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12TRANSITION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS IN DIALECTS OF THE GENERAL
TURKIC LANGUAGES
ZEMFIRA ISAKHAN GIZI ABBASOVA
Phd in Philology Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, The faculty of Philology, Department of Modern Azerbaijan Language ORCiD iD 0000 0002 5135 1666
Summary. Most researchers, referring to the phonemic structure of the Turkic languages, indicate that as a result of the division and unification of languages, the individuality of each Turkic phonetic structure began to appear.
In the phonetic structure of the Turkic languages, vocalism and consonantism differ. Vocalism has eight vowel phonemes, which are identical to most Turkic languages (in languages where there is a letter d, and in Uzbek where there are no letters d, i, u).
Key words: Turkic language, vowels, dialects, phonetic structure, diphthongs
ПЕРЕХОД ГЛАСНЫХ В ДИАЛЕКТАХ И ГОВОРАХ ОБЩЕТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ
ЗЕМФИРА ИСАХАН КЫЗЫ АББАСОВА
кандидат филологических наук Азербайджанский Государственный Педагогический Университет, Кафедра современного азербайджанского языка ORCÍD ГО 0000 0002 5135 1666
Аннотация. Большинство исследователей, ссылаясь на фонемную структуру тюркских языков, указывают, что в следствие разделения и объединения языков стала проявляться индивидуальность каждой тюркской фонетической структуры.
В фонетической структуре тюркских языков вокализм и консонантизм различаются. Вокализм имеет восемь гласных фонем, которые идентичны большинству тюркских языков Ключевые слова: тюркский язык, гласные, диалекты, фонетический строй, дифтонги.
A.M. Shcherbak believes that the ancient Turkic language had eight long and eight short vowels. There are also opinions according to which the existence of long vowels, diphthongs, as well as the letter "э" is explained by the influence of the Mongolian and Iranian languages. But it's not. J. Bonfey and F. Pope argue that in ancient Indo-European languages there were only three vowels (a, i, u). Koelitz and others are trying to prove that Indo-European languages used to have more vowels. But gradually the vowels (e, o) were replaced by the vowel "a".
About a hundred years ago, I. Grupzel suggested that initially there were three vowels in Turkish (a, i, u). Later M.A. Cherkassky added one more vowel (a, i, u vэ u) to this tradition. There are indeed 4 vowels in the Orkhon-Yenisei monument. However, on November 25, 1893, B. Thomsen established that these 4 vowels represent 8 vowels.
There has been controversy in Indo-European linguistics over the decades about the letter "e". F. Pope believes that there has never been an "e". Subsequently, it was found that the "e" in Sanskrit was suppressed by the letter "a". In Turkology, there is still an idea that the letter "e" did not exist, and that the letter "e" was formed on the basis of the letter "э".
Speaking about the absence of primary expansion for the modern Azerbaijani literary language, A. Akhundov points out that the primary expansion is actually associated with phonetic phenomena in its origin and is caused as a result of the extinction of various sounds. However,
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although this is evident in the subsequent expansion, further etymological research needs to be done in the initial expansion. It follows that short vowels, which are used instead of long vowels in languages without initial expansion, have a longer history (19, 20).
The existence of long vowels in Turkic languages is also controversial. E. D. Polivanov (1924) claims that there are no long vowels in the old Turkish language. A. M. Shcherbak believed that long vowels remained in the Turkmen and Yakut languages. In the Turkic languages, the initial expansion is observed in the Gagauz, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Altaic, Tuvan and Yakut languages. The Turkic languages also have a second expansion. This expansion is caused by the dropping of a consonant after a vowel in a word.
M. Shiraliyev's research on the wide use of long vowels in the Azerbaijani language is also very interesting, and this great scholar-dialectologist shows that one of the features of our dialects is the wide use of long vowels. There is not a single vowel in our dialects that does not have a long variant (7, 22)
I. Bayramov notes that for the first time the existence of long vowels in the Azerbaijani language is mentioned in the book "General overview of the Turkic dialects of the mountains. Nuhi" by N.I. Ashmarin. (21, 4).
"In the first syllable of words, the expansion of vowels is characteristic of modern Turkic, Bashkir, Yakut, Khakass, Tuvan languages." (20, 28) As a result of the initial expansion in the Turkmen language, the word changes. (For example: ba§-ba§, ba:§-yara, qor-qor, qo:r-gor). According to N. Ashmarini, this also shows itself in the dialects of the Azerbaijani language. For example, in the Nukha dialect, in the words: qa: ri, a: ri, ya: zi. And according to V. Yamtsidze, this also shows itself in the Gazakh dialect: in the words qa: qa, qa: ri, da: yi, a:nri, qa:x. However, in the mountain villages of Guba in Algan, Zigik and Mirzemammad, primary expansion is found in some words (21.9; 22.10). The original expansion is also found in some Gazakh texts (da:ri, pa:lid, a:di, qa:ri) and in the Iraqi-Turkmen dialect (a:cisiz, a-tiram, ye:di, ke:9tim, i: ndim (endim), o:tu (otur), go:zum (gorur), ge:tdi and so on.
After all these excursions, the initial and subsequent expansion in the Turkic languages can be described as follows:
Phoneme A. This is an open, non-labial, lingual phoneme. The phoneme A is stabilized in the Turkic languages, including both the dialect groups of the Azerbaijani language and the Azerbaijani literary language. "This letter is used in all syllables. In Uzbek, this vowel has individual features. In the Uzbek literary language, in addition to the vowel a, there is also a labial phoneme. For example: gora-qara, ot-at, bo§-ba§, sol-sal, ko§ik-qa§iq, mol-mal, etc.
In some Turkic languages, the vowel a stretches and has a phonemic character. For example: al - aal - kand, ay - ayy (in Tuvan), xas - qaz, xaas - kamar, xara - qara, xari - geca, ac - 9orak, aac -agiz (in Khakass), bas - ba§, baa§ - yara (in the Kyrgyz language), yaz - yaaz - fasil, at - aat - ad (in the Turkmen language) "and so on. (18, 173). In dialects and accents of the Azerbaijani language, in some cases, the phoneme "a" is expanded. For example: in case of falling letter "n"((ya:nda - yaninda (Kakhaz, Nakhchivan)), ma:t - manat (Baku, Nakhchivan), ta:ri - tanri (Jabrail, Meghri, Iraq), ha:si -hansi (Guba, Gazakh), in case of falling letter "g" (sa:lig - sagliq) (Baku), da:lix - dagliq, ka:z - kagiz (Jabrail, Tabriz), in case of falling letter "h" (sega - segah, ga: - gaha (Guba, Nakhchivan, Gakhaz, Iraq, Tabriz), ma: ni - mahni (Iraq), ya: r - yahar (Tabriz), in case of falling letter "i" (a:ir - alir) Sheki, sa:mmeykim - salammeleykim (Meghri) The extension of the phoneme "a" also occurs when demonstrative syllables are added to words that end in vowels. For example: in case of falling letter "y" (ora: - oraya, tala-talaya, 9a - 9aya, dava: - davaya (Chamberek), (da: z - dayaz, ha: n - dayan, ha: n - haya, ma: a - maya, qa: a - qaya (Agjabadi, Sheki), Sa: li - Sa9li (Chamberek), ha: t - hayat (Agjabadi), as well as in Arabic and Persian words when instead of a phoneme £ (eyn) uses extended "a". For example: cama: camaat, sa: t - saat, da: va - dava, ma: vin - muavin, ma: lica - mualica (Gazakh, Guba, Nakhchivan, Ordubad, Derbent, Sheki, Iraq) this also occurs in the dialects of the Turkmen and Gagauz languages.
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Phoneme 9. This is a non-labial, front-lingual phoneme. "It is used as an independent phoneme in Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Bashkir, Uighur, Kazakh languages, it can also be found in Uzbek, Nogai, Altai. The phoneme 9 is translated into the phoneme "e" or "i" in Uyghur. For example, "bal - bel" (18, 173). In dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the extended "a" is formed in the following cases. As a result of the drop of the letter "n", when the letters "y, g" fall between vowel syllables, as a result of the drop of the letters "q, k, g, h" in the middle of a word, in the case when the words begin and end with vowels, when pronunciation of words when a word begins with the letter "g" and ends in vowels, as a result of the drop of the letter "t", in words of Arabic and Persian origin, when the phoneme "h" falls. This phonetic composition corresponds to the dialects of the Turkmen and Gagauz languages (23, 26-27).
Phoneme E. This is a non-labial, middle-lingual vowel in all Turkic languages. In some of the dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the extended "e" occurs in the following cases. As a result of the drop of the letter "y" in words, when syllables end in vowels, when pronouncing words that begin with "g", as a result of the drop of the letter "g", when pronouncing words that begin and end in vowels, in the case of a combination of two vowels , in words of Arabic origin when "e" is expressed instead of a phoneme (eyn). (7.27). The extended "e" can also be found in Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash dialects.
Phoneme i. "This is a non-labial, front-lingual phoneme. Used in all Turkic languages. In the Chuvash language, this phoneme corresponds to the phoneme "e". For example: per-bir, pel-bil va s." etc." (18,173)
In the dialects and syllables of the Azerbaijani language, the extended "u" occurs in the following cases. This occurs as a result of the drop of extended "i" from the roots or syllables of the word, sometimes from the drop of "n", sometimes from the drop of "i" from the root of the word and sometimes from the drop of "r" from the syllables of the word. Also, the extended "i" can be found in words of Arabic and Persian origin (23, 280). It is also found in dialects of Chuvash, Turkmen, Gagauz and Turkish.
Phoneme I. This non-labial, lingual phoneme tends to be more pronounced in Uzbek. In most cases, before the vowel "I" in Turkish and Uzbek languages, "y" is added, and in Kyrgyz "an". For example: the expansion of this phoneme, although rare, is found in Sheki, Jabrayil and Mugan. In the dialects of the Turkic languages, extensions of this phoneme are also rarely observed.
Phoneme O. This labial, front-lingual phoneme is most used in the Bashkird, Tatar and Chuvash languages. Suitable for the phoneme "u" in the Tatar and Bashkir languages. For example: ul - ol - o, ut - ot, yul - yol and so on
In some dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the extended "o" occurs in the following cases. As a result of the drop of the letter "v" in the middle and at the end of the word, with the drop of the letter "k" in the middle of the word, as a result of the drop of the letter "y" in the middle of the word (23, 28). Extended "o" can also be found in the dialects of the Bashkir, Turkmen, Chuvash, Gagauz languages.
Phoneme U. This labial, front-lingual phoneme is used in most Turkic languages. "This phoneme is compatible with the Kazakh "u", with the Nogai "çiv", with the Bashkir and Tatar "o", with the Chuvash "e"" (18, 173).
In some dialects of the Azerbaijani language, the extended "u" is caused by the dropping of the "y" letter in the middle of a word, or the dropping of the "i" and "v" letters in syllables (23, 29). It can also be found in dialects of Kazakh, Nogai, Bashkir, Chuvash.
Phoneme Ô. This labial, front-lingual phoneme is used in Uzbek, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash. "In the Bashkir language, instead of the phonemes "O", "Û" is used. For example: kuz - goz, kul -gol, ut - od, etc. (18.173).
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