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PHILOLOGIA CLASSICA VOL. 13. FASC. 1. 2018
UDC 821.14
The Identity of Subject in Aeschylus, Cho. 32-36
Nina A. Almazova
St. Petersburg State University,
7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected]
For citation: Nina A. Almazova. The Identity of Subject in Aeschylus, Cho. 32-36. Philologia Classica 2018,
13(1), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu20.2018.114
In the parodos of the Choephori by Aeschylus the chorus sings of a nightmare that made Cly-temnestra send libations to the grave of Agamemnon in a vain attempt to pacify his wrath and escape vengeance. The subject of Cho. 32-36 is described as op969pi^ S6|io>v ovsipo^avtii, but the identity of the ovsip6|iavTii is obscure. The text of the passage is not sound, so various emendations have been attempted which presuppose different interpretations of its subject. The proposal of F. Blass to delete Ooipo^ in v. 32 seems the most convincing. This word was probably an interpolation aimed at inserting an explicitly named subject into the text. However, Ooipo^ is most implausible as a subject, since Apollo has nothing to do with grim underworld divinities as well as with sending prophetic dreams. Fear would be seman-tically suitable, but it is rendered improbable by the words nspl 96^« in v. 35: if inserted into the text, the noun 96^0^ would become both a subject and a secondary element of the same sentence. Several other candidates proposed so far, such as Clytemnestra, 90iT0^, oIkto^, are also implausible. The dream of Clytemnestra as a subject suits the context perfectly, but it could be hardly called "an interpreter of dreams". Yet Aeschylus is fond of rethinking the sense of compounds according to their etymological potential. The paper argues that ovsip6|iavTii is used in the meaning 'Dream the prophet', i.e. 'prophetic dream'. Keywords: Aeschylus, Choephori, Clytemnestra's nightmare, Greek compounds, ovsip6|iavTii.
© St. Petersburg State University, 2018 https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu20.2018.114
Parodos, dvT. a':1
ropo; yap {Ooipo;} op060pi^ So^rov ovsipo^avn;, s£, unvou kotov nvsrov, aropovuKrov a^Poa^a
u - u - u - u - u
u - u - u - u -
u-u-u-u-u-u-
2 ia
3 ia
39-40
^u%608v eXaKS nspi ^opro, yuvaiKsioiaw sv Sro^aaw Papi>; mrvrov, KpiTai <Ss> rrovS' ovsiparrov 0s60sv eXaKov imsyyuoi ^s^9sa0ai row; ya; vsp0sv nspi0i)^ro; roi; Kravofiai r' syKorsiv.
-u-u-u-
uu u uu u uu u -
u — - u - - u - u - u -
u-u-u-u-
u uu u uu u - u -
- u u -
4 ia iaA Aia lec
2 ia 2 ia 5 da lec
32 901^0; M : 90^0; X (ubi $01^0; Papageorgios) : del. Blass : TOpo; 5s $01^0; Lachmann : T0p6; ye $01^0; Tucker : TOpo; 90^0; -yap D'Arnaud 237 : 6p060pi^ 90^0; S6|i«v Pauw : TOpo; 5s 901T0; Hermann, iterum Bamberger : TOpo; yap 01KT0; Wilamowitz 1896
35 sXaKE X Ms : sAaxe X Mt : sAaae Heyse (cf. 39 et 939 sAaae Pauw ex ^Aaae X : sAaKe M) || nepi 90^« M : n£pi90p0v vel nep^op«;; Stanley : nepi 96VW Bothe : nap&90p0v Herwerden : nepi 90^0; Bowen
36 YuvaiKi0iaiv M : corr. Victorinus || tcitvwv M : corr. Blomfield ex Elmsleii praecepto
37 <5s> Portus : <Te> Porson
39 sAax0v M : corr. Turnebus
The chorus sings of a nightmare that made Clytemnestra send libations to the grave of Agamemnon in a vain attempt to pacify his wrath and escape vengeance. Later on (514550) the audience, together with Orestes, will learn the details: the queen dreamed that she gave birth to a snake which suckled blood along with the milk from her breast.
Now, what person or power is the subject of 32-36?
The transmitted text is not sound: the antistrophe is two syllables longer than the strophe. It is possible to add the tenth, catalectic, iambus to the nine present in the strophe by reading napn'i'q 90^01; instead of napfl; 90ivtaa' in v. 24 (Stanley 1663; cf. contra Blass 1898, 181-182; 1906, 80). However, emendation of the antistrophe looks more promising, since it contains an obvious weak point: the word $0X^0; — exactly two syllables long — does not fit the iambic metrical context (we need a vowel after yap to scan it short). To keep it in the text, one has to change yap to Se (Lachmann 1819, 49) or ye (Tucker 1901, 16-17), but it is hardly worth the effort, since the sense is also questionable. Moreover, a rationale for the corruption is obvious, in that $0X^0; could be an interpolated gloss (Murray 1937, 278) aimed at answering the same question that we are dealing with: who is the op060pi^ So^wv ovetpo^avTi;?
However, this guess of the glossator is most implausible. It is the chthonic powers, first of all the dead Agamemnon himself, who are wrathful and must be appeased (cf. 39-41). To these very powers Electra and Orestes pray for help in a long scene at the king's tomb. Meanwhile Apollo, though he commanded Orestes to avenge the death of his father in a prophecy (a fact first mentioned later, in 269-2972), has nothing in common with grim
1 Edition cited: West 1998, with an extended apparatus criticus.
2 It is possible that the missing lines of the Prologue spoken by Orestes contained some reference to the command of Apollo (Winnington-Ingram 1933, 98), but Garvie (1970, 82) considers the possibility that the Prologue was not a long one and that we have most of it: "It is at least arguable that Apollo's command was not mentioned at this point, that he comes in only later when Orestes describes his oracle".
underworld divinities: see e.g. Stesich. fr. 271 Finglass and Eur. Suppl. 974b-976 (Plut. De E apud Delphos 394 b cites them to make this very point). The same contrast between Apollo and the realm of death is expressed in Aesch. Ag. 1074-1075, 1078-1079 and Sept. 854-860.3
It is true that Clytemnestra's attempt to appease the spirit of her husband turns out to be a mistake: it results in the meeting of Electra and Orestes and thus brings the retribution nearer instead of averting it. However, it is hardly possible to claim, with Verrall 1893, 6, that the prophets of the palace have mistaken Apollo for the chthonic powers in interpreting the dream. To leave such a mistake without an explicit comment would be alien to tragic poetics — indeed, on the contrary, the words öeoöev eXaKov tineyyuoi (38) underline the truth of interpretation. Besides we can support the seers of Argos: the snake that appears in Clytemnestra's dream has obvious chthonic associations, and the Earth is regularly the source of dreams,4 whereas Apollo does not use them for warning.5
The claim (Müller 1836, 21, expanded by Verrall 1893, 32; 158) that ^oißo; is used not for Apollo, but generically for 'prophetic possession', is unfounded (such a meaning is not attested, while the etymological significance 'bright' must have been always perceivable) as well as implausible (the context implies personification, and what other person but Apollo could Ooißo; mean?).
For all these reasons, Phoebus (even assuming that he was only implied and not named in the text) seems the least suitable candidate.
Neither is Clytemnestra a possible variant: it must have been she who screamed (d^ßoa^a eXaKe), but, even not counting the masculine Topoc, nvewv, ßapuc, mtvwv, the queen could hardly be said to 'breath anger' or to 'fall gravely upon the women's chambers' (unless we imagine that Clytemnestra unleashed her fury upon her female slaves as she woke up).
According to the scholium (35c), the subject is Fear impersonated: avaXamv Kai ßo^aai x^v KXuTat^^axpav ¿noqaev o aa^c ^oßo; Si' oveipwv ^avxeuo^evoq. Semanti-cally this would be the most suitable variant proposed so far; cf. v. 929: ^ KapTa ^avTi; oti^ oveipaTwv ^oßo;.6 The adjectives Topoc (cf. Pr. 181 Sioropoc ^oßoc) and öpöoöpi^ (cf. hair rising with terror e.g. in Aesch. Sept. 564; Soph. OС 1624-1625) suit it perfectly. It is possible that the scholiast has not just summarised the passage in a free paraphrase, but read the word ^oßo; in his text (cf. the scholium 35b cited in n. 8) — in this case ^oßo;
3 Cf. Garvie 1986, 57: "Apollo has nothing to do with the interpretation of dreams in the palace of Argos, or with the uttering of cries through Clytemnestra's mouth"; Rutherford 2001, 49: "Apollo had no part in the chthonic sphere". Rose 1958, 123-124 finds the assumption that oveipo^avric or anything else in the context meant Apollo so ridiculous that he refuses to believe someone could have ever proposed Ooißo; as a gloss.
4 Cf. Eur. Hec. 70-71; IT 1263-1267; Aristoph. Ran. 1331-1332; see Kenner 1939, 450-451: "ein Heer von Träumen <...>, das irgendwo ganz im Westen oder unter der Erde, immer in der Nahe des Totenreichs liegt. Aus dem schattenhaften, geisterähnlichen Charakter der oveipoi erklärt es sich auch, wenn <... > dunkle, chthonische Gottheiten ihnen das Leben gegeben haben: die Nacht <...> oder die Erde <...> oder Erebos und Nacht"; Garvie 1970, 84: "Earth is the mother of all dreams, but this is a particularly appropriate one for her to send because it reveals her own anger to the living"; Garvie 1986, 59.
5 Cf. Klausen 1835, 5: "nullo modo vocem cpoißo; fert sensus. Neque enim ullus hic locus est adiectivo cpoißoc, neque potest esse sermo de Apolline, qui ex opinione Graecorum non mittit somnia, sed, si quid ei in his rebus agendum, interpretatur. De interpretatione autem in his versibus minime dicitur, sed postea demum".
6 The ms. gives this line to Orestes, but it may be plausibly assigned to Clytemnestra, see Garvie 1986, 301-302.
was either a genuine reading or an intrusive gloss (Bowen 1986, 36), whereas the transmitted Ooißoq could be a mechanical scribal mistake, an emendation provoked by accumulation of prophetic vocabulary (Headlam-Thomson 1938, 164), or else an unskillful attempt at improving the metre (Klausen 1835, 5; Blass 1898, 180; 1906, 81). A series of interventions would allow us to insert this subject into the text: we should read Topo; ^oßoq yap óp0ó0pi^ Só|wv with D'Arnaud or, still better, Topo; yap op0ó0pt^ ^ßo; Só|wv with Pauw in v. 32,7 and accordingly add two syllables to the strophe, as indicated above.
Yet the subject ^ßo; is rendered improbable by the words nepl ^ßw in v. 35: the same noun acts as a subject and a secondary element of the sentence.8 Attempting to avoid the tautology, Stanley (see Stanley-Butler 1812, 108) suggested nepi^oßov or nepi^ßw;; Bothe 1805, 417 and Schütz 1823, 213 conjectured nepl cóvw, Herwerden 1896, 39 napá^opov, but on its own account the expression nepl ^ßw is not suspicious (pace Page 1972, 202), given nepl xapßet in Aesch. Pers. 696, nepl Sei^axt in Pind. Pyth. 5. 58, etc. (Groeneboom 1949, 108 n. 8). Attempts have been made (Conington 1857, 8; Paley 1879, 490; Headlam-Thomson 1938, 165; Rose 1958, 124) to legitimise such a slip by adducing analogous phrases: Cypria fr. 9, 2-6 Bernabé (= Athen. 8. 10, 334c-d) Né|eai; ... ¿xeípexo ... ve^éaet; Soph. Tr. 964-967 ^évwv ßaat; ... cepei ... ßaatv; Eur. Herc. 878-884 ó\eí; |aviáaiv Xúaaai; — ßeßaKev ... Aúaaa; IA 764-775 "Apn; ... nó\iv ... KUKÁ.«aa; ... apei; in Alc. 50 Thanatos is demanded toí; ^éWouat 0ávaxov a^ßaXeiv. However, in most cases the tautology may be plausibly avoided by means of textual criticism,9 and the rest are not equally grave.10 It proves a much more economic solution to do without ^ßo; in Cho. 32.
Bowen 1986, 36 tentatively proposed nepl ^ßo; (nepí adverbial) in v. 35, with Ooißo; removed in v. 32. In this case, nepí was wrongly taken as a preposition and provoked corruption of ^ßo; to ^ßw. Hence the need to identify the subject; someone who saw that fear was an effective variant made a marginal note ^ßo;, which later found its way to v. 32. However, the position of ^ßo; so far away from Topó; is suspicious, and adverbial nepí is not attested in Aeschylus.11
Hermann 1839, 52 = 1852, 31 and, independently, Bamberger 1840, 8 proposed Topo; Se coíto; óp0ó0pi^. Whatever meaning is implied, this conjecture is not convincing. Bamberger intended coíto; to mean 'madness', but it can hardly have this significance without ^pevwv (as in Aesch. Sept. 661), and Madness is an unsuitable source of a clear and true prophetic message. Paley 1879, 490 implausibly interpreted coíto; as "a 'stalking
7 Topo; yap óp0ó0pi^ c^ßo; is the reading generally preferred before the emendation of Blass 1898; it is accepted e.g. by Blomfield 1834; Conington 1857; Weil 1860 = 1903; Dindorf 1880; Kirchhoff 1880; Sidg-wick 1915; Headlam-Thomson 1938.
8 The tautology is considered intolerable by Hermann 1839, 51; Schütz 1823, 213; Bothe 1831, 150; Bamberger 1840, 8; Wilamowitz 1896, 158; Blass 1906, 81. The same opinion is suggested by the scholiast's comment (35b): nepl c^ßw] nepiaaw; tw c^ßw, if it means "nepl c^ßw is added superfluously, given the subject c^ßo; above" (de Jongh 1856, 79; cf. Paley 1879, 490; contra Verrall 1893, 158).
9 Cypria fr. 9 Bernabé, v. 6: Kal ve^éaei A : Kal Negern; Iunius, accepted by Meineke : Kal ^ |iév Schweighauser (see Bernabé 1987, 50). Soph. Tr. 964: ßaai; codd. : aTáai; Meineke, accepted in the OCT edition (see Lloyd-Jones-Wilson 1990). In IA the text of the whole epode is unsound; 775: apei (ei ex w corr.?) L : Sopl Hermann : spKei Jacobs : Xivw vel ßpóxw West (see Diggle 1994, 388); 773-783 secl. Hartung (see Stockert 1992, II, 424-425).
10 Eur. Herc. 878: the mss. reading, maintained by Wilamowitz 1895 and Lee 1988, is |iavíaiaiv Aúaaa;, and anyway this passage is not a parallel, since Aúaaa does not appear as both the subject and the object of the same phrase. In Alc. 50 the god's name ©ávaTo; is not mentioned nearby — it occurs only in v. 24.
11 The only case mentioned in Italie 1964, 243 s.v. (Sept. 345) is the result of a conjecture.
nightly visitant' in the form of a dream", although the word is otherwise attested only in the meaning 'a repeated going or coming' (cf. LSJ s.v.) and not as a nomen agentis. OoiToc; would have suited the story of Lady Macbeth rather than Clytemnestra.
Wilamowitz 1896, 158 conjectured Topo; yap oIkto; op060pi^. In its regular meaning 'pity, compassion' (Aesch. Suppl. 486 ms., Pr. 239) or 'lamentation, piteous wailing' (Aesch. Sept. 51; Cho. 411; Suppl. 59; 386), oIkto; is an emotion out of place in this scene, where the anger of the dead and the fear of the murderer reign: even after Clytemnestra wakes she does not lament — she acts, and her household is far from compassionate. Wilamowitz claimed that Aeschylus used oIkto; in the etymological meaning 'outcry' (attested, in his eyes, in Suppl. 59), as derived from oi. Yet in this case the expression oIkto; a^p6a^a eXaKe is tautological, and oIkto; k6tov nvewv pointless. Wilamowitz himself rejected this proposal in his edition of 1914.
None of these conjectures is accepted in the twentieth-century editions of the Cho-ephori, which for the most part follow F. Blass in deleting Ootpo;.12 Blass at first suggested that the subject implied was the dream of Clytemnestra.13 However, this version was later abandoned by its author and found no supporters — presumably on the ground that an "interpreter of dreams" could not itself be a dream. Blass argued later (1906, 81) that the power acting in this passage was the evil daemon of the house mentioned so often in the Oresteia. This is not impossible, but it should be noted that the daemon is not named here, unlike in other cases.14
Thus as regards the identity of the oveip6^avTi;, a definite solution has not been found,15 but the search for it has clearly indicated the problem: modern editors as well as ancient glossators proceed in their attempts from the feeling that the phrase is not clear without a subject indicated explicitly in the text.16
I believe that the subject is in fact named rather than hinted at in the text: it is the 'prophetic dream', oveip6^avTi;.
The word-building model of two nouns (in the nominative), one of which determines the other, is represented in Greek. Such compounds are called determinative appositive, e.g. ^nTp6no\i; 'mother-state', a^poneXeKu; 'an ax used as a hammer' etc. (Schwyzer 1953, 453). If both parts are used on equal terms, such cases are classified as copulative compounds (Kuhner-Blass 1892, 318).
12 E. g. Wilamowitz 1914, Murray 1937, Untersteiner 1947, Groeneboom 1949, Page 1972, Garvie 1986, Mazon 1993, West 1998.
13 Blass 1898, 182: "'OveipopavTic Sopwv ist nun Subject geworden, wozu Topo; als Attribut passt; der öveipopavTic ist aber nichts als der personificirte weissagende Traum".
14 Saipwv: Ag. 1468; 1476; 1482; 1570; 1660. 'Epivu;: Ag. 1119; 1190; 1433; Cho. 577; 651. "ATrp Ag. 1192; 1433; 1566; Cho. 1076. aXdaTwp: Ag. 1501; 1507. "Apr|C: Ag. 1511; Eum. 355. 'Apä: Cho. 692. ararn;: Ag. 1117. 9Övo;: Cho. 806.
15 The comment of Tucker 1901, 17 looks like an attempt to accept all the explanations at once evoked by desperation: "The poet doubtless meant the figurative Ooißo; to suggest the cpoßo; which was literally the Ooißo; in this case. <...> Sopwv öveipopavTic, i.e. not the universal oracle, Ooißo; of Delphi, <...> but a prophetic possession sent by a tutelary genius of the house and taking the shape of a dream". As Mazon 1993, 81 n. 1 claimed that the "prophet" was Clytemnestra's remorse (the same in Casevits 1982, 70), he only provided an interpretation of Aeschylus' image in terms of modern psychology, rather than revealed its structure.
16 Cf. Garvie 1986, 57: "with Ooißo; removed the identity of the oveipopavTi; and the masculine participles are obscure".
Beside the passage of Aeschylus, the word óveipó^avxi; occurs in Phrynichus (Praeparatio sophistica p. 91, l. 7-8 De Borries) and in a magical papyrus of the third century AD (Preisendanz, PMG VII 795); the fragment of "The Lydians" by Magnes adduced by Pollux 7. 188 was cited as óveipo^ávxeaiv ávaXúxai; in the editio princeps of 1502 based on a codex now lost, but all the extant mss. have óveipoKpixn; in various forms (see Bethe 1931, 103). Each time, it seems, the meaning is 'interpreter of dreams' (insofar as the context — or the lack of it — allows a safe understanding). Yet -^avxi; compounds can also be appositive, as proved by laxpó^avxi;17 'a seer that is a physician at the same time': Aesch. Ag. 1623, Eum. 62, Suppl. 263 (cf. Aristoph. Plut. 11 taxpo; wv Kai ^ávxi;).18
It has been noted long ago that Aeschylus is fond of rethinking the sense of words according to their etymological potential (see especially Schuursma 1932). Among examples of changing the usual meaning of compounds are: 0eopA.apeiv 'do harm to the gods' instead of 'be damaged by the gods' (Pers. 831); nayKpaxr|; 'overcoming in every respect' instead of 'overcoming everyone' (Ag. 1648); ná^axo; 'fighting with everyone' instead of 'fighting by all means, = nayKpaxtaax^;' (Ag. 169); náyKoivo; 'all together' instead of 'common to all' (Cho. 458); návonXo; 'of all arms' instead of 'in full armour' (Sept. 59); noAúavSpo; 'numerous' instead of 'full of men' (Pers. 533); Sinai; 'of two children' instead of 'having two children' (Cho. 334);19 KaAAinai; 'beautiful child' instead of 'having beautiful children' (Ag. 762).20 An interesting case is the hapax Gn^uKxóvo;, which means 'female killer', though one would aspect 'killer of women' (Pr. 861).21
Therefore, to interpret óveipó^avxi; in Cho. 32 as 'a dream which acts as a prophet, i.e. has prophetic significance' seems in accordance both with Greek semantics and Aeschylus' poetical technique. As a subject the Dream is perfectly compatible with all the participles and the verb.22 Moreover, its impersonation as a prophet may be confirmed by v. 549-550 (Orestes speaking): ¿KSpaKovxwGei; S' ¿yw / Kxeivw viv, ó; xouveipov ¿vvénei xóSe.23
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17 iaTpo^avTi; is classified as appositive in Schwyzer 1953, 453 and as copulative in Kuhner-Blass 1892, 318.
18 For an overview of -^avTi; compounds see Stolz 1904, 180-183.
19 Schuursma 1932, 121-126.
20 Fraenkel 1950, II, 348-349.
21 Schuursma 1932, 126-127.
22 The Dream seems so evident a possibility that it occurred almost unconsciously to some scholars who read 96^0; or $01^0;, as reflected in their comments, e.g. Paley 1879, 490: "Klausen [1835] objects that the dream itself could not be said XaKeiv, and gives sXaxe <...>. But oveip6^avTi; justifies XaKeiv, since the dream thereby assumes the character of a person". Weir Smith 1926, 162: "'Phoebus' is used for a prophetic 'possession', which assails Clytaemestra as a nightmare <...> so that her vision is itself called an oveip6^avTi;".
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Received: 12.01.2018 Final version received: 26.03.2018
Действующее лицо у Эсхила, Cho. 32-36
Нина Александровна Алмазова
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет,
Российская Федерация, 199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7-9; [email protected]
В пароде «Хоэфор» Эсхила хор поет о ночном кошмаре, из-за которого Клитемнестра послала возлияния на могилу Агаменмнона в тщетной попытке умилостивить его дух и избежать возмездия. Действующее лицо фразы Cho. 32-36 описано как óp9ó9pi^ Só|íwv óvsipó|iavtic, но кто такой óvsipó^avtic, остается неясным. Текст в этом месте нуждается в эмендации, и предлагались многочисленные варианты его исправления, позволяющие по-разному интерпретировать субъект фразы. Предложение Ф. Бласса атетировать ФоГро; в ст. 32 представляется наиболее убедительным. Очевидно, это была интерполяция, цель которой — получить недвусмысленное указание в тексте на действующее лицо. Однако ФоГро; на эту роль не подходит, поскольку Аполлон не имеет никакого отношения к зловещим хтоническим божествам и не посылает пророческих снов. Подходящим по смыслу было бы подлежащее «страх», однако оно неправдоподобно из-за слов nspi q>0ßw в ст. 35: при внесении его в текст одно и то же существительное ф0ро; оказалось бы одновременно главным и второстепенным членом предложения. Другие предлагавшиеся варианты, такие как Клитемнестра, фоГто;, о1кто;, также неубедительны. В качестве действующего лица прекрасно подходит персонифицированный сон Клитемнестры, однако сон едва ли можно назвать «толкователем снов». Между тем известно, что Эсхил склонен переосмысливать композиты, придавая им необычные, но этимологически возможные значения. В статье высказывается предположение, что óvsipó^avTi; здесь употребляется в значении «шн-пророк», т. е. «пророческий сон».
Ключевые слова: Эсхил, Хоэфоры, сон Клитемнестры, óvsipó^avTi;, греческие композиты.
