CC BY
2
UDK 514
Djumabaev X. Y.
Academy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Republic of Uzbekistan
THE CONTRIBUTION OF EASTERN SCIENTISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAWING GEOMETRY
Abstract: Drawing geometry is the theoretical basis of the science of drawing. But practice shows that descriptive geometry is a comprehensive science that is inextricably linked not only with the exact sciences such as mathematics, geometry, physics, mechanics, but also with aesthetics and philosophy. Drawing developed in the following countries: ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon, ancient Greece, ancient Italy, ancient Iran, ancient Central Asian countries, and so on. From the 5th century onwards, scholars from Iran and Central Asia were engaged in translating, interpreting, and putting into practice the scientific heritage of Greek scholars in the science of geometry.
Key words: descriptive geometry, natural sciences, aesthetics, philosophy, theoretical foundations, application in practice, applied geometry, history of the building (iconography), style of the building (orthography), perspective of the building (skenography), orientalists, geometric harmony, geometric constructions.
There is, of course, reason to say that drawing geometry is a theory of drawing. But practice shows that descriptive geometry is a comprehensive science that is inextricably linked not only with the exact sciences such as mathematics, geometry, physics, mechanics, but also with aesthetics and philosophy. If we take a look at the history of its origin, we become even more convinced of this. Naturally, this history also covers a long period before the emergence of graphic geometry as a science (until the eighteenth century).
According to researchers, the land. the first drawings appeared in Egypt in the earlier fourteenth century. This is evidenced by a drawing of the history (plan) of the temple on one of the tombstones found in Egypt. The Egyptians drew the history and style (facade) of the building on a precise scale. Naturally, the history of the development of descriptive geometry is inextricably linked with the history of the development of the science of geometry. It is known from sources that angular geometry was founded in the ancient Babylonian state and that concepts such as "circle" and "sphere" first appeared. Ancient Babylonian geometry, like Egyptian geometry, was based on experience, not proof and evidence. Much work has been done by scientists in ancient Greece to establish the theoretical foundations of geometry. For example, the theory of geometry, founded by Euclid of Alexandria (IV century BC), has been recognized as a single doctrine for two
thousand years. Euclid also wrote The Laws of Perspective and The Theory of Reflective Images.
The Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius (first century BC) wrote in his Ten Books on Architecture that the scenery for the tragedy of Aeschylus (sixth to fifth centuries BC) was first drawn in perspective by the artist Agaharg, and the first essays on the theory of perspective were written by Anaxagoras. and in the works of Democritus (fifth century BC). Vitruvius, who wrote down historical facts, also provided valuable information for the construction of histories (iconography), styles (orthography) and perspectives (skenography) of buildings in his works.
During the early Middle Ages, there were more favorable opportunities for the development of ancient Greek science and culture in the Middle East than in their own country. The struggle by the Christian clergy to destroy Greek culture forced the devotees of ancient Greek science, culture, and art to seek salvation from the countries of the East by taking scientific manuscripts with them. From the 5th century onwards, Iran and Central Asia took refuge in them. Ancient of Oriental Scholars his interest in the study of Greek scientific heritage was immense. Oriental scholars were engaged in the translation, interpretation, and practical application of ancient Greek scientific works, along with the development of ancient Babylonian, ancient Indian, and local scientific heritage. For example, the work of the ancient Greek scholar Apollonius of Pergus (c. 200 BC) entitled "Cone Sections" was translated into Arabic by Thabit Ibn Korra and al-Himsi. Ibn Rayqi, the mentor of Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, translated Menelaus's The Sphere.
Due to the great emphasis on the practical side of geometry in the Near and Middle East, it was developed in close connection with the natural and mathematical sciences, such as astronomy, music, optics, statics, mechanics, architecture. The services of our great compatriot, philosopher and encyclopedic scholar Abu Nasr al-Farabi, who became the second teacher after Aristotle, are significant. Al-Farabi, in his book Ilm al-Khiyal (Mechanics), says of the peculiarities of applied geometry: In the same way, an expert in applied geometry perceives lines, surfaces, squares, round and triangular objects as the material of this applied art. " Here it can be understood that, unlike Euclid's abstract geometry, practical geometry is related to the external sensory organs of man (sight, hearing, feeling with the body, etc.). In his book On Achieving Happiness, Faroobi says, "Knowledge that begins with the study of numbers and dimensions is the basis of happiness. The learner is given knowledge of numbers, on the basis of which he performs calculations and uses them to find measurements that perform other calculations. He is also given knowledge of dimensions, shapes, situations, order and harmony. " Summarizing all the above thoughts of the scholar, it can be concluded that the process of creative thinking in man, whether in science or in art, is based on the laws of general harmony. In the practical fields
related to geometry, these laws are expressed as "laws of geometric harmonization."
Abu-l-Wafo Buzjani's book, From Geometric Crafts to What Craftsmen Need, consists of 10 books. Undasimple geometric constructions using a compass and a ruler, methods of drawing a parabola, rules of drawing various geometric figures are given. Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801-866) was an encyclopedic scholar who wrote more than 270 scientific works and, in particular, a great engineer and architect of his time. Concerning harmony, he writes: "The fourth science is the science of harmony, which consists of the sciences of numbers, the calculation of surfaces, and the sciences of the stars. Indeed, harmony is ubiquitous and manifests itself more in sounds, in the structure of the universe, and in the hearts of men. We based this on our book, The Great Book of Harmony.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's Little Book on Algebra and Calculation of Alternatives contains mathematical calculations used in the fields of trade, justice, land distribution, irrigation, construction, and architecture. In this book al-Khwarizmi calculates the lengths and surfaces of flat shapes such as squares, triangles, rhombuses, circles; the problems of calculating the volumes of three-dimensional objects such as a cube, parallelepiped, cone, pyramid, calculating the values of the number and proving the theorems related to them are covered theoretically and practically.
The Book of Discoveries (860) by the mathematicians Muhammad, Ahmad and Hasan, the sons of Musa Ibn Shakir, contains about 100 practical suggestions in the field of mechanics and hydraulics. These include rattles, pendulums, clocks, and musical toys that move with music. The best guide to the study of climates belongs to the pen of the famous traveler and geographer Muqaddas, who lived in the second half of the tenth century. As he is the grandson of the architect, this book covers not only the geography of the countries, but also the architecture of the cities he studied as a tourist.
Abu al-Fadl Muhammad ibn al-Amid (940-971), a famous philosopher and literary critic who also conducted research in the fields of architecture and urban planning, wrote in his book "On the Construction of Cities" about the earthquake resistance of cities, the climatic features of Egypt and Shiraz. data are given.
Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir's book On the Extended Circle gives a wonderful way to build an ellipse. Based on it, the two ends of the string along the major axis of the ellipse are attached to the focal points, creating an ellipse in the process of moving a drawing tool that pulls the string tight. This method is based on Apollonian teaching, which proves that the sum of the radii of the focal centers of an ellipse always has a constant value. Ibn Sinan's (908-946) Book on the Making of Three Sections, As-Siji's On the Description of Cone Sections, and Al-Kuhi's (tenth century) The Perfect Circle and the Features of Drawing Using It methods are given.
Ibn al-Baghdadi, one of the great medieval scholars of the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, mathematically explained the general laws of proportion
in his book On Measurable and Impossible Quantities. Ibn Sina's "Book of Sciences", a well-known representative of medical science, is devoted directly to the problems of geometry, and his book "The Criterion of the Mind" is devoted to mechanics and architecture. Sharafitdin Husayn Ibn Hasan Samarkandi's work "On Arithmetic" is kept in the Palace Library in Istanbul.
The great representative of the Ulugbek school of astronomy, the well-known scientist Al-Koshi (XV century) had a great interest in architecture and the work of architects. This is not in vain, because during this period the position of architecture in the arts was high, and its development was inextricably linked with the natural-mathematical sciences. Al-Kashi's fundamental work, The Key to Arithmetic, consists of an introduction by the author and five books. The book "About Measurement", which is of interest to us, perfectly explains the rules of measuring the surfaces and volumes of shapes, from simple flat figures to complex spatial objects, from the details of buildings to their general appearance.
The famous historian Rashid-ad-Din's encyclopedic work "Asar va axya" consists of 24 chapters and is devoted to natural sciences, agrotechnics, agricultural economics, iron mining and processing industry, construction of buildings, bridges and ships. Given the great contribution of Gaspar Monge, the founder of the science of geometry, it is worth noting that Monge's systematized problems of descriptive geometry were also actively used in the drawings of Eastern scholars.
List of used literature:
1. Bulatov M.S. Geometric Harmonization in the Architecture of the Middle Asia. IX - XV centuries. - M .: "Science" 1978. - 384 p.
2. History and culture of the peoples of Central Asia (antiquity and the Middle Ages) M. "Science" 1976. - 206 p.
3. Rapoport Yu.A. From the history of ancient Khorezm. - M. 1971. - 63 p.
4. Pugachenkova G.A., Rempel L.I. Essays on the art of Central Asia: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. - M. 1982 .-- 126 p.
5. Rempel L.I. Artistic Culture of Central Asia IX - XIII centuries Tashkent. 1983.
