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108. Хентонен А.Г., Оноприева Е.О. Сущность и структура формирования деонтологической культуры у будущих педагогов [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: https://cyberieшnka.ш/artide/n/suschnost-i-stшkutra-formirovaшya-deontologicheskoy-kultury-u-buduschih-pedagogov/viewer дата обращения 15.12.2020 г.
Pedagogy
UDC 378.2
lecturer Vlasova Irina Vladimirovna
Samara State Technical University (Samara)
THE PROCESS OF TEACHING ESSAY WRITING TO TECHNICAL STUDENTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSES
Annotation. The article focuses on the fact that with the renewal of educational programs in higher education in the context of modernization, students are increasingly involved in research work, participation in various international examinations in English. This serves to increase motivation to study the foreign language discipline in a non-language university and to prepare for essay writing, which is part of many international examinations. The article deals with the process of students' preparation for essay writing in foreign language classes at a non-language university. The main means of teaching this issue to students of technical specialties are author's textbooks developed by the teachers of the "Foreign languages" department. They are structured taking into account interdisciplinary links and are aimed to prepare technical students for essay writing. Clear guidelines and recommendations are given, as well as clichés for proper essay writing.
Keywords: essay, structure, recommendations, plan, motivation, international examination.
Аннотация. В статье акцентируется внимание на том, что с обновлением образовательных программ в высшем образовании в условиях модернизации, студенты все чаще привлекаются к научно-исследовательской работе, участию в различных международных экзаменах по английскому языку. Это служит повышению мотивации к изучению дисциплины "Иностранный язык" в неязыковом вузе и подготовке к написанию эссе, которое является частью многих международных экзаменов. В статье рассматривается процесс подготовки студентов к написанию эссе на занятиях по иностранному языку в неязыковом вузе. Основным средством обучения этому вопросу студентов технических специальностей являются авторские учебные пособия, разработанные преподавателями кафедры "Иностранные языки". Они построены с учетом междисциплинарных связей и направлены на подготовку студентов технических специальностей к написанию эссе. Даются четкие указания и рекомендации, а также клише для правильного написания эссе.
Ключевые слова: эссе, структура, рекомендации, план, мотивация, международный экзамен.
With the modernization of education, changes in the structure and updating of educational programs in higher education, students are increasingly involved in scientific and research work in their specialty, participation in renowned international English language examinations, such as TOEFL and CPE. This serves to increase motivation to study the foreign language discipline at a technical university and to prepare for essay writing, which is a part of the international examinations [4, 9, 10]. Students read literature from foreign sources and show interest in conducting research experiments and writing their research papers on the results of their work. Teachers recommend that students, even at the initial stage of practical research, try to describe the course and results of their experiments, draw conclusions and summarize their results. Their work is published in scientific journals. Foreign language teachers help students to edit articles and teach them how to format them correctly. Besides that it is known that nowadays one of the points of modern foreign language teaching programs in some technical specialties is preparation for essay writing.
So, what is an essay? An essay is a creative work in which students should clearly express their points of view on a given topic, supporting them with logical arguments, introduce the reader to the opinion of opponents and convincingly refute it. The main task of the student is to clearly and distinctly formulate their thoughts and provide irrefutable proof of the correctness of their judgments [7, 8]. Essay writing is one of the types of students' independent work, when they learn the vocabulary of the specialty, learn to present the essence correctly and draw conclusions on the topic of the essay set by the teacher.
Nowadays there are great opportunities for students to study a particular scientific problem in depth. Students willingly take up any scientific research, experiments, innovations, which in the process of learning brings them to interesting performances at conferences, writing term papers and graduation projects. Work on materials from various foreign sources is very welcome. Such work motivates students to study a foreign language in detail and in depth. In the process of training students master different types of activities, for example, they learn the structure of scientific articles and how to work with them, read texts on specialization and translate them, mastering professional vocabulary, learn to write essays on a given topic, presenting their points of view in an argumentative way [1, 2, 3]. For this purpose, a whole series of textbooks in different technical specialties has been developed at the Department of Foreign Languages at Samara Technical University: "Chemistry in medicine" (2015), "Chemistry in engineering" (2017), "Chemistry in nanosphere" (2019), which teach how to quickly and effectively expand students' vocabulary, how to clearly formulate a thesis statement and prove its truth with solid and convincing arguments.
These study guides contain a wide variety of authentic, technical texts taken from foreign academic journals and articles. The teachers recommend a variety of lexical and grammatical tasks to be completed. Their sequence is not accidental. They are very effective because they check, firstly, reading comprehension and, secondly, they lead the students purposefully to writing an essay on a given topic. Here is an example of such exercises:
1) answer the questions;
2) which statements are true (+) and which are false (-);
3) match the words and word combinations with the translation;
4) match synonyms;
5) match antonyms;
6) find the English equivalents;
7) fill in the gaps;
8) translate the sentences;
9) give a brief summary of the text;
10) write a few sentences with the main ideas of the texts.
Students may not have previously had to write an essay, so the teacher will give them the following guidelines for the general structure of an essay.
First, they should write an introduction. The introduction should give a clear idea of what is to be discussed next, and the teacher should see that the student is answering a specific set of questions. So, a good introduction should demonstrate the students' intention
to answer the question posed; show that they understand the topic; outline the structure of the answer and the main aspects it will address.
When writing an essay, students can be advised to use the following clichés that will help them to more accurately indicate the direction of the topic. For example:
This essay deals with...
This assignment will examine...
This report will analyze...
If the essay is titled "Engineering education. Ways of acquiring professional skills in the technical field", then in the introduction students can write: "This essay will examine modern ways of acquiring professional skills in the technical field".
Students can also use words and expressions that will emphasize the outline of the essay, for example:
The essay is divided into four sections...
It will first consider...
It will then continue to describe...
The third part compares...
Finally, some conclusions will be drawn as to....
The main body of the essay should present each of the arguments using examples. The information is to be clearly divided logically. For this purpose the text should be divided into paragraphs. It is necessary to think about the structure of the essay and make sure that the main body logically leads to the conclusion.
Thesis is the students' thoughts on the issue at hand in the form of assertions, while arguments are the proofs of these assertions. Arguments may be facts, phenomena of social life, events, experiences, scientific evidence, references to scientists' opinions. Depending on the length of the essay, it is necessary to determine the necessary number of theses. At the same time, there should be two arguments for each thesis. The logic is simple: one argument is unconvincing, three arguments overload the text. Therefore, students are aimed to write the essay in such a way that each thesis is supported by two arguments. At this step, students are advised to get familiar with related issues on the topic of the essay. It will allow them to determine what they should write in the essay and what they shouldn't. After that, students study the literature, sources, outline the key points, define the main issues to formulate their own theses, thoughts, statements and support them with arguments.
The conclusion should summarize the ideas expressed. Here the students should give an answer to the question formulated in the topic of the essay. Or, depending on the topic, indicate the perspective or consequences of the problem in question. The lecturer teaches that a good conclusion is not just about summarizing. The conclusion should be thoughtful, for example, applying what has been written to a real-life situation.
At the same time, there are points that should be avoided in the conclusion of an essay: for example, putting forward completely new ideas. If they are really important, they should be included in the main body. It is inappropriate to use an exculpatory tone. One should be confident in one's statements. Students are advised to avoid phrases like 'I may not be an expert' or 'At least this is my opinion'. According to many teachers, the conclusion is the most important part of an essay. It demonstrates that the student has a good command of the material and has thoughtfully approached the problem [11, 12].
As a rule, a lecturer can devote an entire class to this work and comes up with a plan for writing an essay. Before they start working on the text, students are encouraged to compile a glossary, learn how to compose phrases using special vocabulary. This will make their future work much easier. A student should have a clear idea of the content of his/her essay, be able to write the essay, laying it out according to the suggested plan. An essay in English should eventually fit into 200-250 words, where only the most basic points are given in a concise form. It is worth noting that in an essay the teacher suggests the extensive use of impersonal constructions giving the text objectivity: It is believed that... It cannot be argued that...; passive voice, non-categorical verbs, for example: suggest, claim, suppose; to show one's attitude to the issue, but to avoid personal judgments, one can use adverbs: apparently, arguably, ideally, strangely, unexpectedly. Students may use modal verbs would, could, may, might to tone down the categorism; to avoid generalization, the teacher suggests using qualifying adverbs: some, several, a minority of, a few, many.
The teacher can offer students individual homework assignments to write their own essay on a given topic. Such work arouses students' interest: they eagerly discuss the written essays, make comments, present their own ideas and modifications into the ready-made essays of their classmates. Here is a sample essay on «Making a good salary is more important than job satisfaction» with the given plan.
What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?
Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan:
- make an introduction (state the problem);
- express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion;
- express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion;
- explain why you don't agree with the opposing opinion;
- make a conclusion restating your position.
Some people when choosing their career focus primarily on the money they would be earning, whereas for others the joy they would get from work is more important.
I think that first and foremost one should think about is the satisfaction that a job can bring. First of all, good feelings bring more good feelings, namely, if a person feels good at work they will feel good in life. It is called the law of attraction that says, "Similar attracts similar". Second, if one gets satisfaction from job, they like it and do it better than they would otherwise. As a rule a person can get a good salary for anything that is done well, since good and professional work is always required.
At the same time there are those who say that a lot of things depend on money. People need food, clothes and shelter. Many want to travel and all these things require money. So people should think about money first.
I cannot agree with the opinion mentioned above for a particular reason. Yes, money important, nevertheless, if one let money be you sole reason for living they could end up spending a third of their time at a job they hate and so much of their life. Focusing only on money leads to obsession with more, whatever it costs.
In conclusion I would like to say that sometimes it is hard to choose between money and satisfaction. Besides, one should always remember the words of Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple corporation, "Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do." Thus, I believe that if a person chooses satisfaction over money, money will come eventually.
Essay writing is an incomparably more effective way of developing skills in careful argumentation, conceptual clarity, sensitive interpretation and effective evidence gathering. As a result of the work done it turned out that preparation for writing an essay and the process of writing an essay on a given topic is a rather complicated work that requires certain lexical and grammatical knowledge, the ability to express thoughts, compare different points of view and draw conclusions. It should be noted that this work, being very
time-consuming, arouses a certain interest among students [5,6]. They work a lot with different texts and dictionaries, realizing that the main condition for writing a good essay is to be fluent in the subject. After all, the students will have to express their own points of view, reasons, and draw conclusions. To structure the work logically, the first thing to do is to think about the outline of the essay. It usually consists of separate brief thesis on a given topic, which as they are disclosed should be argued and supported by evidence. So the accumulated experience will be useful to students in their future scientific work and will help them not only to write articles, but also to communicate with foreign colleagues and participate in international projects, conferences and international examinations.
Bibliography:
1. Banartseva, A.V., Vlasova, I.V. Chemistry in Medicine. Textbook. - Samara: Samara State Technical University, 2015. - P. 100.
2. Banartseva, A.V., Vlasova, I.V. Chemistry in Engineering. Textbook. - Samara: Samara State Technical University, 2017.
3. Banartseva, A.V., Vlasova, I.V. Chemistry in Nanosphere. Textbook. - Samara: Samara State Technical University, 2019. - P. 100.
4. Blinov V.I., Vinenko V.G., Sergeev I.S. Methods of teaching in higher education. Educational and practical textbook. -Moscow: Yurayt Publishers, 2013. - P. 315.
5. Bonami, D. English for future engineers / D. Bonami. - M.: High School, 1994. - 287 p.
6. Galskova N.D. Modern methodology for teaching foreign languages. - M., 2000. - 420 p.
7. Komarov A.S. Guide To Writing Essays in English. Textbook / A Guide To Successful Essay Writing. - M., 2018. - P. 152.
8. Selyantseva N.V.: USE. English Language. Essay: topics and arguments. Writing: topics and structure. - M., 2019. - P. 560.
9. Vlasova I.V., Mikhelkevich V.N. General cultural competences of bachelors of engineering and technology and their formation by means of foreign language / I.V. Vlasova, V.N. Mikhelkevich // Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture: materials of the 72nd All-Russian scientific and technical conference. - Samara: SAGASU. - 2015. - P. 364-372.
10. Vlasova I.V., Mikhelkevich V.N. The system of development and formation of general cultural competences of technical university students in the process of foreign language teaching / I.V. Vlasova, V.N. Mikhelkevich // Bulletin of Samara State Technical University. Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences Series. - Samara: SamGTU. - 2014. - № 4 (24). - P. 39-47.
11 .Yagudena A.R. Essay Designer in English. Textbook. - M., 2020. - P. 80.
12. Yagudena A.R. Secrets of English essay writing. Tips from an expert. - M., 2020. - P. 254.
Педагогика
УДК 371
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры теории и методики обучения праву Гаджиева Патимат Дайитбеговна
ФГБОУ ВО «Дагестанский государственный педагогический университет» (г. Махачкала);
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры педагогики Раджабова Раиса Валиевна
ФГБОУ ВО «Дагестанский государственный педагогический университет» (г. Махачкала);
кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры конституционного
и международного права Алиева Зульфия Ибрагимовна
ФГБОУ ВО «Дагестанский государственный университет» (г. Махачкала)
АНАЛИЗ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОГО ОПЫТА ПРАВОВОЙ СОЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ УЧАЩИХСЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ШКОЛЫ
Аннотация. В данной статье, опираясь на результаты наблюдений за деятельностью учителей-правоведов общеобразовательных организаций и анализ психолого-педагогической литературы, рассмотрены теоретические и методические основы правовой социализации учащейся молодежи, в условиях правового пространства школы; описаны возможности правовых курсов решении проблемы повышения уровня правосознания учащихся. Авторы делают вывод о том, что для успешного распространения полученного опыта в образовательных учреждениях необходимо вносить его в содержание подготовки будущих учителей права. Следует активно знакомить студентов с имеющимся опытом во время прохождения педагогической практики, в обязательные задания по педагогической практике необходимо включать организацию работы, направленную на формирование правовой культуры учащихся. Так же, крайне важно, осуществлять преемственность в процессе правового воспитания детей и молодежи и продолжать ее в условиях СПО и вузов.
Ключевые слова: демократический уклад жизни школы, правовые курсы, правовая культура, правомерное поведение.
Annotation. In this article, based on the results of observations of the activities of teachers-jurists of general educational organizations and the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the legal socialization of students in the conditions of the legal space of the school are considered; the possibilities of legal courses for solving the problem of increasing the level of legal consciousness of students are described. The authors conclude that for the successful dissemination of the experience gained in educational institutions, it is necessary to include it in the content of the training of future teachers of law. It is necessary to actively acquaint students with the existing experience during the passage of pedagogical practice, in the mandatory tasks for pedagogical practice it is necessary to include the organization of work aimed at the formation of the legal culture of students. It is also extremely important to carry out continuity in the process of legal education of children and youth and continue it in the conditions of VET and universities.
Keywords: democratic way of life of the school, legal courses, legal culture, lawful behavior.
Введение. В настоящий момент в Российской Федерации наблюдается тенденция. Согласно которой выпускники общеобразовательных школ обладают определёнными знаниями в области права, более - менее успешно сдают ЕГЭ по Обществознанию, но, как показали опросы, зачастую слабо владеют практическими навыками поведения на основе полученных правовых знаний. Это факт существенно снижает эффективность социализации подрастающего поколения в нашей стране. При этом среди молодёжи явно недостаточно распространены такие качества законопослушного гражданина, как законопослушность, активная гражданская позиция, способность к социальному творчеству и толерантность. В этой связи в обществе нарастают такие негативные тенденции, как усиление социальной апатии, растёт рост правонарушений среди молодёжи [1-7].
Изложение основного материала статьи. За последние годы в российских школах накоплен большой опыт организации правового воспитания школьников среди молодёжи на базе общеобразовательных учебных учреждений.
При этом можно выделить наиболее значимые факторы, способствующие развитию данного процесса:
