CC BY
2DOI 10.24412/2709-1201-2024-109-114 УДК 5706.01
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE SOUND SYSTEM OF TURKIC LANGUAGES ОСНОВНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЗВУКОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ
AYNUR MURAD GIZI NAMAZOVA
Phd student of ASPU, of the Department of Modern Azerbaijani Language, Azerbaijan
Abstract: First of all, people used sounds as a means of communication. Writing consists of symbols that are used to represent sounds in a language and come long after the sound.
The main feature that distinguishes the voice, which is the main element of language, from the sounds used by other living things for communication is that the human voice is articulate. A person can form sound using different organs in the vocal apparatus. This is typical of human language. The sounds in the language are studied in two main groups: vowel sounds that are formed without any obstacles in pronunciation and consonant sounds that are formed after various obstacles in pronunciation.
Key words: wovel sounds, language, Turkish language, sound system, dialects
Аннотация: Языки постоянно изменяются и развиваются под влиянием различных внутренних и внешних влияний. Невозможно думать об истории языка без развития и изменения. Эти изменения происходят иногда в звуковой системе языка, иногда в форме и структуре предложения, а иногда и в словарном запасе, который является семантической стороной языка.
Именно звуки изменяются больше всего и легче всего в языках. Потому что в структурах, которые больше используются в языке, изменения происходят быстрее и легче. Поскольку звуки являются наиболее часто используемыми элементами языка, звуковые системы языков постоянно меняются и развиваются.
Ключевые слова: гласные звуки, язык, турецкий язык, звуковой строй, диалекты.
Introduction. The sound system of Turkic languages has undergone many changes throughout history and has survived to this day. These changes occur in both vowels and consonants. Although the vowel system has become impoverished since the early periods of the Turkic languages, it is seen that the consonant system is gradually becoming richer. In this historical process, the number of vowels in the Turkish language decreased from 16 to 6-13, and the number of consonants increased from 15-17 to 20-25.
Methods: Comparative, theoretical analysis and generalization; qualitative empirical methods: observation, interview).
The most significant influence on this branching of Turkish, which has influence in the world's largest geography and continues to exist as about twenty written languages, is the changes and developments seen in the sound system of the Turkish language. In parallel with the consonant changes and developments found in the historical Turkish dialects, it is possible to follow the separation process of the two main branches of the Turkish language, Northeastern and Western Turkish. As the Turkish communities that lived together at the beginning separated and became independent over time, sound systems specific to the Turkish language of each community began to appear. Thus, the process of dividing the Turkish language into dialects appeared. In particular, it is possible to trace the evolution of Oghuz Turkish, which did not have an independent written language until the ancient Oghuz Turkic Period and made its presence felt among other historical dialects, in this process of sound change and development.
In order to clarify the concept of ancient Turkish dialects, it is necessary to take a brief look at the historical development of Turkish and its historical periods. The written documents of Turkish
begin with the Orkhon and Yenisei scripts (V-VIII centuries). "Inscriptions worked (written, engraved) on obelisks, rocks, statues, stones, coins, seals, paper, ornaments and vessels by carving, engraving, tattooing, dotting, embossing or painting are usually symbols of a person or an event. It was created to keep his memory alive and pass it on to future generations. But the writings are related to this purpose as well as the language, literature, history, way of life, belief and aesthetic understanding of a nation; "From the beginning of the centuries until today, it also carries extremely important information about the peoples with whom that nation has social, cultural, religious, political, trade and military relations." This shows that the Goyturk alphabet was written by common people. not yet established and organized." [1, p. 29]
But this developed and elaborated linguistic material, especially in the Orkhon inscriptions (richness of abstract concepts, synonymy, polysemy, advanced elements, idioms, proverbs, reduplications, artistic expressions3) proves that the existence of Turkish appeared in much earlier times. "Old Turk" When we look at the age of the written language, we think that on the one hand, the advanced elements that we tried to show above, on the other hand, various examples that testify to artistic expression, on the other hand, words that express various situations and thoughts with vivid and colorful images using hand, concretization, in addition to all this, we should mention the abstract concepts we work on are not few. If we take into account the facts about synonymy and ambiguity, we will see that Kokturk9e, VIII. "We believe that it is a language that goes back much earlier than the 11th century, that other products need to be found and that it is more clear that the written language did not begin". [2, p. 203]
The first of these are the finds in the mound excavated in Kazakhstan. The mound discovered in 1969 is known as "Esik Mound". The similarity of the mound with Hun graves is also noteworthy. An armored corpse covered with gold and about 4000 small objects were found in this mound. One of these items is a silver bowl with a 26-letter inscription written in letters that are believed to be primitive forms of the Kokturk alphabet. Scientific studies, especially radiocarbon analysis, show that this object belongs to the V-IV periods BC. It shows that it has existed for centuries. A convincing analysis of what was written on the text has not yet been done. "However, our own study of the text has convinced us that all but a few of these 26 letters are similar to the alphabet in the Yenisei and Orkhon scripts. This small script, which dates back to the 5th-4th centuries BC, is significant in that it reveals that the history of the Yenisei and Orkhon scripts may go back even further, and that this alphabet was used by many Turkic tribes and peoples". [3, p. 17]
168 words in Sumerian belong to Turkic dialects. After revealing the Turkish words in Sumerian with their phonetic equivalents, the following important conclusions can be reached regarding the antiquity (age) of the Turkish dialects:
1. Sumerian and Turkic languages may or may not have been related to each other in earlier times. This issue does not concern us here. However, the historical linguistic connection between Sumerians and Turks is proved by these 168 words and necessary explanations.
2. Turks have been established in the eastern region of Turkey since at least 3500 BC.
3. It has been proven that the Turkish language existed as an independent and two-branched language 5500 years ago. If the rate of fragmentation was constant from birth to the time they came into contact with the Sumerians, the first Turk or Proto-Turk must have existed a very long time ago... Because if we consider the time from Proto-Turk to Proto-Turk. - Eastern and Western Turkish, it is possible to double the last 5500 years from this period to our era.
4. Among the languages of the world living today, the language with the oldest written documents is the Turkish language. These are words taken from cuneiform Sumerian tablets... " [4, p. 355-362]
"There are two important ideas about the birth of the Turkish language. One of them is the view that claims that Turkish is derived from the mother tongue called Mother Hun language. According to this idea, Turkic languages form their own family. The Mother Hun language, in which they were born and developed, was divided into three dialects before Christ. From these dialects, the Western Hun dialect formed today's Chuvash language, the Yakut language from the
Northern Hun dialect, and the Turkic-Tatar languages from the Eastern Hun dialect, that is, other Turkic dialects.
The second is the view that asserts that the Turkish language belongs to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altaic language family and is derived from the mother tongue called Main Altai".[5, p. 13]. This second view, from which G. Ramstedt and N. Poppe, is the view that bases the origin of Turkish on the Mother Altai language. Very serious and despite considerable criticism and objections, this meeting is still the most supportive meeting in the world of Turkology. English Sir G. Clauson, German G. Deorfer and Russian A. M. Sherbak are important Turkologists who oppose this idea. In the research conducted by these scientists, the connections between the languages united under the name "Altai languages" can be explained without taking into account the root unity. According to these researchers, all the common words shown as evidence of root unity are borrowings from Turkish to Mongolian, and from Mongolian to Manchu-Tunguz languages. Some of them are words that are actually unrelated, but coincidentally have similar sound structures... According to those who do not believe in root unity, the structural similarities between the Altaic languages are deceptive and exposed. after. It seems that the similarities between these languages are decreasing over time.
While classifying the Middle Bulgarian period (approximately between the 11th and 16th centuries), the 5th New Turkic and Chuvash period (the period from the 16th century to the present day)", in the classification that we will base on in this section, Ahmet Jafaroglu also classifies the historical periods of Turkish as Altai languages describes from the theory.
" 1 st Altai Period = Turkic-Mongolian language unity
2. The oldest Turkic Period = Proto-Turkic language community
3. The First Turkic Period
4. Old Turkic Period
5. Middle Turkic Period
6. New Turkish Period
7. Modern Turkish Period". [6, p. 51-52],
While Jafaroglu explains the Altaic Period and the Oldest Turkic Periods as purely hypothetical periods, he sees the Early Turkic Period as a period that includes Hun, Pecheneg, Bulgarian Turkic, and Khazarian Turkic, and which can be relatively illuminated by the limited linguistic materials at our disposal. Jafaroglu defines the Old Turkic Period, which he calls the Gokturk-Uyghur Turkic Period, as the VI-IX period, about which there is a lot of information and documents. presents it as a period covering centuries. Jafaroglu defines the Middle Turkic period as different literary dialects, which we call "Central Asian Turkish" and "Common Anatolian and Azerbaijani Turkish" due to the literary emphasis of the Central Asian Turkic Uruks. Seljuks and Ottomans dominated. In terms of political history, this period includes the Karakhanids, Seljuks, Mongols, on the one hand, and the early Ottoman period and the territory of Azerbaijan on the other. In terms of time, it covers the 10th-16th centuries." defines and limits with words.
In fact, the Middle Turkic period is a very remarkable and rich period in terms of the history of the Turkish language. This period can be divided into the "Central Asian Turkic" period: 1-Kashgar dialect (Karakhanli Turkish), 2- Khorezm dialect (Khorezm Turkish) and the period "when historical Turkish written languages were formed"
1. Northeastern Turkish, a) Northern Turkish (Kipchak/Tatar Turkish), b- Eastern Turkish (Chagatai Turkish),
2. Western Turkish (Old Turkish Turkish/Old Anatolian Turkish/Old Oghuz Turkish). We can state these written languages in chronological order as follows:
1- Old Turkish (around 7th-11th centuries)
A. Gokturk Turk (Goyturk)
B. Ancient Uighur Turkic (Uighur)
2- Middle Turkish (around 11th-16th centuries)
A. Northeast Turkic
a. Northern Turkic (Kipchak/Tatar Turko-Kipchak)
b. Eastern Turkish (Chagatay Turkish-Chagatay)
B. Western Turkic (Old Turkish Turkish/Old Anatolian Turkish/Old Oghuz
in Turkish).
The "New Turkish Period" mentioned in the historical periods of the Turkish language dates back to the 16th century. Between the centuries, "Ottoman, Azeri, Turkmen, Chagatai (Khiva-Hokant dialects), Uzbek literary Turkish" developed. This period is the period when the written Turkish languages that we encountered in the Middle Turkic Period continued to develop as a literary language.
The period of modern Turkic languages is the period representing the modern written Turkish languages of the 20th century and beyond.
The basic element of human language is "sound". Language is "...a magnificent structure of sounds...". [7, p. 7]. The main purpose of all languages is to communicate with other people. The main element that people use in this communication (information) is sound. In fact, voice is not unique to humans. All living and non-living things can make sounds. The growling, howling, barking or singing of an animal, the vibration of a stone when rolling, wind, rain, etc. All the vibrations they create are taken into account within the definition of sound.
Meanwhile, it is necessary to distinguish the sound used by people for the purpose of communication from the sounds made by other animate or inanimate objects. A person can perfectly imitate all the sounds he hears around him. Nature sounds, animal sounds, etc. In fact, this possibility of imitation is the source of onomatopoeic words that exist in all languages. The main feature that distinguishes the human voice from other living things is the ability to shape the human voice. Humans can shape the sounds they use according to their needs by using the organs in the speech apparatus. "This specificity of sounds within themselves and their exact relation to other sounds is called articulation, gliederung. Human language is articulated, but animal sounds are inarticulate. A person can make incomplete sounds both when he is a baby and when he is overexcited or confused; but he uses only articulable sounds in his language. Articulation is a prerequisite for human language to be written in sounds (not just concepts). One of the ancient definitions, which seems naive but actually hits the nail, as found in the "Etymology" of Isidore of Seville, says: Articulata vox est quae seribi potest, inarticulate quae seribi non potest 'an inarticulate sound is a sound that can be written, an articulate sound is a sound that cannot be written...'
This segmentation, which is unique to humans and only humans can do, does not arise from the sound mass itself. The tongue can perform many different actions; lips can open and close differently; organs of speech can enter many different situations; There are innumerable degrees of transition between all these actions." [8, p. 113].
We can do the following experiment on the production of sound: If we pull a wire fixed at both ends and release it in the middle, we will hear a sound. Because at this time, the string that creates the sound "vibrates" around the equilibrium state. This movement is towards both sides around the equilibrium position.
"From the point of view of physics, sound is the vibrational movement of air, as experience shows. Every object that produces sound vibrates: the strings of musical instruments, the stretched skin of drums, the air in a loud pipe". [9, p. 308].
For the formation of sound, first a vibrating body is needed, and then an environment that transmits these vibrations to our ears..." [10, p. 11]. The first vibrations in the formation of sounds, which are the basis of human language, occur in our ears. the vocal cords are enriched in the region of "pharynx, mouth and nose" which we call "resonance cavity" and can be made regular and harmonious with the help of the nervous system.
In order for sound to occur, an entity (animate or inanimate) called a "sound source" is needed. From this point of view, sound is not matter, but "energy".
In terms of physics, sound is created as a result of the rapid movement of an elastic body, that is, its vibration. Such a movement first passes through the elastic medium surrounding the substance
- in most cases it is air - and then propagates around. Propagation occurs in the form of waves (sound waves). Sound waves hit the auditory nerves in our ears and reach the auditory center in our brain, which hears sound impressions due to their sensitivity.
Vowels (sounds); "...it is a complex formed by the combination of simple tones." The common feature of these tones that make up the sound is that they are repeated movements in the same way, in a certain harmony, for a certain period of time. time. The main difference between the human voice and the sounds produced by other musical instruments is that the human voice has "harmonic secondary tones". "Harmonic secondary tones" are characteristic of the human voice and are tones that combine with each other to form a sound. The common feature of the "secondary tones" that make up the "sound" is that they occur at a certain time and in a certain sequence (periodically), with a certain harmony. "The deepest secondary tone of each voice is called the main tone of the voice, which has a relative reservation number. Accordingly, the pitch of the sound is measured. The remaining secondary tones are called harmonious high tones because they are above the main tone in the musical scale."During vowel sounds, the air from the lungs is expelled without any obstruction in the mouth and nasal cavity, so it does not make noise. causing any noise. During the elimination of vowels, the vocal apparatus does not contract or close, and noise (hissing, crackling, etc.) does not occur. For this reason, vowels are: "Free and silent sounds."The most important tasks in the formation of vowel sounds are performed by the tongue, jaw (jaw opening) and lips - throat and mouth area, and vowels are classified according to their order. Thick and thin vowels according to the movement of the tongue and in which part of the tongue the vowel is formed, wide or narrow vowels according to the size or smallness of the angle of the jaw during pronunciation, wide or narrow vowels according to the size or smallness of the angle of the jaw during pronunciation, flat and narrow according to the movement of the tongue or rounded vowels are formed.
Result: The sound that enables speech is produced by the harmony and order with which many organs in our body work. The brain ensures regular and harmonious functioning of the vocal organs. "The center of the nervous system that produces sound is in the bulb region. This center regulates the work of the muscles that produce sound and is under the control of the gray nuclei of the brain, which regulate automatic movements. Human speech is possible when the speech center in the cerebral cortex, located on either side of the "sylvian fissure", commands the center in the "bulbous corpus".
Conclusion: From this article, we conclude that the sound system of Turkic languages has a very ancient and complex history. The vocal organs that provide sound production are: (diaphragm). , lungs, trachea, pharynx, vocal cords, tongue, teeth, lips, palate, etc.) and the sound organs that help us hear sounds (ears and organs in the ear: auricle, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum, etc.) .
LITERATURE
1.Dogan Aksan (2000), Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow of Turkey's Turkish, Bilgi Yayinevi, Ankara, p. 29.
2.Dogan Aksan (2004), Linguistics, Linguistics and Turkish Writings, Multilingual Publications, Istanbul, p.203.
3.Dogan Aksan (2014), In Traces of the Oldest Turkish, Facts Illuminated by Lexicology, Semantics and Morphology Studies on Orkhon and Yenisey Inscriptions, Bilgi Yayinevi, Ankara, p.
4.A. Bican Ercilasun "Turkish Language from History to the Future, Turkish Language, Language and Literature Magazine, May 1999, No. 569, p. 355-362"
5.Osman Nedim Tuna (1997), The Historical Interest of Sumerian and Turkish Languages and the Age Issue of the Turkish Language, TDK Publications: 561, Ankara, p. 48. 7 Ahmet Buran, Ercan Alkaya (2004), Contemporary Turkish Dialects, Ak^ag Publications, Ankara, p. 13
6.Ahmet Caferoglu (1984), Turkish Language History I-II, Enderun Kitabevi, Istanbul, p. 51-52.
7. Muharrem Ergin (1995), Turkish Language for Universities, Bayrak Yay. Istanbul, p. 7.
8.Walter Porzig (Translated by Prof. Dr. Vural Ulku) (1995), The Miracle Calle d Language, TDK Publications, Ankara, p. 113.
9.Tuncer Gulensoy (2000), Turkish Handbook, Ak9ag Publications, Ankara, p. 308.
10.Muzaffer Tansu (1963), Durgun General Phonology and Turkish, TDK Publications, Ankara,
17
p.11.
