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40THE CORRELATION OF PARALINGUISTICS AND SPEECH ETIQUETTE IN
DIFFERENT LINGUISTIC CULTURES
Durdona Abduzuhurovna Abduazizova
Customs Institute of the State customs Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ph.D., assis.prof. of the Uzbek and foreign languages Department [email protected]
This article is devoted to the question of the correlation of paralinguistic means with the etiquette of speech. Each culture has its own peculiarities of communication culture, rules, and norms of national speech etiquette. These rules do not exist only in speech situations, but they also exist in nonverbal communication. Therefore, for the correct understanding of the speech utterance, feelings and physical condition of the communicant, it is necessary to take into account the paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, look, gestures, and posture. The author analyzes the etiquette speech exclamations, where vocabulary is used, which carries the function of paralexics. The functional use of nonverbal means in the formation of specific speech utterances is studied, namely: prosodic phenomena such as speech tempo, voice timbre, pausing, etc., kinesic phenomena in the form of gestures, gestures, poses, and proxemics. Consideration of issues related to speech etiquette, which includes a number of important communication problems, should be carried out comprehensively, taking into account the data of sociolinguistics, linguoculturology of paralinguistics.
Keywords: paralinguistic means, etiquette, gestures, kinesic, nonverbal communication, communicative space.
INTRODUCTION
Speech etiquette is an important component of the national language and culture. N. I. Formanovskaya defines speech etiquette as "socially defined and nationally specific regulating rules of speech behavior in situations of establishing, maintaining and opening contacts of communicants in accordance with their status-role and personal relationships in official and informal communication settings". [ 3 p.177]
MAIN PART
Each culture has its own peculiarities of communication culture, rules, and norms of national speech etiquette. These rules do not exist only in speech situations, but they also exist in nonverbal communication.
ABSTRACT
Etiquette is based on the code of respect and politeness of communication participants. The famous Russian scientist I. A. Sternin, emphasizes one of the functions of etiquette: "Politeness is the main requirement of speech etiquette". [7 p.125]
A.A.Akishina and N.I.Formanovskaya write, "... speech etiquette is culturally and socially conditioned, since it differs not only in different cultures, but also within the same culture - in different social groups of the same community"[AKHmHHa, p.183]
To properly understand the speech utterance, feelings and physical condition of the communicant, it is necessary to take into account the paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, look, gestures, posture. A special role in communication is played by the look of the interlocutor. Therefore, when we talk about speech etiquette, we mean the rules of correct speech behavior, which are based on moral norms and national cultural traditions. Ethical norms are expressed in special etiquette speech utterances -paralysis, particles, interjections, etc. The main ethical principle of speech communication is throughout the conversation, the observance of national and cultural norms, starting with greetings and ending with farewell.
As we know, paralinguistic studies the functional use of nonverbal means in the formation of specific speech utterances, namely: prosodic phenomena such as speech tempo, voice timbre, pausing, etc., kinesic phenomena in the form of gestures, body movements, poses, proxemics as the location of communicating relative to each other, etc. Speech communication is conducted not only by exchanging language signs, but also, as noted by the famous linguist Yu.S.Stepanov, "by exchanging activities and products of activity, by demonstrating fragments of routine role behavior, intentional violation of the rules of speech and non-speech behavior, gestures, sitting manners, furniture placement, emotional intonations, unconscious selection of words, etc."[6,
A.V. Filippov describes a detailed description of the situations of the use of kinesics in the article. Sound language and "sign language", where the author says: "Kinetic speech is used if:
a) there is a long distance between the interlocutors,
b) there is a lot of noise,
c) the interlocutors do not know each other's language, but count on the intelligibility of metaphorical and visual-onomatopoetic gestures,
d) one of the interlocutors suffers from shortcomings of the voice or hearing aid,
e) the solemnity of the situation does not call to speak (for example, an indication during the performance of the anthem that a handkerchief has fallen),
e) you need to observe complete silence (for example, in front of a microphone or not to frighten the animal),
p.69]
g) the person does not want to interrupt someone's verbal speech (for example, being late to the meeting, stepping in when the report welcomes colleagues raising hands)
h) the person wants to hide the idea from part of the present and to communicate something only one of them or more,
i) a person cannot speak due to a temporary blockade of the speech organs (e.g. when the mouth is full of food)."[2, p.14-33]
With the help of gestures, a person can turn to the interlocutor, at the moment when verbal speech is being made to the former interlocutor (for example, the gesture "wait" or "leave quickly" when talking to another). Sometimes a gesture replaces a speech utterance, and here the gesture is an auxiliary means for brevity, simplicity, and to emphasize a person's disinclination to talk and acts as a function of economy and expressiveness.
For example, a gesture is to point with your hand, pull a warning sleeve. It is better for a person to use gestures than to explain them verbally. These gestures are more intelligible and their brief use leads to the conclusion on the part of the communicant that his interlocutor does not want to talk to him.
There are special traditional ritual gestures that have a certain denotative connotative meaning (standing at attention, shaking hands, kissing the banner)."
As for verbal speech, the oral presentation of thoughts is used in a normal speech environment, i.e. under the conditions of: the spatial proximity of the interlocutors, relative silence, the ability to use the words of the language, the ability to speak and hear, if it does not contradict any rules, does not lead to unpleasant consequences, if there is no need to hide thoughts from those nearby.
Sign language is used in the presence of at least one of the opposite conditions mentioned above; it has qualities due to which at other times it comes to the aid of an ineffective or impossible manifestation of oral speech - sign language does not sound, gestures are visible further than words are heard, or are visible where words are not heard, are often more pictographic, visual than words." Therefore, the study of the processes of verbal transmission of information should always be based on both verbal and non-verbal factors (or, as Sh. Bally wrote, articulate and non-articulate signs).
G.V.Kolshansky, believes that "the involvement of non-verbal means to participate in communication is dictated not by the inferiority of the language system, any gap in its structure, but only by external circumstances related to the nature of communication: observing a certain pace of conversation, emphasizing the meaning of the utterance, introducing a personal attitude to the message, etc."[4, p.51-69]
Regardless of the content of the statement, speech etiquette gives politeness to speech. On the other hand, an intelligent and meaningful speech can make an unpleasant impression on listeners if the speaker of this speech grossly violates speech etiquette.
Consequently, the speech etiquette of any language is one of the components of the forces of the great art of pleasing and endearing people. Consequently, speech etiquette is of serious practical importance and for this reason deserves special and careful study and constant improvement in it. In any society, communication between cultured people is conducted on three levels of politeness - official, neutral and familiar. Each level of politeness corresponds to its own style of speech, and therefore all polite words and expressions can be classified according to stylistic characteristics and, accordingly, attributed to official, neutral and familiar styles of speech. At the official level of politeness, communication is conducted in an official setting, when neither age nor personal dignity is important, but the social position of the interlocutors and the positions they hold. The official level of politeness is the norm in institutions, business circles, education, healthcare, services, etc. At a neutral level of politeness, polite communication is carried out between strangers, as well as between those familiar people who are not in official or familiar relations. The familiar level of politeness is typical for communication in the family and family circle, as well as between friends and well-known people.
In communication, there are certain paralinguistic norms of behavior and rules of "decency" that must be followed in oral speech. For example, when making a public speech, you should not pronounce it in a low voice and stammer. Kinesic etiquette can be divided into gesture etiquette, posture etiquette, facial expressions etiquette, etc. Etiquette rules can act as intraspecific and interspecific. For example, in the same etiquette situation, the same person can perform a decent gesture for this situation, accompanied by indecent facial expressions. So, for example, in a business meeting, partners according to the rules of gesture etiquette correctly shake hands, and facial expressions appear on their faces, which is unacceptable from the point of view of mimic etiquette. This means that they are committing an unethical, that is, an unethical act.
Visual etiquette involves eye movement in a person's etiquette behavior. For example, if a person congratulates or compliments the interlocutor and at the same time the speech is accompanied by an offensive or angry look, then from the point of view of visual etiquette, this act also acquires an unethical character.
Tactile etiquette, which is associated with touches and touches, regulates behavior. This type of behavior is very scrupulous and therefore it is necessary to be more careful when touching or touching the interlocutor with the help of culture. For example, the British shake hands with everyone and the Uzbeks are not welcome to shake hands with women. It takes into account the cultural characteristics of communicants.
In different situations, it must be observed. the communicative space, and here the proximal etiquette acts. For example, people with a higher status are in a larger space than people with a lower status.
Often in different departments, big bosses sit in separate offices, which is typical for Uzbeks, and ordinary employees work, being several people in a cramped room all day.
A guest may not enter the private premises of the hosts without their permission or sit down without their permission.
It is not customary to stop at the doorstep after entering the boss's office and start having a conversation with him right at the entrance or come very close. Among Uzbeks, it is not customary to greet at the threshold of the room.
Each language has its own favorable and unfavorable external conditions of communication, which determine the language determinant. These provisions can be traced in the works on system linguistics presented by the research of G.P.Melnikov et
From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following paralinguistic signs
- not bearing a specific etiquette load (duplicating or replacing segments of speech - pointing, expressing consent and denial, emotions, etc.);
- required by etiquette rules (bows, handshakes, etc.) - having an invective, offensive meaning.
At the same time, the regulation of gestures and facial expressions covers not only the last two categories of signs, but also signs of an unethical nature - up to purely informative ones; for example, the etiquette prohibition to point a finger at the subject of speech.
In addition, the requirements of speech etiquette may extend to the paralinguistic level of communication in general. For example, in Russian speech etiquette, it is preferable not to use too lively facial expressions and gestures that mimic elementary physiological reactions; in English and Uzbek speech etiquette, it is quite natural to refer to lively facial expressions and gestures. For example, smiling facial expressions are welcome in English and Uzbek cultures.
It can also be emphasized that the same gestures and facial movements may have different meanings in different language cultures. Differences in the etiquette meaning of gestures and facial expressions are studied in the broad context of the study of systems of gestural and mimic communication.
It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period of the history of the language. In an archaic society, speech etiquette (as
al.
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well as etiquette in general) has a ritual basis. The word is given a special meaning associated with magical and ritual representations, the relationship of man and cosmic forces. Therefore, human speech activity, from the point of view of members of an archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world around them.; the regulation of this activity is connected, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, conversely, to avoid them). The relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas represent ritual wishes that were once perceived as effective: Здравствуйте (также. Будьте здоровы) - Assalomu aleykum! (Мир Вам!) ; Спасибо (от Спаси Бог) - Rahmat (от милости, милосердие). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions that are considered abusive in modern language go back to archaic taboo prohibitions.
In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; for example, almost all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. However, these traits are realized in each culture in its own way. As a rule, each culture has its own traditions and requirements for it. In addition, if a carrier of another culture does not adhere to the traditional rules of speech, then he will be perceived as an ill-mannered or immoral person. In societies that are more open to external contacts, the idea of the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is usually more developed, and the skills of imitating someone else's speech behavior can even be a matter of pride for a member of society.
In speech, vowels of conjunctions, weed words, components of some prepositions are most often prolonged, sometimes in personal pronouns. Extensions in society are treated more leniently than taboo. For example, when the middle part of the back of the tongue is detached from the palate and the sides of the tongue from the cheeks, smacking can be observed. Smacking can fill a pause when thinking about it. A tired lecturer smacks between paragraphs, and may be accompanied by mumbling, which is very unpleasant for perception. Noisy sighs, exhalations or other phonation sounds are inappropriate from the point of view of speech ethics, especially in an official setting. The speaker less controls all these phonation phenomena. Eking or noisy sighs, weak smacking - wetting of the oral cavity, swallowing - all these physiological phenomena are produced mechanically and are characteristic of everyone. However, if they go beyond what is permissible, then they acquire the meaning of paraphonetic unethicality. Hence, we can conclude that in both verbal and nonverbal communication, it is necessary to adhere to the paraphonetic etiquette of speech, which is determined by us.
For the communication process, it is extremely important not only to know the language of a certain people, but also to know the rules and principles of
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communication adopted in this people and culture. L. V. Tsurikova notes that misconceptions about the norms of behavior in society entail a violation of the "socio -pragmatic rules of communication". [8, p. 118]
Paraphonetics in speech is subject to the general norms of human behavior as part of speech etiquette. The norms of the use of the "super- language residue", correlated with varying degrees of awareness, with the speaker's idea of the expectations (psychological "expectations") of the microenvironment, are to some extent similar to the nature of the linguistic norm - in that part of it where the latter is formed along with other things on the basis of an ethical principle ("taste" assessment, cultural tradition, authority of samples); paraphonetics is closest to the norm of the usual, the most elementary.
The nature of para-phonetic features is such that, while they seem to be data "from nature" (since they appear during the non-linguistic functioning of the pronouncing apparatus), at the same time they depend on cultural fashion, and their assessment depends on the historically formed view of the nation on patterns of speech behavior. [5, p.198]
CONCLUSION
Consideration of issues related to speech etiquette, which includes a number of important communication problems, should be carried out comprehensively, taking into account the data of sociolinguistics, linguoculturology of paralinguistics.
REFERENCES
1. Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya N.I., Russian speech etiquette: a manual for foreign students. M.: Publishing House "Russian language", 1978, p.183.
2. Formanovskaya N.I., Speech communication: a communicative and pragmatic approach - M.: Publishing House "Russian language", 2002, p.214.
3. Kolshansky G.V. Problems of communicative linguistics. // VYA, 1979, N6. p. 62.
4. Larina T.V. Problems of speech interaction of representatives of different cultures. Functional linguistics. Language. Culture. Society. Proceedings of the VII International Conference on Functional Linguistics. Yalta, October 9-14, 2000. -Simferopol, SLC, 2000, p. 201.
5. Stepanov Yu.S. Semiotics. M.: Nauka, 1971, p.167
6. Sternin I.A. Russian speech etiquette. Voronezh, 1996, p. 125.
7. Tsurikova L. V. Analysis of intercultural communication: cognitive-pragmatic approach Bulletin of the Voronezh. State University. Voronezh. 2003. No. 2, p. 182
