense of the family GREEN CARD.
6. "What practical measures do you associate with the prospect of reducing labor migration?" to the question, he admitted that it is necessary to increase production enterprises in the regions, to attract them to entrepreneurship.
Irrigated farming zone. 1. "To what extent is temporary work going to foreign countries common in the neighborhood?" When the question was asked, the respondents of this zone answered as follows. Most of the respondents gave answers to this question "moderately, significantly". We can judge this by the large population in the zone compared to other zones, the high level of unemployment, and the absence of large enterprises in some districts.
2. "Which countries do people go to earn more money?" to the question, the majority of the population of the zone indicated the countries of Russia and Kazakhstan. Most of the migrants stated that they used the income they earned abroad to provide for their family in their homeland, to buy food, clothes, to improve their lifestyle, and also to buy a car and an apartment in the city.
3. "Which occupations do labor migrants earn abroad the most?" to the question, the respondents gave the most answers construction, factory worker and cook.
4. "What influences the active or slowness of labor migration to foreign countries?" to the question, all respondents mentioned that the high level of unemployment in the region and the low income affect the population's migration to another country.
5. "What negative consequences does foreign labor migration bring to the lives of the population?" Most of the respondents answered this question as follows. He recognized the consequences of child rearing, family disagreements and separations, illness, and betrayal. In fact, we can see that such processes are increasing today. A migrant who went to work only sends money home, does not pay attention to the upbringing of his children, and spends his life mainly earning money.
6. "What practical measures do you associate with the prospect of reducing labor migration?" and the answer to the question is to increase production enterprises in the regions and create permanent jobs.
In general, to conclude from the research, temporary labor migration to foreign countries was formed at a low level in desert-pasture cattle breeding and mountain-alpine-pasture cattle breeding and dry farming zones, and at an average level in the irrigated farming zone.
The low level of temporary work of the population in the desert-pasture livestock breeding zone indicates that the population in this zone is engaged in cattle breeding, camel breeding and horse breeding.
We can mention the fact that temporary migration is low in the mountain-mountain-pasture animal husbandry and dryland farming zone, the presence of gold and other minerals in this zone, the majority of the unemployed population digs for mineral resources in the mountains, repairs their houses, buys cars and improves their income.
The high rate of temporary migration of the residents of the irrigated agricultural zone compared to other zones, the large number of people in the zone and the high level of unemployment are the reasons for the participation of the residents of the zone in temporary migration.
Due to the large number of large industrial enterprises and relatively high monthly salaries in the city of Navoi, many residents from the surrounding districts travel daily and weekly. A separate sociological study was conducted in order to determine the extent to which this process is widespread, the differences in geographical regions, and the place it occupies in the lifestyle of the population.
Sociological research was organized and carried out in two directions. The first one focused mainly on determining the size and geography of pendulum migrations and was conducted among taxi drivers who regularly commute to Navoi city.
Table 2
Questions answered by drivers who participated in the author's sociological research
No. Questions
1 Where do you go to Navoi from? District
2 How many travels do you make per day and per week?
3 Approximately how many drivers regularly commute from your place of residence to Navoi?
4 Do most of the residents of your place of residence work in Navoi city and commute daily or weekly? How many people commute?
5 What kind of work (enterprises) are the residents mainly engaged in Navoi city?
The table is compiled by the author
41 drivers participated in this survey. In particular, 9 from Khatirchi district, 6 from Karmana district, 7 from Nurota district, 8 from Kiziltepa district, 7 from Navbahor district and 4 from Konimekh district. The drivers answered the following questions (see Table 2).
Let's look at the results of this survey by region.
Steppe-pasture livestock zone. Due to the distance of the respective areas from the city of Navoi, the population hardly participates in pendulum migration. These areas specialize in sheep breeding, cattle breeding, and camel breeding, and can supply the necessary meat products for the residents of Navoi city. This process happens 1 or 2 times a week.
Pre-mountain-pasture animal husbandry and dry farming zone.
1. "How many travels do you make per day and per week?" to the question, all the drivers stated that they participate once a day 4-5 times a week.
2. "Approximately how many drivers travel regularly from your place of residence to Navoi city?" 2-3 drivers answered the question.
3. "Most of the residents of your place of residence work in Navoi city and commute daily or weekly, how many people commute?" question is also included in the questionnaire. Most of the respondents to this question admitted that 10-15 people come. He said that all those working in Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Combine work 15 days and rest for 15 days and do their household chores. From this it can be seen that the participation of the population of the zone in pendulum migration is very low.
Irrigated farming zone. 1. "How many travels do you make per day and per week?" to the question, most of the respondents answered 2 per day, 12-13 per week. Most of the commuters to Navoi are men. Most of the passengers travel by private transport, route taxis, buses and non-routed taxis.
2. "Approximately how many drivers travel regularly from your place of residence to Navoi?" question is also included in the questionnaire. Respondents answered this question as follows (see Table 3).
Table 3
Information on the number of drivers regularly traveling to Navoi city, determined through _sociological research_
No. Routes traveled by drivers Number of regular drivers
Route taxi Bus Taxi without directions
1 Navoi-Khatirchi 17 5 200
2 Navoi-Navbahor 21 2 180
3 Navoi-Kiziltepa 8 4 160
4 Navoi-Khazara-Airport-Jaloir 45 4 210
The table is compiled by the author
3. "Most of the residents of your place of residence work in Navoi city and commute daily or weekly, how many people commute?" the drivers answered the question as follows:
More than 3,200 people a day on the Navoi-Khatirchi route, by bus, route and direct taxi service;
3500 people a day from bus, route and non-routed taxi service on the Navoi-Navbahor
route;
1700 people a day from bus, route and non-route taxi service in Navoi-Kiziltepa direction;
15000 people a day from bus, route taxi and non-route taxi service in Navoi-Khazara-Airport-Jaloir route.
Navoi participates in a pendulum migration towards the city. Most of them correspond to the zone of irrigated agriculture, and the least to the zone of desert-pasture cattle breeding. As Navoi moves away from the city, the population's participation in the pendulum migration, labor and education ties decrease. On the contrary, the closer to the city, the participation of the population in pendulum migration increases.
4. "In what kind of businesses are the residents mostly employed in Navoi city?" when the question was asked, most of the respondents said that they work in "Navoiazot" JSC, departments of Navoi mining and metallurgical combine, Navoi TPP, "Kizilkumtsement" JSC and city hospitals.
If we make a general conclusion, we can note that the participation in pendulum migration is very low in the desert-pasture cattle breeding zone, low in the sub-mountain-pasture cattle breeding and dry farming zone and high in the irrigated farming zone.
The second study was conducted among those directly involved in the work. A total of 53 employees of the Navoi regional pulmonology and phthisiatry center, "Navoiazot" JSC and Navoi TPP enterprises took part in this survey. As for their places of residence, 15 of them live in Navbakhor district, 18 in Karmana district, 7 in Kiziltepa district, 9 in Khatirchi district, 1 in Nurata district, 3 in Kanimekh district, and from there they go to work in a pendulum-like manner to Navoi city. They were asked the following questions (see Table 4).
Table 4
Questions asked to the citizens of Navoi city who participated in the sociological research
No. Questions
1 Where do you live district village neighborhood
2 In which industry and enterprise do you work in Navoi?
3 What are the reasons for your participation in the city of Navoi?
4 How common is commuting to Navoi to work where you live?
5 How do you notice the negative impact of traveling to Navoi to work on your lifestyle, health, and other aspects of your life?
6 What are the conditions for you to work in your place of residence without visiting the city of Navoi?
The table was compiled by the author
1. "What are your reasons for joining Navoi city?" when the question was asked, the respondents answered as follows. The family goes to work in the city in order to earn a living, because there is no work in the place of residence, because the specialization corresponds to this field, and for the future of their children.
2. "How common is commuting to Navoi to work in your place of residence?" When asked the question, most of the respondents admitted that it is widespread. From this, we can see that in the zone, going to work in the city of Navoi is very high compared to other zones.
3. "How do you feel the negative impact of commuting to Navoi to work on your lifestyle, health, and other aspects of your life?" to the question, the respondents gave answers such as the distance of the road, most of the time (life) spent on the road, fatigue, insomnia, headaches and backaches, inconveniences on the road, dangers, returning home at night, expensive fare. Due to the fact that most of the time of life is spent on the road and at work, people do not have enough time to deal with the upbringing and education of children. Later, such situations lead to disruption of the family environment and children's education.
4. "What are the conditions for you to work in your place of residence without going to Navoi city?" the question was also addressed. Most of the respondents stated that it would be good if there would be production enterprises at the place of residence and new jobs would be created.
Conclusion. In general, the majority of the respondents who took part in the Survey fell into the irrigated farming zone. Due to the proximity of manufacturing enterprises to this zone, it is the majority. The favorable social environment created in the city of Navoi creates an oscillating migration among the population living in the outskirts of the city. The results of the conducted research showed that most of the respondents were from Kanimekh, Khatirchi, Karmana, Navbakhor and Kiziltepa districts near Navoi city.
External and internal labor migration processes play an important role in the lifestyle of residents of Navoi region. In the course of the research, it was found that the temporary external
and internal labor migration of the population is very low in the desert-pasture cattle breeding zone, low in the sub-mountain-pasture livestock and dry farming zone, and high in the irrigated farming zone. The reason for the widespread migration in the irrigated farming areas is that the city of Navoi, where there are many jobs, is located in this zone and it is relatively convenient to get there. A number of negative effects of labor migration on the lifestyle of the population can be distinguished. In particular, people spend a lot of time on the road, get various diseases, and cannot devote enough time to family relationships and raising children.
References:
1. Abdurahmanov K.Kh. (1967), Migration relations of the population of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 44 p. (In Russ.).
2. Ata-Mirzaev O.B. (1999), Potential of rural-urban youth migration in Uzbekistan, Мoscow, 79 p. (In Russ.).
3. Ata-Mirzaev O., Umarova N. (2006), Demographic processes and population employment of Uzbekistan (tutorial), Tashkent, 2006. 76 p. (In Russ.).
4. Goldfarb B.Ya. (1981), Migration of the population (socio-geographic aspects of the study), Population migration. Collection of scientific papers of Tashkent State University No. 677, pp. 3-9. (In Russ.).
5. Denisenko M.B., Iontsev V.A., Khorev B.S. (1989), Migrationology, Moscow, 183 p. (In
Russ.).
6. Junaidullaev D.A. (2012), Improvement of population migration and its regulation in the regions of Uzbekistan: diss. abstract... of candidate of economic sciences, Tashkent, 24 p. (In Uzbek).
7. Karakhanov M.K. (1971), Some issues of population migration in the Uzbek SSR: diss. abstract... of candidate of economic sciences, Moscow, 40 p. (In Russ.).
8. Kayumov A.A. (2003), Regional features of employment in the Central Asian countries with economies in transition, Economics and finance, No 4. pp. 79-81. (In Russ.).
9. Kayumov A.A. (1994), Socio-geographical foundations for the formation and development of labor resources in Uzbekistan: diss. abstract ... of doctor of geogr. sciences, Tashkent, 44 p. (In Russ.).
10. Maksakova L.P. (2009), Migration situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 160 p. (In Russ.).
11. Maksakova L.P. (2022), Migration and the labor market in the countries of Central Asia, Tashkent, 136 p. (In Russ.).
12. Makhmudov B. (1984), Problems of formation and development of pendulum labor relations in group settlement systems of Uzbekistan: diss. abstract ... of cand. of geogr. sciences, Irkutsk, 19 p. (In Russ.).
13. Nazarova Kh.M. (1999), The role ofpopulation migration in family development. Tashkent, 120 p. (In Uzbek).
14. Oblakulov Kh.A. (2022), Lifestyle of residents of Navoi region: geographical factors, territorial differences. Tashkent, 127 p. (In Uzbek).
15. Rasulova D.V. (2010), Improvement of the theoretical and methodological foundations of labor force migration in the system of market relations: diss. abstract ... of doctor of economical sciences, Tashkent, 40 p. (In Uzbek).
16. Togaev B.E. (2004), The main directions of ensuring the gross labor force, its composition and employment: diss. abstract... of cand. of economical sciences, Tashkent, 145 p. (In Uzbek).
Information about the author:
Oblakulov Khusan - Navoi State Pedagogical Institute (Navoi, Uzbekistan), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in geographical sciences. E-mail: [email protected]
Сведения об авторе:
Облакулов Хусан Абдисайит угли - Навоийский государственный педагогический институт (Навои, Узбекистан), доктор философии (PhD) по географическим наукам. E-mail: [email protected]
For citation:
Oblakulov Kh.A. (2023), The role and significance of internal and external labor migration in the life style of the population of Navoi region, Central Asian Journal of Geographical Researches, No. 1-2, рр. 120-128
Для цитирования:
Облакулов Х.А. Роль и значение внутренней и внешней трудовой миграции в образе жизни населения Навоийской области // Центральноазиатский журнал географических исследований. 2023. № 1-2. С. 120-128. (На англ. яз.).
