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References
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УДК 330.341
SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY: A CASE STUDY OF THE ALTAI KRAI
E.S. Ushakov
Altai State University Barnaul, Russia
Abstract. The limited nature of natural resources and the increasing complexity of the extraction of fossil fuels, combined with global environmental pollution, are pushing humankind to search for renewable alternative energy sources. Together with the reduction of harm to the environment from new energy resources, this will bring the reduction to the minimum cost of all cycles of transportation, processing and production. The article provides an overview of the development of alternative energy sources in the world. Considered the largest sources of alternative
energy: solar energy and wind energy, which can be used in the area. The analysis of the state and identified prospects for the development of alternative energy in the region under consideration.
Keywords: energy, sustainable development, solar, wind.
Consider the main trends in the development of solar and wind energy in the world and Russia. The share of wind and solar stations in the production of electricity in 2017 amounted to 7% of the global electricity production (Chart 1).
Share of wind and solar in electricity production, 2017
■ Non-renewable resource
■ Wind
■ Solar
Chart 1. Share of wind and solar in electricity production, 2017
From 2000-2017, Europe (12.6 points) showed the largest increase in solar and wind energy, the smallest growth in the CIS countries (0.2 points) and the Middle East (0.3 points). Nevertheless, all regions show an increase in this kind of energy in its energy. (Chart 2)
Chart 2. Growth in the share of wind and solar energy in the production
of electricity for 2000-2017 (%)
A detailed increase in the share of solar and wind energy use from 1990 to 2017 can be seen in chart 3. As can be seen from the chart, the global trend in the use of wind and solar energy shows steady growth. Moreover, if until 2000 this growth was insignificant, then already in the 21st century the rates of this growth increased significantly.
Chart 3. Share of wind and solar in electricity production (%)
In 2017, wind and solar energy gained momentum, and their share in the global energy mix rose by 1.1 percentage points. Solar energy is responsible for 20% of additional electricity generation in 2017, and wind energy — for 30%.
Reducing production costs over the past few years, combined with ambitious policies, especially in Asia, have helped to install over 600 GW of solar and wind power plants since 2010, stimulating electricity generation on renewable energy sources. The share of wind and solar energy in the energy sector continued to grow in all regions in 2017, with the fastest growth observed in the European Union in the United Kingdom and Germany (Chart 4).
Growth in the share of wind and solar energy in the production of electricity for 2016 - 2017 (%)
! Milium
Chart 4. Growth in the share of wind and solar energy in the production of electricity for 2016-2017 (%)
For 2017, the countries leading in the production of wind and solar energy are New Zealand, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy. All of them show high rates in the production of this type of energy and crossed the threshold of 15% (Figure 1 and Chart 5).
Figure 1. Production of wind and solar energy
According to the data shown in chart 5, Russia is among the outsiders in the production of wind and solar energy in 2017. Only 0.1% falls on this type of energy in Russia. But there is a positive point, based on the data reflected in Chart 6 in Russia, there is a tendency for the share of wind and solar energy to increase, so over the past 5 years this share has increased by 0.05%.
Chart 5. Electricity produced from wind and solar energy divided by the total
electricity production, 2017
Electricity produced from wind and solar energy divided by the total electricity production in Russin, 2000-2017
0,12 0,10 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0,00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Chart 6. Electricity produced from wind and solar energy divided by the total electricity production in Russia, 2000-2017
The basis of the power industry of the Altai Krai is thermal power plants: in Barnaul, Biysk, in Rubtsovsk. They work on the coals of the Kuznetsk, Neryungri, Kansko-Achinsk deposits, and the boiler houses on fuel oil. With the advent of natural gas, part of the boiler houses was replaced by gas (along the Barnaul-Biysk-Belokurikha line). The total installed electrical capacity of the region's energy complex is 1,654.7 MW and thermal power 6,730.5 Gcal / h. But It is worth noting that only a part of the required amount of electricity is generated in the region, the region buys about 30% of electricity on the Wholesale market for electric energy and power. This leads to the conclusion that the energy sector of the Altai Territory is greatly distorted by the purchase, not production. It is also necessary to highlight the problem of a long winter period, when all residential and industrial buildings require heating and, accordingly, increased energy consumption, which is aggravated by low energy efficiency of buildings and a large heat loss. At the root of this problem lies the fact that in Soviet times, when most of the current buildings were built, little was thought about energy efficiency, because the fuel was cheap and the houses were poorly insulated (Figure 2).
Figure 2. An example of houses in Russia
Based on the processing of statistical data of weather stations in the Altai Krai, a Chart 7 was constructed which shows the average annual wind speed (at a height of 10 m) in the Altai Territory. Based on these data, we can say that the most promising areas for the installation of wind power plants are: Blagoveshchensky, Rubtsovsky, Rodinsky, Volchikhinsky, Tselinny, Baevsky, Urban District city Slavgorod, Uglovsky, Kamensky and Rebrikhinsky.
4,5
Average annual wind speed (at a height of 10m)
Chart 7. Average annual wind speed (at a height of 10 m) in the Altai Territory
Based on data on the number of sunny days per year and the total solar radiation reflected on the maps (Figure 3 and Figure 4), we can say that the most attrac-
tive areas for installing solar power plants are: Mikhailovsky, Uglovsky, Rubtsov-sky, Loktevsky, Tretyakovsky and Zmeinogorsky.
Figure 3. Duration of sunshine per year (hours) in Altai Krai
Figure 4. Total solar radiation arriving on a horizontal surface in Altai Krai
The developed Russian technologies for the use of alternative energy sources are very reliable and efficient. There is extensive international experience in the practical application of such technologies. But in order for energy-saving technologies to have a positive impact on the energy balance of the Altai Territory, a well-developed legislative framework is needed, as well as work on scientific, technical and informational support of energy-saving measures.
Next, we list the main measures for the modernization of heating systems for consumers:
- energy-efficient reconstruction of buildings in order to reduce heat consumption in the winter, when building heating systems are used;
- partial with a further perspective on the complete replacement of imported coal by renewable energy sources available to residents of the region.
Replacing imported fossil fuels with alternative clean energy sources and using modern energy-saving technologies will reduce economic costs due to the long period of cold weather, during which you have to spend large amounts of energy to heat buildings. In addition, a comprehensive modernization of heat supply systems will allow directing part of the financial flows currently going to the procurement of imported fuel to the creation of new jobs in the territory of the region. These factors, along with the reduction of technogenic pollution associated with the burning of fossil fuels, will lead to positive changes in the socio-economic situation in the region.
References
1. Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2018/ [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https: //yearbook.enerdata.ru/.
