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6УДК 372.881.161.1
THEORETICAL AND LINGUODIDACTIC ASPECTS OF OVERCOMING SOUND
INTERFERENCE IN THE FIELD OF CONSONANT SOUNDS OF THE RUSSIAN SPEECH
OF THE TURKOPHONE
Nazhmiddinova Madina Muzaffarovna,
trainee teacher, Uzbekistan State World Languages University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ И ЛИНГВОДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ ЗВУКОВОЙ ИНТЕРФЕРЕНЦИИ В ОБЛАСТИ СОГЛАСНЫХ ЗВУКОВ РУССКОЙ РЕЧИ ТЮРКОФОНА
Нажмиддинова Мадина Музаффаровна
преподаватель-стажер, Узбекский государственный университет мировых языков,
г. Ташкент, Узбекистан DOI: 10.31618/NAS.2413-5291.2022.1.83.630
ABSTRACT
The article deals with the problem of teaching foreigners the correct pronunciation of consonant sounds in the Russian language. The features of the pronunciation of high-frequency consonants are revealed, which should be paid attention to in practical phonetics classes. A number of methodological techniques are recommended that make it easier for foreigners to develop skills and abilities for the correct pronunciation of Russian consonants. The difficulties of teaching the Russian language in the process of formation of the Uzbek-Russian bilingualism are determined, which are considered from the position of types of sound speech interference. In the course of conducting a scientific study of the material of the Russian and Uzbek languages, methods of comparative analysis, the opposition of minimal pairs, etc. were used. The origins of sound interference are specific consonants of two languages and positional varieties of seemingly similar phonemes.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассматривается проблема обучения инофонов правильному произношению согласных звуков русского языка. Раскрываются особенности произношения высокочастотных согласных звуков, которым следует уделить внимание на занятиях по практической фонетике. Рекомендуется ряд методических приемов, облегчающих инофонам формирование умений и навыков правильного произношения русских согласных. Определены трудности обучения русскому языку в процессе формирования узбеко-русского билингвизма, которые рассматриваются с позиции типов звуковой речевой интерференции. В ходе ведения научного исследования материала русского и узбекского языков были использованы методы сопоставительного анализа, противопоставление минимальных пар и др. Истоками звуковой интерференции является специфические консонанты двух языков и позиционные разновидности мнимо схожих фонем.
Keywords: consonant system, phoneme, pronunciation of consonants, Russian as a foreign language, learning the Russian language, interference, phonetics.
Ключевые слова: консонантная система, фонема, произношение согласных, русский язык как иностранный, изучение русского языка, фонетика.
INTRODUCTION
One of the topical issues in linguistics is the study of sound systems in general and the system of consonantism of the Russian and Turkic languages in particular. This need arises from the need to solve the problems of forming an optimal lingua-methodological model aimed at the successful mastering of the Russian language by the Turks and the Turkic language by Russian-speaking individuals [1, p. 22; 2, p. 77].
In this regard, comparative studies of Russian and native languages are of great theoretical and practical importance. In this work, we will focus on the material of the system of consonantism in the Russian and Uzbek languages.
The founder of Russian-Uzbek comparative linguistics is E.D. Polivanov, who is the founder of the science of comparative linguistics in Eurasia [2 p. 91; 3, p. 78].
The problem of interaction between the Russian and Uzbek languages was also considered by other specialists, such as V.V. Reshetov, O.A. Azizov, I.A. Kissen, I.A. Abrazheev, and others. So, in the textbook, O.A. Azizov for students-philologists, the general and specific features of the sound systems of the Russian and Uzbek languages were studied in the aspect of distinguishing the differential features of phonemes [4; 5; 6; 7; 8].
The most important typological differences between the phonetic systems of the Russian and Uzbek languages are outlined in the works of A.V. Mirtov, a significant place in which is given to valuable methodological instructions in the section "Setting the correct pronunciation", the purpose of which is to overcome interlingual interference.
The interaction of languages generates speech interference [2, p. 156; 9, c 34]. Therefore, the
comparative study of languages is closely related to linguodidactics and language teaching methods.
Interlingual interference is the result of translingual and transculturality since these aspects affect the successful mastery of two or more languages [9, p. 26].
So, a comparative study of the Russian and Uzbek languages is still relevant due to the many difficulties that students face during the study of the Russian language.
The relevance of the study is also determined by the need to create nationally oriented courses in Russian practical phonetics. The importance of "mastering the positions" of the language being studied and overcoming the "positional skills" of the native language in the course of teaching pronunciation is recognized by everyone, however, the positional patterns of "contacting" systems are by no means always taken into account in practical courses of Russian phonetics.
In the course of the study, a hypothesis was put forward and tested, according to which the phonetic accent in the Russian speech of Uzbeks is largely determined by differences in the system of consonantism and positional patterns of the sound structure of the Russian and Uzbek languages.
In this paper, we will consider the similarities and differences between the consonant phonemes of the Russian and Uzbek languages as classes (sets) of their positional varieties, since they present great difficulty in the process of mastering the Russian language. This is explained by large differences in the paradigmatics and syntagmatic of the system of consonantism in the Russian and Uzbek languages.
Similarities and differences in the consonantal systems of the Russian and Turkic (Uzbek) languages
The sounds of a language can be considered both from the point of view of their meaningful function and from the point of view of their articulatory-acoustic properties.
In the first case, the sound acts as a phonological unit, that is, as a phoneme, in the second case, as a phonetic unit. In a comparative study of the sounds of languages of different systems for lingua didactic purposes, the sounds of two languages should be considered from both points of view.
When comparing the phonemic inventory of the Uzbek and Russian languages, one can reveal an obvious similarity in the predominance of consonant phonemes over vowels in these languages. There are 37 consonant phonemes in Russian: /6/, /6'/, /b/, /b'/, /r/, /r'/, /g/, /g'/, /k/, /k'/, /3/, /3'/, /j/, /k/, /k'/, M, /a'/, /m/, /m'/, /h/, /h'/, /n/, /n'/, /p/, /p'/, /t/, /t'/, /c/, /c'/, /$/, /$'/, /x/, /x'/ /h'/, /m/, /m'/, There are 24 consonant phonemes in the Uzbek language: /6/, /b/, /r/, /g/, /k/, /k/(=[ak']), /3/, /k/, /rf/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /c/, /t/, /$/, /x/, /h/, /m/, /*/, /x/, /f/, /ht/, /j/.
Consonants offer a wide range of derivation opportunities compared to vowels. The significance of consonants in the phonological system lies in their influence on vowels in the speech flow with the subsequent occurrence of variation in allophones of
vowel phonemes. In the Uzbek language, in contrast to Russian, consonants are pronounced on the rising lower, and the articulation base during sound formation is deeper, more back. The characteristic of consonant phonemes in both Russian and Uzbek languages includes common features: division into deaf and voiced in terms of noise level, place, and method of formation, the division into noisy and sonorous in terms of voice participation and hardness of consonants.
In Russian, all consonants (except for <ч>, <ш>, <ж>, <ц>, <щ> - according to the LFS theory, also <к>, <г>, <х> - according to the MFS theory) transmit two phonemes palatalized and non-palatalized. In the Uzbek language, a consonant letter denotes one phoneme in writing, which produces an acoustic and articulatory image of "one letter - one phoneme" in an individual and is one of the main reasons for the incorrect pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in the Russian language. To eliminate such phonetic errors, first of all, a comparative description is necessary, taking into account the connection between graphics and phonology, because students' failure to comprehend the difference in the ratio of letters and phonemes in their native and Russian languages generates stable and high-frequency pronunciation errors in their Russian speech. For example, mixing /т/ and /т'/ is observed. The words мат (mat), мать (mother) are pronounced the same: either hard [мат] or semi-soft [мат'], that is, the phonological hearing and articulatory apparatus of a person with Russian linguistic thinking are programmed to perceive and reproduce one letter and two consonant phonemes. Such a psycholinguistic attitude developed based on the characteristics of the native language, persists for a long time, and in many cases for a lifetime.
The sign "hardness-softness" in the Uzbek language is not differential, it refers to positional signs. The hardness or softness of a consonant depends on its position - on the adjacent vowel. Accommodation in the Uzbek language has the opposite character in comparison with the Russian language. If in Russian the vowel depends on the adjacent consonant, then in the Uzbek language the consonant depends on the adjacent vowel. Uzbek consonants next to non-front vowels have velarized articulation, and next to front vowels - palatalized. For example, compare (in the first column is hard, in the second - soft): бор (have) - бер (give); бош (head) - беш (five); ов (hunting) - дев (devil). However, the difference of the mentioned consonants in the Uzbek language does not perform a semantic function and therefore it does not form phonemic pairs that differ based on "hardness-softness". Uzbek hard and soft consonants are allophones of accommodative formation. The differentiation of the sign "hardness-softness" and its non-differentiability in Uzbek was reflected in the degree of articulatory polarization between hard and soft consonants. It is stronger in Russian than in Uzbek. Russian hard consonants are more valarized than the corresponding Uzbek consonants, while soft ones are more palatalized.
Another phonetic feature of Russian and Uzbek consonantisms is that some labial consonants at the beginning of a word are not relevant in Uzbek, while they are relevant in Russian. For example, in the Uzbek language, the word "бурун" (nose) can be pronounced as "мурун", the word "бундай" (such) as "мундай". In such cases, the sounds /б/ and /м/ in the Uzbek language do not perform a meaningful function.
Such phonological indifference of labial consonants in the Uzbek language and the sounds /п/ and /ф/.
For example, the Uzbek "фан" (science) in common parlance can be pronounced as "пан", and "фол" (fortune-telling) as "пол", where the consonants /ф/ and /п/ are phonemically equivalent. Pronunciation with the sound [ф] is literary, bookish, and with the sound [п] is colloquial, colloquial.
The sign "deafness-voicedness" in the Oguz, and partly in the Kipchak dialects of the Uzbek language, at the beginning of the word is indifferent, while in Russian the beginning of the word is a strong position for voiced and voiceless pairs of consonants. Compare in Uzbek dialects. For example: тог - дог
Тогистон - Догистон
коз - гоз
тала - дала
in Russian:
дом - том
вон - фон
быль - пыль
гора - кора
In Uzbek, the sounds /ж/ and /й/ can act as optional variants, which is not observed in Russian: жер - йер (earth) жур - йур (go)
In the Turkic languages, there is a universal vowel harmony in terms of linguality and roundedness. M. Dzhusupov, A. Zhunisbek distinguish four varieties of synharmonism in the Turkic languages:
Linguistic solid synharmonism (Uzb.: кир [кыр] -three; Kazakh: кыр [шр] - three)
Linguistic soft synharmonism (Uzbek: беш - five, Kazakh: бес - five)
Lingvalabiosolid synharmonism (Uzbek: тог -mountain, Kazakh: тол - fill up)
Lingvalabiosoft synharmonism (Uzbek: гул -flower, Kazakh: гул - flower) [2, с. 175; 3, с. 95; 10, с. 87]
In the Uzbek language, unlike other Turkic languages, synharmonism is broken. This is manifested in a polysyllabic word when affixes are added to the root, which violates the law of synharmonism in the Uzbek language. The consonants of the Uzbek language, like the consonants of other Turkic languages, are synharmonically hard or synharmonically soft, but in the Uzbek language this is mostly preserved in monosyllabic words ([кыр], [юр]; [т^р], [тур]), but not in polysyllabic.
One of the serious differences between the Russian and Turkic languages, including Uzbek, is the specificity of back-lingual consonants in the compared languages. So, for example, in Russian, back-lingual
phonemes are (according to the LFS theory) / к'/, /г'/, /х'/.
In the Turkic languages, including the Uzbek language, there are three types of back-lingual consonants:
Back-lingual consonants: /k/, /g/, /x/;
Deep lingual consonants: /к/, /г/;
A guttural, voiceless fricative phoneme: x (in Uzbek), h (in Kazakh).
These differences in the back-lingual consonants of the Russian and Turkic languages give rise to speech interference both in the Russian speech of the Turkophone and in the Turkic speech (Uzbek, Kazakh) of the Russophone. So, for example, Uzbek students pronounce:
Канал instead of канал.
Russophones, on the contrary, pronounce к instead of к. For example, Uzbek: кора - black, they pronounce кора.
Such speech interference has not only a phonetic meaning but also a semantic one, when the foreigners, as a result of non-differentiation of the sounds of the native and studied languages, change the semantic expression in the context and perceive the word or context in a different meaning [11, c. 45; 12, c. 116].
CONCLUSION
The sound systems of the Russian languages, as well as other Turkic languages, have similarities and differences. The similarity is general. The difference is nationally specific.
In the system of consonantism of the Russian and Uzbek languages, the differences are serious:
Hardness and softness of Russian consonant phonemes;
Synharmonic hardness and synharmonic softness of Turkic (Uzbek) consonant phonemes;
Polytypicity of Turkic (Uzbek) back-lingual consonants and monotyping of Russian back-lingual consonants;
Different syntagmatic (compatibility) properties of consonants in the Russian and Turkic languages, etc.
A comparative study of the Turkic and Russian languages in terms of similarities and differences in sound systems in general and the system of consonantism, in particular, helps to identify the specific properties of the two languages, which is of great lingo-theoretical, lingo-contrastive, lingua didactic and lingo-methodological significance.
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