CC BY
18
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
THE MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BLOODSUCKING DIPTEROUS INSECTS (FAMILY OF CULICIDAE) Koshkimbayev K.S.1, Utebayeva G.A.2, Pinna М.3
1Koshkimbayev Karshyga Sarsenbayevich - Candidate of biological sciences, Associate Professor; 2Utebayeva Gulmira Amangel'dievna - Master Student, AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN; 3Pinna Maurizio - Researcher, Professor of Ecology, UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO, LECCE, ITALY
Abstract: of the total number of species of animals inhabiting our planet 2/3 are insects with at least 1 million species.
Diptera are bloodsucking insects. This review article considers medical significance of bloodsucking dipterous insects - mosquitoes (fam. Culicidae).
It is important for understanding the entomological risk of bloodsucking dipterous insects-borne disease transmission. At present, it has been registered that mosquitoes (fam. Culicidae) transfer more than 50 viral and parasitic diseases. Control measures are personal, protection against mosquito bites and destruction of larval forms and places offertility. Keywords: diptera, bloodsucking insects, mosquitoes, transmission.
МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ КРОВОСОСУЩИХ ДВУКРЫЛЫХ НАСЕКОМЫХ (СЕМЕЙСТВО CULICIDAE) Кошкимбаев К.С.1, Утебаева Г.А.2, Пинна М.3 Email: [email protected]
1 Кошкимбаев Каршига Сарсенбаевич - кандидат биологических наук, доцент; 2Утебаева Гульмира Амангельдиевна - магистрант, кафедра биофизики и биомедицины, Казахский национальный университет им. аль-Фараби,
г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан; 3Пинна Маурицио - исследователь, профессор экологии, кафедра биологических и экологических наук и технологий, Университет Саленто, г. Лечче, Италия
Аннотация: из общего числа обитающих на нашей планете видов животных 2/3 составляют насекомые, с не менее 1 миллионом видов.
Двукрылые - кровососущие насекомые. В этой обзорной статье рассматривается медицинское значение кровососущих двукрылых насекомых - комаров (семейство Culicidae). Это важно для понимания энтомологического риска передачи болезней с помощью кровососущих двукрылых насекомых. В настоящее время зарегистрировано, что комары (сем. Culicidae) передают более 50 вирусных и паразитарных заболеваний. Меры борьбы являются персональными, при которых защищают от укусов комаров и разрушают личиночные формы и места плодородия.
Ключевые слова: двукрылые, кровососущие насекомые, комары, трансмиссия.
УДК 595. 7
Many families from the order Diptera have a medical significance. They are mosquitoes (fam. Culicidae), horseflies (fam. Tabanidae), blackflies (fam. Simuliidae), midges (fam.
Ceratopogonidae).
Mosquitoes are bloodsucking insects, distributed from the tundra zone to the oases of the desert [1]. In the territory of CIS occurs the three most common types are Anopheles, Culex and Aedes. Mosquitoes are temporary ectoparasites of humans and carriers of various diseases. As it is now established, mosquitoes can carry over 50 viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. In Russia, there are more than 80 species of mosquitoes of the family Culicidae [2].
Bloodsucking mosquitoes have an elongated oral apparatus - proboscis, capable of penetrating the skin of humans and animals to sucking blood. In the daytime, mosquitoes usually hide in vegetation, premises (residential or for livestock). They attack at dusk and in the early morning. Only female mosquitoes feed on the blood of animals and humans. A febrile patient is more attracted to mosquitoes than a healthy person. If there are a lot of livestock in the village, diverting mosquitoes to themselves, people are relatively less affected by their attacks. Nutrition of females with blood is an indispensable condition for the reproduction of mosquitoes, since blood is the supplier of proteins necessary for the development of eggs. After a bloodsucking, the female ripens eggs for several days, which she lays several dozens or hundreds in temporary and permanent ponds, puddles, marshes, rice paddies, cellars of multi-storey buildings with availability of water, even in barrels of water and tree hollows with rainwater.
Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are especially widespread in tropical countries. On the territory of the Russia, Africa, Ukraine and also Kazakhstan are recorded the following human diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
Mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles (Anopheles maculipennis, An. superpictus, An. pulcherrimus) are carriers of malaria pathogens, therefore they are called malarial mosquitoes. This is the most common disease of the globe. Mosquitoes have the greatest impact on public health because of their role in malaria, arboviral and filariasis transmission [3, 4]. In contrast, representatives of the genera Culex, Aedes and others are called non-malaria mosquitoes.
An. funestus population in northern Mozambique is resistant and this has serious implications for current malaria control efforts being undertaken in this region [5]. Bloodsucking mosquitoes, in addition to malaria, can tolerate pathogens of tularemia, anthrax, a large number of viruses and some types of helminths. The causative agent of tularemia, can be transmitted by skin contact with an infested, diseased, or dead hare or rodent. Some Culex species also tolerate Japanese encephalitis, tularemia [6].
Japanese encephalitis is epidemic disease with acute course and high mortality (up to 60%), distributed in Japan, China, Manchuria, Korea. In the Russian territory was described for the first time in 1939. In Russia were identified the following vectors: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles. koreicus, A. togoi, A. esoensis, C. b itaeniorhynchus, C. pipens. The last two species of great importance in the transmission of the pathogen to human did not have, since the C. bitaeniorhynchus rarely attacks to people, and C. pipens was relatively occurred rarely. In the laboratory have been established the susceptibility to infection and the ability to transmit the virus of Japanese encephalitis with mosquito An. hircanus sinensis. Therefore, it is possible that in the transmission of the virus in the Southern part of Russia, certain species may have a certain significance [7].
Encephalitis of the Western Nile. The causative agent is close to the Japanese encephalitis virus, widely distributed in equatorial and eastern Africa, especially in the Nile delta. In the CIS, a wide distribution of antibodies to this virus has been revealed in the sera of wild birds and some animals in the Astrakhan Region, Ukraine, Krasnodar, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Western Siberia and the Far East.
West Nile virus is a mosquito-transmitted virus for which several species of passerine birds act as hosts. Communities with low avian diversity tend to be dominated by species that amplify the virus, inducing high infection prevalence in mosquitoes and people, while communities with high avian diversity contain many species that are less competent hosts [8].
The West Nile virus was isolated from the mosquito C. modestus. In Azerbaijan, Tomsk, East Kazakhstan region and Udmurtia, strains of neurotropic viruses (group A) were isolated from animals. With the help of serological reactions or by isolating viruses from animals, the circulation of the viruses of this group (Sindbis, Chikungunya and others.) was established in
23
some other regions of the USSR. The presumed carriers of the Sindbis virus (isolated from birds in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan) are mosquitoes A. c. caspius, An. hirkanus, whose numbers in these areas during the development of chicks are usually high. In Czechoslovakia strains of the traction virus were isolated from the mosquitoes A. c. caspius, A.vexans; experimentally showed the possibility of transmitting this virus to mosquitoes of the last species, as well as A. sticticus. In Czechoslovakia, a strain of the virus from the Bunyamver group (from a human) was isolated from the mosquitoes of An. Maculipennis [9].
The fight against mosquitoes is relation to the aquatic stages of the life cycle - larvae and pupae. The most effective are biological control measures in combination with hydro-reclamation, conducted in accordance with state antimalarial programs. In Western Transcaucasia, for example, it was possible to rapidly reduce the number of mosquitoes and the morbidity of the population by malaria due to melioration and breeding of fish - gambuses, feeding mainly on larvae of diptera. For personal protection apply repellents and mechanical means: gauze canopies, nets, etc. [10].
In 2017, the research was conducted in national park of Sharyn. During research were used some methods to collect and quantify the mosquitoes. To quantify it should have considered all conditions. For example, when recording the intensity of an attack in order to analyze the seasonal progress of the adult population, it is necessary that the records be taken at different periods of the season, but by the same method, in the same place, at the same time, in the same weather, preferably on the same person (animal) in the same (better dark) clothing. To catch insects used the methods of white bell (bell of Monchadskij).
To catch insects, a person is covered with a bell, which serves to attract bloodsuckers, and then with the help of a test tube, an exhauster or a small net, all insects under the hood are caught. The exposition (the time from raising to lowering the bell for human bait) constitutes 5 minutes. Skuf'in's scarecrow trap has also useful to collecting mosquitoes and other bloodsucking insects (Figure 1) [7].
Fig. 1. Skuf'in 's scarecrow trap. A. Skuf'in 's trap; B. Frameless trap with wings; C. Suspended trap with cage; D. Suspended trap without cage: a. bag of oilcloth; b. tin tube (by Vladimirova V.V and Potapov A.A.)
It has not been managed to discover any carrier disease of bloodsucking insects. The last local case of malaria was registered in 1967 and since 1968 only imported cases of malaria have been registered. In 2000, 7 cases of local malaria were registered in the South Kazakhstan region in Almaty.
The World Health Organization, realizing that the problem in malaria in the country can take more serious dimensions, provides medical and preventive health services, which provides antimalarial measures in terms of training, scientific and practical research and expert assessment of the local malaria situation and the problems associated with its prevention [11].
Full-scale studies on the spread of diseases and the abundance of most types of bloodsucking
Diptera insects are practically not carried out at present in Kazakhstan. Current available
information for the most part are outdated and fragmentary, necessary and relevant to continue
research on study of biology and ecology of bloodsucking dipterous insects.
References / Список литературы
1. Smith K.F., Sax D.F., Gaines S.D. et al. Globalization of human infectious disease // Ecology, 2007. № 88. P. 1903-1910.
2. Нарчук Э.П. Определитель семейств двукрылых насекомых фауны России и сопредельных стран // С.-П.: «Зоол. инс-т» РАН, 2003. 294 с.
3. Шарова И.Х. Зоология беспозвоночных. М.: «Владос», 2002. 592 с.
4. Lyimo I.N., Ferguson H.M. Ecological and evolutionary determinants of host species choice in mosquito vectors // Trends in Parasitology, 2009. № 25. P. 189-196.
5. Hunt R.H., Booke B.D., Pillay C., Koekemoer L.L., Coetzee M. Laboratory selection for and characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus // Journal of Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2005. № 19 (3). P. 271-275.
6. Kruse H., Kirkemo A.M., Handeland K. Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections // Journal Emerging Infectious diseases, 2004. № 10. P. 2067-2072.
7. Дербенева-Ухова В.П. Руководство по медицинской энтомологии. М.: Медицина, 1974. 360 с.
8. Keesing F., Belden L.K., Daszak P.A. et al. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases // Nature, 2010. № 468. P. 647-652.
9. Перфильев П.П. Фауна СССР // Насекомые двукрылые // Москиты. М.: Изд. Наука, 1966. T. 3. Вып. 2. 384 с.
10. Павлович С.А., Андреев В.П. Медицинская паразитология с энтомологией. Минск: Вышэйшая школа, 2012. 311 с.
11. Материалы совещания стран Европейского региона Воз, столкнувшихся с возвратом малярии. Переносчики малярии и мероприятия по борьбе с ними. Алматы, 2001. 55 с.
