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THE NATURE OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Yusupov Karimulla Hamidullyevich, Tashkent Islam Institute named after Imam Bukhari, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
E-mail: naimaxon2017@gmail. com
Abstract. This article is about investigating and teaching speaking and writing. Language is the silent way of expressing our thoughts. We use language for planning our lives and exchanging our ideas. Speaking is one of the four language < skills, the others being reading, writing and listening. The present study aims at exploring the role of teachers in developing students' speaking skill. It also attempts to investigate how much the language learners are aware of natural strategies and how often they experience them in their classrooms. Moreover, this study attempts to shed light on the importance of teachers' role in establishing friendly and productive environment as an attempt to encourage students to use the language.
Key words: Transforming, writing and reading, compulsory, proper equivalent, production of language, educational philosophy, teaching system.
Learning language involves learning components and skills. Components consist of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, whereas, the skills include listening, speaking, writing and reading. These components and skills are compulsory to be learned by language learner because both of the elements synergize as the key of successful language user. Therefore, language learner should master these elements in order to reach high proficiency in using language. As speaking and writing are two main courses which are crucial to examine the learners' production of language, a debate is proposed about the speaking and writing role. It seems that learners' competence in both of the skills is not equal because some errors are identified when learners transform their spoken ideas into its written form. In contrast, some also believe that it is similar in which learner's mastery of speaking may create a good writing production too. Thus, two questions are proposed. First, to what extent is the nature of spoken and written language? Second, as problem rises in errors in transforming spoken and written language, it is interestingly to know what strategies should be undertaken to help learners in transforming their spoken language to the written production. Therefore, this article is proposed to explain the nature of spoken
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and written language and present any strategies to help learners in transforming their spoken language into the written forms.
While it is clear that the physical acts of speaking and writing are very different, and while we can see how" one language mode might be more appropriate in one social context than another" [2, p. 238] is it really the case that there are fundamental differences between the language that we use when we speak and when we write?
Written and spoken language differs in many ways. However, some forms of writing are closer to speech than others, and vice versa. Below are some of the ways in which these two forms of language differ:
Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out.
Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.
A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood.
Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
Written language tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent. However, some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language.
Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films.
Writers receive no immediate feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore, they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well.
Speech is usually a dynamic interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied.
Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layout, colours and other graphical effects in their written texts. These kind of things are not available in speech.
Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context.
Written material can be read repeatedly and closely analyzed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. Only recorded speeches can be used in this way.
Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary, such as some complex chemical and legal terms.
Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly in speech. These include slang expressions, and tags likey'know, like, etc.
Generally, spoken and written language was differed based on the situation when the language is used. It is affirmed that spoken language contains everyday sort of words, including slang and others sentences which do not follow the standard
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grammatical structures. In the written language, it is seen that" the language ideally has more distinguished vocabulary, and use standard grammatical structures" [3, p. 85] In addition, spoken language tends to focus on direct feedback in which when a first speaker speaks to the second speaker, a response will be conducted toward the utterance and the feedback is possibly produced again by the first speaker. Written language, on the other hand, produce a one-way information sequence in which there is no direct feedback from other party. Then, it seems that spoken language is on the spontaneous situation. It can be seen from the involvement of interruptions, or incomplete utterances. In contrast, written language is drafted and mapped. Moreover, there are several theories about the nature of spoken and written language. One of the theories is the concept of systemic functional linguistic which is proposed by Halliday in 1978. In this linguistic framework, the notion of spoken and written language is included in the analysis of mode at register status. Mode divides two characteristics of spoken and written language; on which talks about situation and linguistic implications. The figures can be seen on the table 1 below.
Table 1
Mode: Characteristics of spoken/written language situations
MODE: TYPICAL SITUATIONS OF LANGUAGE USE
SPOKEN DISCOURSE WRITTEN TEXT
+ interactive Non-interactive
2 or more participants One participant
+ face-face Not face to face
In the same place at the same time On her own
+language as action Not language as action
Using language to accomplish some task Using language to reflect
+spontaneous Not spontaneous
without rehearsing what is going to be said Planning, drafting and rewriting
+casual Not casual
Informal and everyday Formal and special occasions
Table 1 above implies that spoken language is used in the interactive situation in which the speakers may create direct connection with other respondents and feedback can be given from both sides. Next, spoken language generally involves two or more participants which creates a face to face interaction with the interacting at the same place and the same time. As the interaction happens in same place and time, language is viewed as an action on the context of social interaction where some tasks are accomplished, for instance to do a favor, asking or giving an invitation and others.
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Hence, it can be identified that spoken language is clearly spontaneous and somehow undrafted. The reason is because "spoken language doesn't need any rehearsal, and tend to be casual" [1, p.58]. Precisely, it is used in informal and everyday occasion. "Written language, on the other hand, provides a non-interactive situation where interaction happens monotonous in one-way communication transfer, means it happens without interactive feedback. In written language, there is only one participant involve (the writer). He or she doesn't need to face people as long as the work can be done alone by him or herself. Generally, visual contact is created on their own between their idea and the audience (the essay). In written situation, language is not viewed as an action because language is positioned to echo topics. Therefore, planning, drafting and rewriting are conducted before the writing process is started. In addition, written language is not casual and it is used in formal and special occasions.
References:
1. Зимняя И.А. Психологические аспекты обучения говорению на иностранном языке. -М.: Просвещение, 1973.
2. Jalalov J.J. Chet til o'qitish metodikasi Foreign Language Teaching Methodology. -Т.: O'qituvchi, 2012.
3. Рогова Г.В. Методика обучения иностранному языку в средней школе. - М, 1998.
