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(2) My brother bought an expensive car.
(3) John gave Mary apples.
(4) He went home.
(1)-(4) are sentences. The terms sentence and clause can be used synonymously. A sentence or clause is an expression which minimally contains a subject and a predicate, and which may also contain other types of elements, viz. complements and adjuncts. For instance, (1) consists of just a subject and a predicate. The NP the king is the subject, and the Verb Phrase (VP), composed of a single verb (V) laughed, is the predicate. A complement is a constituent whose presence is structurally "dictated" (required or licensed) by a particular word. The presence of the complement "follows" from the presence of the word which it is a complement of. For instance, in (2) above the NP my brother is the subject, the V bought is the predicate, and the NP an expensive car is a complement, more particularly adirect object, of the verb bought. An object is a particular kind of complement.
In (3) above the subject is the NP John, the predicate is the V gave, and there are two complements, the NP Mary, functioning as an indirect object, and the NP apples functioning as a direct object. In (4) the complement of the V went is the Adverb Phrase (AdvP) home, consisting of the single adverb (Adv) home.
The subject and the complement(s) together are said to be the arguments of the predicate. Arguments are the participants (entities) that are necessarily involved in the situation identified by the predicate. For example, in (2) the predicate bought has two arguments: the subject (somebody did the buying), and the object (something was bought). In English, subjects typically occur in the nominative case (I, he, etc.), whereas objects occur in the accusative case (me, him, etc.), but observable case-marking is restricted to pronouns. Another difference between subjects and complements is that, in English, verbs agree with their subjects in person and number but do not agree with their complements. Also, subjects in English typically precede verbs, while complements follow them. Used Literature:
1. Aitchison, J. (1978) Linguistics. 3rd ed. Teach Yourself Books. Hodder & Stoughton.
2. Newson (1996) Chomsky's Universal Grammar. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
© Ba6aKy^oBa H.B, 2023
УДК: 80. 801. 3310
Bakirova Sh.A.
2 nd-year student of University of Economics
and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan Scientific supervisor: prof. Daniyeva M.J.,
Doctor of Sciences in Philology, University of economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan
THE PROBLEM OF COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS OF MEANING IN PRESENT DAY LEXICOLOGY
Abstract
The article deals with the problems of Semasiology which is a branch of Lexicology learning the semantic structure of words. And it has its methods of investigation applied here to analyze the lexical meaning of words.
Componential analysis is one of the effective methods of analyzing the semantic structure of the word. Its essence is that the linguist singles out the semantic components of the word as deep as possible. At the end they have some indivisible components of meaning.
Keywords
Lexicology, linguistics, grammatical construction, morphological structure, unit, word, system.
Бакирова Ш.А.
студентка 2 курса Университета экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан Научный руководитель: проф. Даниева М.Дж.,
Доктор филологических наук, Университет экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан
ПРОБЛЕМА КОМПОНЕНТНОГО АНАЛИЗА ЗНАЧЕНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИИ
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются проблемы семасиологии как раздела лексикологии, изучающего семантическую структуру слов. И у него есть свои методы исследования, применяемые здесь для анализа лексического значения слов. Компонентный анализ является одним из эффективных методов анализа семантической структуры слова. Суть его в том, что лингвист как можно глубже выделяет семантические компоненты слова. В конце концов, они имеют некоторые неделимые компоненты значения.
Ключевые слова
Лексикология, языкознание, грамматическая конструкция, морфологическая структура,
единица, слово, система.
There are many different ways to approach the problems of meaning, since meaning is related to many different functions of language. The meanings of words in a language are interrelated and they are defined in part by their relations with other words in the language. Analyzed in the same semantic domain, words can be classified according to shared and differentiating features. Breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal distinctive features, componential analysis of meaning can be a useful approach in the study of meaning, particularly in determining the meaning of a lexeme. Although componential analysis has some difficulties and limitations in its application, it is still used in modern linguistics.
Finegan distinguishes three types of meaning, i.e. linguistic, social, and affective meaning [2]. Linguistic meaning encompasses both sense and reference. One way of defining meaning is to say that the meaning of a word or sentence is the actual person, object, abstract notion, event, or state to which the word or sentence makes reference. Referential meaning may be the easiest kind to recognize, but it is not sufficient to explain how some expressions mean what they mean. For one thing, not all expressions have referents. Social meaning is what we rely on when we identify certain social characteristics of speakers and situations from the character of the language used. Affective meaning is the emotional connotation that is attached to words and utterances.
A word or lexeme presents a complex semantic structure. A lexeme is built up of smaller components of meaning which are combined differently to form a different lexeme. The meaning of a lexeme is a complicated structure where elements of meaning have definite interrelation [1]. All semantic elements in a word are not equally important. One (or some) of them is the dominant semantic element and it organizes around itself all the other ones, which may be more or less important for the meaning of a lexeme. A lexeme can be analyzed and
described in terms of its semantic components, which help to define different lexical relations, grammatical and syntactic processes. The semantic structure of a lexeme is treated as a system of meanings. To some extent we can define a lexeme by telling what set it belongs to and how it differs from other members of the same set. Some obvious sets of this sort are sports (tennis, badminton, soccer, golf, basketball,...), colors (red, blue, yellow, green, pink, ...) and creative writing (novel, poem, short story, essay, biography,...). It is not difficult to say what the members of each set have in common. Used Literature:
1. Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 104 p
2. Finegan, Edward. 2004. Language. Its Structure and Use. 4th ed. United States of America: Thomson Wadsworth, 181-182 pp.
3. Lyons, John. 1995. Linguistic semantics: An introduction. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1408 p.; Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Ltd, 89 p
4. Даниева М.Дж. Монография: Когнитивные особенности субстантивных словосочетаний в английском языке. - Riga: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; SIA OmniScriptum Publishing., 2018. - 65 p.
© Бакирова Ш., 2023
УДК: 80. 801. 3310
Egamuratova M.N.
2 nd-year student of University of economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan Scientific supervisor: Kiyamova M.S.,
Associate professor of the University of economics and Pedagogy, Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan
FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF PREPOSITIONS
Abstract
The article deals with the problems of prepositions which is important in the structure of sentences. Every simple sentence - every proposition - has one predicate and a varying number of referring expressions, or arguments. Different predicates: verbs, adjectives, prepositions can be described according to the number of referring expressions, or arguments, that can occur with them and the roles these arguments have. The study about the functional and semantic analysis of prepositions is necessary to be learned in this case.
Keywords
Grammar, preposition, grammatical function, structure of the sentence, unit, relationships between the words.
Эгамуратова М.Н.
студентка 2 курса Университета экономики и педагогики, г. Карши, Узбекистан Научный руководитель: Киямова М.С.,
Доцент Университета Экономики и педагогики,
г. Карши, Узбекистан
