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9Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, VOLUME 1 | SPECIAL ISSUE 2
educational, natural and social sciences q ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor SJIF 2021: 5.423
DEVELOPMENT OF SYNCHRONICAL TRANSLATION METHODS IN
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
Mukhammadieva Nargiza Ayubovna
Lecturer at the Department of Western Languages, Tashkent State University of Oriental studies, Uzbekistan.
ABSTRACT
Every nation in the world, every single nation, other nations, unique masterpieces that enrich the spirituality created by nations, have not only benefited from the discoveries, but also contributed to the treasury of world culture. There are no languages, nations, countries that have developed in their shell without the influence of languages, nations, countries. The history of translation is as ancient as the history of language, the history of the nation, the history of the country.
Keywords: foreign language, translation, literature, art, culture, science of different peoples, speech activities, important skills.
АННОТАЦИЯ
Каждая нация в мире, каждая нация, другие нации, уникальные шедевры, обогащающие духовность, созданную нациями, не только извлекли пользу из открытий, но и внесли свой вклад в сокровищницу мировой культуры. Нет языков, наций, стран, которые развивались в своей скорлупе без влияния языков, наций, стран. История перевода так же древна, как история языка, история народа, история страны.
Ключевые слова: иностранный язык, перевод, литература, искусство, культура, наука разных народов, речевая деятельность, важные умения.
ANNOTATSIYA
Dunyodagi har bir xalq, har bir xalq, boshqa xalqlar, xalqlar yaratgan ma'naviyatni boyituvchi betakror durdona asarlar nafaqat kashfiyotlardan bahramand bo 'ldi, balki jahon madaniyati xazinasiga ham o 'z hissasini qo 'shdi. Tillar, millatlar, mamlakatlar ta'sirisiz o'z qobig'ida rivojlangan tillar, millatlar, mamlakatlar yo'q. Tarjima tarixi til tarixi, xalq tarixi, mamlakat tarixi kabi qadimiydir.
Kalit so'zlar: chet tili, tarjima, adabiyot, san'at, madaniyat, turli xalqlar fani, nutq faoliyati, muhim malakalar.
INTRODUCTION
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Thanks to independence, the demand for learning and teaching foreign languages in our country is growing. For the further development and prosperity of our country, which today strives to take its rightful place among the developed countries of the world, for our people, who are building their great future together with our foreign partners, perfect knowledge of foreign languages is very important. Our President SH.M. Mirziyoyev also paved the way for the development of the Republic in the field of science. Scientific research is also underway. It is known that the law on education pays special attention to the development of new technologies of teaching foreign languages, the use of intensive methods. to enjoy the achievements of urban countries, it is impossible to supply world-class professionals. We see that the pillars of a number of new laws proposed by the head of our state are based on terms that are new to our lives.
Linguists and translators are well aware that behind any term there is a life after life. Their entry into the national language field, and the extent to which the range of fields they represent are mastered within the language, are the focus of attention of translators and semiotics. It is clear from these documents that today's Uzbek language is enriched with colorful terms.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Translation is a very big and important role in human development, in its cultural life. Translation introduces people from one country or continent to the life, culture, customs, history, literature and science of people from another country. Through translation, we learn other cultures, and others learn the great Uzbek culture. If we want to understand each other's national and cultural features faster and better, we will have to translate the works of other nations.
The meaning of the word translation is very wide. Poems, works of art, scientific and popular science books in various fields of science, diplomatic documents, working papers, people's conversations, etc. are translated from one language to another. Of course, translation is the key to all of this.
Its scientific significance in both translation theory and the history of translation is of great interest in translation, which is its object. Translation is a creative activity related to language and literature, and the two languages are intertwined, in which the original the text is represented by other language tools. A number of questions arise with the process of comparing and translating languages. These questions, in turn, encourage them to analyze them, to study the specifics of each.
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The study of the history of translation in close connection with the history of society, culture, history of literature is also a requirement of the time. However, it would be wrong to study them separately how many scientists have worked. The main goal, as noted above, is to use past experiences to more accurately define our present and future lifestyles and not to repeat the mistakes made along the way.
As mentioned above, translation is an activity that serves to bring together the literature, art, culture, science of different peoples. For a student learning a foreign language, translation is all kinds of speech activities - listening, speaking, reading and writing skills are equally important.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The study of the history of translation opens the way to a deeper understanding of this field, to the development of the science of translation and translation studies today, because it is impossible to create the future without knowing the history. It is time to seriously study these rare manuscripts, which embody the centuries-old life experiences, religious, moral and scientific views of our ancestors.
So what is the purpose of studying the history of translation? Along with the study of the history of translation, firstly, to show the contribution of Uzbek literature, scholars to the treasury of world literature, secondly, to show the role of Uzbek literature in world literature, thirdly, the role of translation in the development of world science and culture clearly visible.
These works explore the various schools of translation history from antiquity to the present day, their activities, prominent figures, and the role of translation history in the development of modern translation trends.
"Nevertheless, many major monuments in the history of translation, the work of talented translators have not been studied," said G. Ostonova. Translation occupies a worthy place in all national literatures with a centuries-old literary tradition. Therefore, it is safe to say that without creating a history of translation, the laws of translation have developed in each period, the same national. it is impossible to give a full, complete account of the history of that national literature without defining what schools of translation were formed in the development of literature and what role these translations played in the development of world culture. In the second half of the XX century, there was a slow process of translation from Germany into France. Even English realism could not influence him, and the focus on translation was still not growing.
In the twentieth century, much attention was paid to translation. This century was a century of translation. By the end of this century, British scholars A. Duff, A. Malle,
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L. Newmark, Naido and others studied the history of translation. Of course, they could not pass without looking at the past. In their book, Approaches to Translation, P. Newmar writes about translation, noting that the translation of the past has shifted its influence to the translation of the present.
The profession of translator is a very difficult activity, which serves to establish communication between countries, their culture, literature, customs. Through this type, "A Thousand and One Nights", "Shohnoma", "Qobusnoma", "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juletta", "Layli and Majnun", "Farhod and Shirin" and countless other literary and scientific masterpieces became the property of the peoples of the world.
It is known from the history of science and culture that the exchange of ideas through translation goes back a long way. In the developed countries of the world there are large schools of translation, translation schools. In particular, R. Toldeysky's Western European school of Translation (XII century), Among them are the Russian Translation Society (XVIII century), the Baikal Wisdom (House of Knowledge) in Baghdad, the Al-Ma'mun school, the Arabic Translation school (XVII century), and the Khorezm Translation School (XIX century) (O. Muminov, translation date T.1999).
In Armenia, "Translation Day" has been celebrated every year since the 5th century. In his work, P.I. Kapanov. describes the translator as a universal and artistically harmonious representative of the peoples who serve to unite and unite people in world culture.
The word "translation" has long been used in the Eastern sense of description, narration and explanation. Literary translation means not just translating a text from one language to another, but "recreating" it. Therefore, translation is a creation, a translator. it is no exaggeration to say that he is creative.
G. Salomov, one of the prominent scholars of Uzbek translation, gives such evidence in his works (Gaybullah Assalom, p. 10).
During one of his trips to India, the scientist was asked in which language he would write. When he was told that he would write in Uzbek, he was told that only his compatriots could read. The scholar said that his work had been translated into Russian and other languages, and that the translation and translation work was very well organized.
After that, the Uzbek writer Hamid Olimjon, Samad Qurgun, Gafur Gulam, Berdi Kerboboyev, Oybek will explain how and in what languages the works of famous writers and poets have been translated.
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The problem of making unique cultural, literary, and scientific monuments, which have been created for thousands of years, the property of the people, has always been a dream of creativity in all times, and it needs translation.
There are two goals. One is the interest in learning books written in the languages of other nations around the world; the second is to distribute books written in their own language among the peoples of the world. (G.Salomov). As human beings speak different languages, translation has always been and will always be important. That is why the history of translation has been of interest to scholars for many years, but a number of problems in the history of translation have not been solved.
The history of translation in the United Kingdom can be divided into 4 stages:
1. The period from ancient times to the XII century.
2. Covers the XIII-XVII centuries.
3. XVIII- XIX centuries.
4. XX-early XXI centuries.
The main feature of the 1st stage is related to the spread of Christianity, and during this period Latin became the main international language in the West.
When talking about the development of the history of translation in the West, the English expert is, of course, primarily interested in the history of British translation..
Speaking about this, O. Muminov divides the history of translation of the United Kingdom into 4 periods:
1. The period from antiquity to the XII century.
2.XIII-XVIII centuries.
3. XVIII- XIX centuries.
4.XX century.
In addition to this, we think that the history of translation in the new XXI century has entered a new fifth period, and its specific features should be studied. First of all, given that today the development of science and technology, new information technologies are entering various spheres of life, including foreign language education, especially translation, this period also has its own characteristics. As in various western countries, the first stage of the history of translation in the United Kingdom is associated with the spread of Christianity and the translation of the Bible into different languages. This is the period when Latin gained the status of an international language.
From the II century onwards, the Bible was translated into various Western languages, including English. The translation of the Bible into the languages of the peoples of Europe played an important role in the development of these languages.
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One of the features of the translation of that period was the translation of Latin mantas under each word.
Such a word translation method, of course, had flaws, lexical, syntactic errors and misunderstandings. As a result, free translation was used.
The Bible, which has been translated into various Western languages, has been translated in different ways by different translators. Western translators have placed great emphasis on the study and translation of inscriptions, mainly in Greek and Latin. Renaissance In Britain, Alfred, the king of West Saxony, translated rare Renaissance works from Latin into the English Wessex dialect. His translation career dates back to
The translation of the artistic property of the great works of the East into European languages has a long history. Interest in Eastern culture in the West dates back to the beginning of the ninth century. The southern regions of Spain, which belonged to the Arab Caliphate, had favorable conditions for the introduction of Eastern culture to the West, because at that time Europe lagged behind the East in all areas of human development. During this period, many powerful translators were able to benefit Europeans with the culture, science, art, and customs of the East by translating universal studies into Arabic into Latin.
As a result of this influence of the East on the West, new philosophical currents and freedom of speech emerged.
There were two major styles of Renaissance translation: literal translation and free translation, and there was a constant struggle between them.
At that time, Britain was also interested in oriental culture and art, and for several centuries Central Asia attracted the attention of the British. Samarkand, located on the Great Silk Road, was one of the favorite topics of English writers and poets. Famous Central Asian scholars Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ahmad-Al-Farghani translated great figures from Arabic into English at the time.
Later, in the 16th century, Shakespeare's mentor K. Marlo wrote The Great Temurlane (1587) in the spirit of the East, influenced by the East. During this period, both in the East and in the West, a number of legends and stories about Amir Temur were written. The book "King of the Scythians" was published in Latin in the XVI century. In addition, Timur's Statutes were translated into several foreign languages and became popular in the West. The book was translated into English in 1830, into Urdu in 1845, and into Russian in 1894. A copy of this century, written in Turkish, has been preserved in Yemen and translated into Uzbek in 1991.
886-893.
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British tourists and traders were in contact with the countries of the East through Russia. The ancient peoples of Movaraunnahr, Samarkand and Bukhara were the centers of relations. J. Jersey, A. Jeniksok came to Bukhara and Urgench through Moscow and tried to establish trade and diplomatic relations. As a result, a number of words moved from one language to another. In the middle of the seventeenth century, Oriental centers were opened at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford in the United Kingdom, where he was taught Arabic, Turkish and Persian. This major revolutionary period in world history, especially in the history of translation and the development of languages.
After reviewing the sources on the history of translation studies, it can be said that the history of translation, especially the history of Oriental translation, has been thoroughly studied.
The Uzbek scholar G.Salomov, who is engaged in the theory and practice of translation, speaks about this in his scientific works, mentions the names of a number of Russian scientists, in particular, an in-depth analysis of MMRojanskaya's "Medieval Eastern Mechanics". (G.Salomov. Fundamentals of translation theory. Tashkent "Teacher" -1983, pp. 14-15)
There is a feature associated with translation, that some scientific and artistic works are not only in the hands of one people, but also in many countries around the world, and translation plays a key role in their dissemination in the languages of other peoples. At the same time, translation sometimes serves directly and indirectly in the spread of scientific and artistic ideas, images, ideas, new views, and in the form of pictures. M.M.Rozhanskaya also emphasizes in her works that through translation peoples are united. - those who thought with each other, the writers who communicated with each other. The culture, science, literature and art he has created have always benefited from the translation of literary, scientific and political works.
"But it must be reiterated that if the translation only served the purpose of making a new book appear in another language, and ending with that, it would be like the birth of a lifeless child."
Turning to the history of translation, the author writes that there were two great schools of translation in the history of world culture. One was the Baghdad School of Translation, which translated the works of ancient Greek scholars into Arabic, and the other was the translation of rich Arabic literature into Western European languages. Both schools of translation have played an unprecedented role in the development of world science. In many cases, even when the originals of works created by scientists are lost in vain, they are still the same. The translations made by
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the representatives of the two translation centers have been preserved. In particular, the unique works of thinkers who wrote in the Near and Middle East, Central Asia in Arabic, Latin and Greek, and later other Western European peoples, thanks to the translators of the Toledo school. It has connected, enriched, and enriched the cultures of the East and the West. served as a golden bridge without l.
Under the influence of the East to the West, new philosophical currents emerged. Thus, the Renaissance was a period of influence in Western Europe in the history of scientific development, cultural riches, and human culture of the East.
In the history of this translation, two great principles of translation have been followed; the first is literal translation; the second is free translation. This required a good knowledge of ancient Latin and Greek, and critical views on the quality of translation began to emerge. The result was a struggle between those who supported the theory and practice of word-for-word and free translation. During this period, the translation of classical literature in England intensified. Renaissance, Protestantism and the new aristocracy created all the conditions for this. The study of Central Asian science through translation took a long time. According to the English scholar Sam Russell, Central Asia has attracted the attention of the British for centuries. Samarkand has become a favorite subject of many English writers and poets. As mentioned above, from the twelfth century onwards, many Englishmen also studied in the madrasas of Baghdad, Kuva, Sardova, Damascus, and Farobi in order to study the Arabic language in depth. His contemporaries Daniel, Marley, and Robert Chester also translated many works into their home countries after studying them in Bukhara, Baghdad, and Damascus. Thus, the representatives of the Eastern translation schools translated many works into European languages, as a result of which the achievements in science, technology, culture, literature were popularized in the West, strong ties between peoples were established and the East played a worthy role in world civilization. who have proved that.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is clear from the sources on the history of translation that there is not enough research work to study the history of translation. The life experiences of our ancestors over the centuries, thousands of works on religious ethics, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, architecture and agriculture have been translated into other languages and contributed to world science and culture. These rare works should be seriously studied and enjoyed by today's readers.
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It is well known that in both the East and the West, most of the written sources are translated works. The traditions of translation and literary relations go back many centuries.
The translator has the task of translating the masterpieces of the peoples of the world into their native language and making them available to the people.
The study of translated works is also important for the study of the history of translation. Because the principles, methods and techniques of translation, which are a unique field of creativity, have been improved over time, traditions have been formed and developed, mutual benefit, influence and literary-artistic ties have increased. Therefore, it is important to study each period of the history of translation, each translation separately.
The study of the history of the world's translation schools shows that since ancient times, Eastern translators have been engaged in the translation of religious, scientific, technical, literary and artistic works published in the West and used modern principles and methods. Western scholars, in turn, introduced the teachings and scientific inventions of the great thinkers of the East to their peoples and took advantage of these achievements.
We will try to gain a deeper understanding of the history of translation by studying the relationship, history, principles and methods of the two great schools of East and West, the Toledo and Baghdad translation schools.
Both schools played an important role in the development of world science. The original works of the scholars have been lost, but the translations of these works have been preserved by the representatives of these translation schools. Many books by classical Greek scholars have been lost due to various historical changes, but their Arabic translations and commentaries have survived. A number of valuable works by Middle Eastern and Central Asian thinkers, written in Arabic, have been translated into Latin, Greek, and later into other Western European languages by translators from the Toledo School of Translation. The translation acted as an incomparable golden bridge between the West and the East and enriched and enriched their culture. In the late eighth and early ninth centuries, a group of scholars, translators, and rewriters appeared in Baghdad.
The Khorezm School of Translation in Central Asia (early XX century) has its own tradition of translating many historical works written in poetic style into prose in Turkic languages.
REFERENCES
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, VOLUME 1 | SPECIAL ISSUE 2
educational, natural and social sciences q ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor SJIF 2021: 5.423
1. Salomov Gaybulla. "Language and translator". "Fan" publishing house, Tashkent-1966
2. Salomov G. Fundamentals of Translation Theory. Teacher publishing house, Tashkent 1983.
3. Raxmonkulovna. M.R. On the process of translation from English into Uzbek and its essence. International journal of discourse on innovation, integration and education Volume: 02 Issue: 02 | February 2021 page 297-300 ISSN: 2181-1067
4. Salomov G. "Literary Criticism and Literary Translation" "Science" Publishing House Tashkent -1983.
5. Xujayev. G. Literary Translation and National Color "Collection of Proverbs, Problems of Translation Theory, Tashkent 1995.
6. Abdullayeva M.R. "National color in artistic translation (Uzbek language)". Moscow Polytechnic University in South-Western State University (Russia). "Problems and perspective development of Russia: youth review in the future" October 17-18, 2018, Volume 2, pages 19-23
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