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9УДК 811 Научная статья
ИСТОРИЯ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Аббасова С.Г., Исмайлова Е.М. Азербайджанский Технологический Университет
(г. Гянджа, Азербайджан)
Аннотация. Данная статья посвящена истории возникновения и периодов развития Азербайджанского языка, его этимологии и неразрывной связи с историей страны. В статье подчеркивается важная роль письменных памятников в определении происхождения и формирования Азербайджанского народа и его языка.
Ключевые слова: Азербайджан, Азербайджанский язык, типологический строй, тюркский язык, топоним, тюркские племена, этнос.
Для цитирования: Аббасова С.Г., Исмайлова Е. М. История Азербайджанского языка // Наука и реальность. 2024. № 1 (17). С. 112-115.
THE HISTORY OF THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE
Abbasova S.G., Ismailova Y.M.
Azerbaijan Technological University (Ganja, Azerbaijan)
Abstract. This article is devoted to the history and periods of development of the Azerbaijani language, its etymology and inextricable connection with the history of the country. The article emphasizes the important role of written monuments in determining the origin and formation of the Azerbaijani people and their language.
Keywords: Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani language, typological system, Turkic language, toponyms, Turkic tribes, ethnos.
For citation: Abbasova S.G., Ismailova Y.M. The history of the Azerbaijani language // Science and Reality. 2024. no. 1 (17), pp. 112-115. (in English).
Turkish languages rank among the world's languages.
It would be a mistake to perceive the history of the Azerbaijani people and their language apart from the history of the ancient Turkic-speaking peoples and their language.
The terms «Azerbaijani people» and «Azerbaijani language» appeared in connection with the name of the country - the word «Azerbaijan».
The name "Azerbaijan" is a complex word, and according to initial ideas and considerations, it consists of two parts: Azer + Baijan. There are different opinions about the origin and formation of the name "Azerbaijan" both as a whole word and as a combination of two words. The name "Azerbaijan" is associated with the words "Atropat" and "Atropatena". The part of Media ruled by Atropates and his descendants was called "Apropatena" by Greek writers and scholars. Some historians say that the word "Atropat" is the name of one of the ancient tribes of Azerbaijan. There
is a possibility that the word given in the form of "Antorpatianu" in cuneiform inscriptions in the 8th century is related to the word "Azerbaijan".
In other sources, it is said that "Azerbaijan" is also called "Adarbadagan", Atratakan, Aderpadegan and Adarbejan. In the Pahlavi books, they called it Atun-padagan. The Greeks wrote Atrapatena. "Atropaten" is the oldest name of Azerbaijan known to science. Later, its shape changed and received the forms "Adarbadan" from the Iranians, "Ater-patagan" and "Atrpatagan" from the Armenians, "Adirbaijan" and "Azerbaijan" from the Arabs . Those words mean "land of fire", which was related to the wide spread of fire worship in the country.
It is more reasonable that the beginning, the first "birth" of the name "Azerbaijan" is connected with the name of the ancient "az// as" tribe.
The first half of the word "Azerbaijan" is "Azer". Strabon also mentions a city called Azar//Azer on the Araz River. In the "Old Turkish Dictionary" it is written that the word "az" is the name of an ancient Turkish tribe and people. "Az+er" means - " country of Azeris, "home of Azeris", etc. After the word "Azer" the parts "bay" (wealthy, rich, groom), and then "kan" - "gan" (the ancient form of the word "khan") were combined and the word Az+er+bay+kan -Azerbaykan//Azerbaijan was born. The process went something like this: the country of Az+er(s) - Az+er+bay(s) - Az+ar+bay+kan(s). It is quite possible that the name of the city Bay+(la+kan//Bay+(la)kan/Bai+(la)+kan ) which was one of the ancient centers of the country also participated in the formation of the second part of the word. . Thus, the composition of "Azerbaijan" consists of four words - az, er, bay , kan//gan is a combination, all four of these words are ancient Turkic words. .
Thus, the name «Azerbaijan» took as a basis the names of rivers, cities and places of native land even before the epoch.
The Azerbaijani language, which today is the means of communication of Azerbaijanis, historically did not always bear this name; From ancient times until the 30s of our century, it was known as the Turkish language. Since the 19th century, in works related to the Azerbaijani language, in official state documents of the Tsar and in letters and memories of individuals (Russians and Europeans) it was fixed under different names; Turkish language, Turkish-Tatar language, Turkish-Azerbaijani language, Tatar language, Tatar-Azerbaijani language, Tatar-Azerbaijani dialect, Caucasian-Tatar dialect, language of Transcaucasian Tatars, etc. During the Soviet period and since the 1930s, it was regularly called the Azerbaijani language. However, for the first time the name "Azerbaijani language" is found in the works of the outstanding literary critic of the eleventh century Khatib Tabrizi. He narrates the following event: "Once I was sitting in front of the Abul Ulan mosque. For almost two years I did not know about my homeland or my friends. Meanwhile, one of our neighbors from Tabriz entered the mosque. I was very happy about this. When Abul Ula asked about the reason for my joy, I replied: "Our neighbor has arrived from Tabriz." He said, "Stand up,go and find out about your city ." After the conversation Abul Ula asked: "What language did you speak?" I answered: "In Azerbaijani." Only the word "the Azerbaijani language" is mentioned here. However, nothing is said about its content, typology, genetic affiliation. Is this the Azeri language spoken and written by Dada Gorgud, Nasimi, Vagif, about the phonetic morphological structure and vocabulary of which we have a concrete representation and which we use today? It is difficult to say.The word «Azerbaijani» is also used in «Kashkul»"( the literary and political magazine which was published in Tbilisi in 1883-1891) at the end of XIX century.
Modern Azerbaijani is included in the system of Turkic languages. However, the modern scientific world has no clear and an exact understanding of the language of the Medes and Albanians, who are the great-grandfathers of the Azerbaijanis. According to the ancient Greek geographer Strabon, before the new era (around the 5th-3rd centuries) there were 26 tribes speaking
different languages in the territory of Albania alone. These tribes were made up of ethnic groups that spoke not only various languages but also languages with different systems. . Along with the Iranian-speaking Medes, non-Iranian-speaking tribes also lived in the territory of Midia. Therefore, in the territory of present-day Azerbaijan (the land inhabited by Azerbaijanis) in the most ancient times lived different ethnic groups, and different languages served as a means of communication between them.
We are informed in the linguistic literature that the language of the Oghuz and Kipchaks is the basis of the Azerbaijani language. Oghuz features are prominent in the language of Kitabi-Dada Gorgud, the first monument of our literary language. As a result of the superiority of the political position of the Oghuz-Seljuks due to the conquest of the newly arrived Seljuks in the 10th-11th centuries, their language was taken as the basis for determining the literary norm.
Considering the important role of the written monument in determining the origin and formation of the people and their language, the 5th-8th centuries are a very important period in the history of the Turkic peoples, including the people of Azerbaijan.
This period is significant in two ways:
1) during this period the high development of rich "Orkhon-Yenisei" inscriptions belonging to the Turkic peoples is noticeable;
2) during this period the unique monument of the Azerbaijani language "Dade Gorgud book" ("Oguzname") was created.
Considering that "Dade Gorgud Book" was arranged, joined and written by Gorgud, a historical figure of the VI-VII centuries, the epics were later copied many times, although they underwent certain changes, it is inconceivable that the toponymic names there could be changed. Toponym words: river, mountain, sea, lake, place, etc. their names do not appear suddenly, sometimes it takes centuries; many centuries, certain relationships, etc., were necessary for the creation of these names. For example, let's take the toponym of Ganja (city name). Sources indicate that this name came from the name of Ganjak, one of the ancient Oguz-Turkic tribes, and over time it became Ganja. In V-VI century sources, Gandzak// Kanzak, i.e. Ganjak, is used. It was impossible for a camp, a place of residence, a village to become suddenly a city in the 5th-6th centuries; centuries had to pass for this in the feudal world. The history of the appearance of all these toponymic names and their transition to the language of other ethnic groups, date at least to the beginning of our era.
From the 6th to the 9th centuries, the language called Turko-Oghuz language was gradually mentioned by the name of the country, and the sources referred to this language as "Azerbaijani language" or "Azerbaijan's language". The 10th century Arab scientist Ibn Hovqal wrote: "The mountains of Azerbaijan start from Kharis and Khuvairis (Big Ararat and Little Ararat) to Agara (a settlement where the Akari River meets the Araz) and Varzagan (the ridges that extend to the village of Varzigan in Kermey Province of Southern Azerbaijan - towards Sabala mountain) , then extends northward to Tiflis, where these ranges join the Kabk (Caucasian mountain range). They speak 360 languages in these mountains, each city here has its own language in addition to Azerbaijani and Persian languages.
It is interesting and noteworthy that the term "Azerbaijani language" was invented and this language was a common means of communication of various tribes speaking 360 languages. Historically, various terms have been used: sometimes "Turkic-Oghuz" language, sometimes "Turkish" language, later sometimes "Tatar language", "language of Azerbaijani Tatars", sometimes "Azerbaijani language", sometimes "language of Azerbaijani Turks", etc. terms are used. However, they were essentially all the same - the Turkish Azerbaijani language was meant. However, they were all the same in essence - they meant the Turkic-Azerbaijani language.
The term "Azerbaijani language" is the most successful, it corresponds to the scientific-historical principle. Now this term has a history of at least a thousand years.
References
1. E. Alibayzadeh. History of the Azerbaijani language. Volume I. Baku, 2007.
2. A. Babayev. Azerbaijani language and culture of speech. Baku, 2015
3. T. Hajiyev, K. Valiyev. History of the Azerbaijani language. Baku, 1983
4. Demirchizade A.M. The language of "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" epics, Baku, 1959.
Аббасова Салмина Гидаят кызы, старший преподователь кафедры общественных наук и мультикультурализма, Азербайджанский Технологический Университет (г. Гянджа, Азербайджан).
Abbasova Salmina Gidayat kyzy, senior lecturer of the department of social Sciences and Multiculturalism, Azerbaijan Technological University (Ganja, Azerbaijan)
Исмайлова Егана Мамед кызы, старший преподователь кафедры иностранного языка, Азербайджанский Технологический Университет (г.Гянджа, Азербайджан).
Ismayilova Yegana Mamed kyzy, senior teacher of the Department of Foreign Language, Azerbaijan Technological University (Ganja, Azerbaijan).
S: [email protected] Дата поступления: 26.02.2024
© Аббасова С.Г., Исмайлова Е.М., 2024
