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UDC 613.31:543.3:351.77 (571.15)
THE ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF DRINKABLE WATER CHEMICAL POLLUTION TO THE HEALTH OF ALTAI KRAI POPULATION
Center of hygiene and epidemiology in Altai Krai, Barnaul
T.I. Gubareva, A. Yu. La, Yu.A. Kapayeva, L.A. Skripkina, N.Ye. Soldatova
There was performed the hygienic assessment of the level of drinkable water chemical pollution on the territory of Altai Krai and revealed the most troubled territories consuming chemically polluted drinkable water. The data obtained by means of social-hygienic monitoring allowed to adjust the plan of monitoring laboratory tests of drinkable water of centralized water supply systems in populated areas. Key words: social-hygienic monitoring, drinkable water, chemical substances, troubled territories.
Water is an essential element of the environment having a significant impact on human health and activity, it is the basis for origin and maintenance of all life. Providing the population with drinkable water of satisfactory quality is one of the main social-hygienic issues. Drinkable water should be safe in epidemiological and radiation respect, harmless in chemical composition and should have favourable organoleptic properties. It is believed that up to 80 per cent of all chemical compounds entering the outside environment sooner or later get into natural water with industrial, household and storm drains. Numerous studies have established that drinkable water anthropogenic pollution along with other environmental factors is an intensive factor of impact on human health.
Objective
To conduct a hygienic assessment of the level of drinkable water chemical pollution on the territory of Altai Krai to reveal the most troubled territories and amount of population consuming chemically polluted drinkable water.
Materials and methods
In 2016, 34 902 studies with a multiplicity of 12 samples per year were conducted at 372 monitoring points on the distribution network of centralized utility and drinking water supply systems within the framework of social-hygienic monitoring system in Altai Krai. To assess the direct influence of the quality of drinkable water on population health, on administrative territories of Altai Krai, a calculation and population health risk assessment (the assessment of the probability of developing a threat to a person's or future generations' life or health) was carried out, this risk being preconditioned by drinkable water chemical pollution. In this study, the assessment of risk was based on average annual chemical substances concentrations on the distribution network. The studies of drinkable water on distribution network for the presence of lead and cadmium were conducted at 11 districts of Altai Krai at 18
populated areas, the amount of population under studies equaled to 440 019 persons. The studies for the presence of lead, cadmium and arsenic were conducted at 4 districts of Altai Krai at 4 populated areas, the amount of population under studies equaled to 189 810 persons, making 9.0 per cent of the total amount of population using centralized utility and drinking water supply. The studies for the presence of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium (6+) were conducted at the town of Aleysk, the amount of population under study equaled to 28 372 persons. All studies were performed by accredited laboratories with the use of standardized analytical methods. Assessment of risk was carried out in accordance with the provisions of P 2.1.10.1920-4 "Human Health Risk Assessment from Environmental Chemicals".
Results and discussion
It was established that four groups were registered in the analysis of sanitary-chemical parameters of controlled substances.
The first group is for substances of hazard classes 1 and 2 (arsenic, lead, boron, nickel, nitrites) with concentration exceeding 1 TLV. This group includes 7 territories of Altai Krai: Pervomaysky, Khabarsky, Rebrikhinsky, Pavlovsky, Shipun-ovsky, Kamensky Districts, the city of Barnaul.
The second group is for substances of hazard class 3 (iron, manganese, magnesium, nitrates, chlorine) with concentration exceeding from 1 to 2 TLV. This group includes 19 territories: Ust-Kalmansky, Troitsky, Topchikhinsky, Talmensky, Tabunsky, Rebrikhinsky, Pankrushikhinsky, Kulundinsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Kalmansky, Kuryinsky, Bystroistoksky, Altaysky, Aleysky, Loktevsky, Zavyalovsky Districts, the city of Rubtsovsk, the towns of Slavgorod, Aleysk.
The third group is for substances of hazard class 3 (iron, manganese, nitrates) with concentration exceeding from 2 to 5 TLV. This group includes 10 territories: Romanovsky, Novichikhinsky, Nemetsky National, Yeltsovsky, Burlinsky, Kosikhinsky, Shelabolikhinsky Districts, the towns of Novoal-taysk, Kamen-na-Obi, Belokurikha.
The fourth group is for substances of hazard class 3 (nitrates, iron, manganese) with concentration exceeding 5 TLV. This group includes 26 territories: Shipunovsky, Khabarsky, Tyumentsevsky, Suyetsky, Soltonsky, Soloneshensky, Sovetsky, Smolensky, Rubtsovsky, Pospelikhinsky, Pavlov-sky, Mamontovsky, Krutikhinsky, Krasnogorsky, Kamensky, Zonalny, Zarinsky, Tselinny, Za-lesovsky, Yegoryevsky, Blagoveshchensky, Biysky, Pervomaysky Districts, the town of Zarinsk, the cities of Biysk and Barnaul.
No exceedance of concentration of above mentioned substances was found in populated areas of Bayevsky, Volchikhinsky, Zmeinogorsky, Kly-uchevsky, Kytmanovsky, Mikhaylovsky, Pet-ropavlovsky, Rodinsky, Slavgorodsky, Togulsky, Tretyakovsky, Uglovsky, Ust-Pristansky, Chary-shsky Districts and the town of Zmeinogorsk.
The total individual carcinogenic risk due to peroral route of lead, cadmium, arsenic with drinkable water is within permitted limits.
The individual carcinogenic risk at the town of Novoaltaysk, and Novichikhinsky, Talmensky, Troitsky, Shipunovsky Districts is up to the first range (the individual risk throughout life is equal to or less than 1x10-6). The individual carcinogenic risk at the town of Zmeinogorsk, and Petropavlov-sky, Kamensky, Krutikhinsky, Kuryinsky, Pervo-maysky, Tretyakovsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Pos-pelikhinsky, Loktevsky Districts is up to the second range (the individual risk throughout life is more than 1x10-6, but less than 1x10-4).
Non-carcinogenic risks were estimated in 78.1 per cent of Altai Krai population using centralized drinking water supply. The number of people who underwent the assessment of risk of non-carcinogenic effects was 1,653,826. As a consequence of drinkable water use in Altai Krai, the level of non-carcinogenic risk from chemical substances in adult population exceeds the permitted value (HQ>1) in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National Districts. The contribution to non-carcinogenic risk in adult population is due to the receipt of nitrates from 71.4 per cent in Nemetsky National District to 91 per cent in Rubtsovsky District.
The level of non-carcinogenic risk from substances in child population (from 6 to 18 years) exceeds the permitted value (HQ>1) in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National, Loktevsky Districts. The contribution to non-carcinogenic risk in is due to the receipt of nitrates from 70 per cent in Nemetsky National District to 89.2 per cent in Rubtsovsky District. The level of non-carcinogenic risk in child population (from 0 to 6 years) exceeds the permitted value (HQ>1) in Kamensky, Tyumentsevsky, Shelabolikhinsky, Altaysky, Yegoryevsky, Zmei-nogorsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Loktevsky, Mamontovsky, Nemetsky National, Rubtsovsky, Tretyakovsky Districts. The main contribution
to non-carcinogenic risk in child population is due to the receipt of nitrates and fluorine.
In the case of simultaneous receipt of chemical substances with drinkable water the following critical organs are identified among adults and children: blood and blood-forming organs, cardiovascular system, skeletal system and teeth, immune system, central nervous system, hormone system, reproductive system, morphosis, liver, kidneys, skin and mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract. Total risk indices in case of simultaneous chemical substances receipt in their impact on critical organs and systems in adult population exceed permissible values in the influence on blood and cardiovascular system in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National Districts. In child population (from 6 to 18 years), total risk indices exceed the permissive value (>1) for blood and blood-forming organs, cardiovascular system in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National and Loktevsky Districts. For child population (from 0 to 6 years), total risk indices exceed the permissive value (>1) for blood and blood-forming organs, cardiovascular system in Altaysky, Yego-ryevsky, Zmeinogorsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Loktevsky, Mamontovsky, Nemetsky National, Rubtsovsky, Tretyakovsky Districts; for skeletal system in Kamensky, Pavlovsky, Slavgorodsky, Tyumentsevsky, Khabarsky, Shelabolikhinsky Districts.
Conclusions
The results obtained make it possible to conclude that:
1. In Altai Krai the levels of total carcinogenic risk from lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium (6+) are within permitted limits.
The individual carcinogenic risk at the town of Novoaltaysk, and Novichikhinsky, Talmensky, Troitsky, Shipunovsky Districts is up to the first range of risk (the individual risk throughout life is equal to or less than 1x10-6), these risk levels does not require additional measures, but are subject to periodic monitoring.
The individual carcinogenic risk at the town of Zmeinogorsk, and Petropavlovsky, Kamensky, Krutikhinsky, Kuryinsky, Pervomaysky, Tretya-kovsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Pospelikhinsky, Loktevsky Districts is up to the second range of risk (the individual risk throughout life is more than 1x10-6, but less than 1x10-4). These levels are subject to constant monitoring.
2. The levels of non-carcinogenic risk in adult population exceed the permitted value (HQ>1) for nitrates in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National Districts. Children are less resistant to influence of chemical pollutions of environmental objects, which include drinkable water. The level of non-carcinogenic risk in child population (from 6 to 18 years) from chemical substances exceeds the permitted value (HQ>1) for nitrates in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National,
Loktevsky Districts. In child population (from 0 to 6 years), the level of non-carcinogenic risks from substances exceeds the permitted value (HQ>1) for nitrates and fluorine in Kamensky, Tyument-sevsky, Shelabolikhinsky, Altaysky, Yegoryevsky, Zmeinogorsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Loktevsky, Mamontovsky, Nemetsky National, Rubtsovsky, Tretyakovsky Districts and are estimated as elevated.
3. Total risk indices in case of simultaneous chemical substances receipt in their impact on critical organs and systems in adult population exceed permissible values in the influence on blood and cardiovascular system in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National Districts.
4. In child population (from 6 to 18 years), total risk indices exceed the permissive value (>1) for blood and blood-forming organs, cardiovascular system in Rubtsovsky, Nemetsky National, Loktevsky Districts. For child population (from 0 to 6 years), total risk indices exceed the permissive value (>1) for blood and blood-forming organs, cardiovascular system in Altaysky, Yegoryevsky, Zmeinogorsky, Krasnoshchyokovsky, Loktevsky, Mamontovsky, Nemetsky National, Rubtsovsky,
Tretyakovsky Districts; for skeletal system in Kamensky, Pavlovsky, Slavgorodsky, Tyument-sevsky, Khabarsky, Shelabolikhinsky Districts.
5. This information material is appropriate for use when planning laboratory studies of drinkable water in a distribution network in population centres and making management decisions through the Federal Law No 294-FZ of December 26, 2008 (as amended by the Federal Law No 277-FZ of July 3, 2016).
Thus, the data of social-hygienic monitoring made it possible to numerically assess the negative impact on health due to drinkable water from centralized systems in Altai Krai, to identify troubled territories, and also to adjust the plan of monitoring laboratory tests of drinkable water of centralized water supply systems in population centres.
Contacts
Corresponding author: Gubareva Tatyana Iva-novna, Chief Physician of the Center of hygiene and epidemiology in Altai Krai, Barnaul. 656043, Barnaul, per. Radishcheva. 50. Tel.: (3852) 353993. E-mail: mail@altcqe.ru
