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СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Монгуш С. Д. - редактор раздела
УДК 636.295.25
doi 10.24411/2221-0458-2020-10048
THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING AND PRACTICAL RESULTS OF INCREASING
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF F4 HYBRID CAMEL OF THE KAZAKHSTAN POPULATION
1 2 D.A. Baimukanov , A. Baimukanov
1Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Breeding and Fodder Production, Almaty,
Republic of Kazakhstan
South-West Research and Development Institute of Animal Breeding and Plant Growing,
Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ГИБРИДНЫХ ВЕРБЛЮДОВ F4 КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ
Д.А. Баймуканов1, А. Баймуканов 1 Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью «Казахский научно-исследовательский институт животноводства и кормопроизводства», г. Алматы,
Республика Казахстан 2Товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью «Юго-Западный научно-исследовательский институт животноводства и растениеводства, г. Шымкент,
Республика Казахстан
The aim of the study is to define the conformities of the formation of the productivity of purebred and F4 hybrid camels of Kazakhstan populations bred in 2010-2019. The uniqueness of the research is that for the first time the features of body measurements, live weight, milk yield of the purebred female camel of the Kazakh Bactrian, Arvana the Turkmen dromedary, Aruna the Kazakh dromedary and 9 generations of F4 hybrid camels are studied in a comparative aspect. Parameters of body measurements and live weight of adult males and females of purebred and F4 hybrid camels of Kazakhstan populations were established. The basic patterns of growth and development of female
young camels at 15-day, 6 and 18 months of age are determined. The average daily milk yield, fat and protein in Kazakh Bactrians was 5.4 kg - 5.5% - 3.5%, in Arvana - 12.7 kg - 3.1% - 3.1%, and in Kazakh dromedary - 11.5 kg - 4.4% - 3.5%.Among the hybrid camels the milk yield, fat and protein contents were: in Aidaramir - kurt F4 - 8.9 kg - 4.2% - 3.5%, in Ardas F4- 8.2 kg -4.2% - 3.5%, in Kospak 3 (F4 b) -5.8 kg - 4.6% - 3.7%, in Kez-nar 2 (F4) - 7.5 kg - 4.0% - 3.5%, in Arada (F4) - 10.1 kg - 4.2% - 3.6%, in Bereket-nar F4 - 7.0 kg -4.5% - 3.5%, in Kurt-nar (F 4 d)
- 11.0 kg - 4.1% - 3.5%, in Kurt-III (F4 d) - 8.8 kg - 4.4% - 3.5%, and in Bektas (F4) - 9.7 kg -4.3% - 3.8%. Purebred camels intensively develop in the first months of postembryonic growth and development, after weaning, they are significantly inferior to their mates of hybrid origin. Slaughter yield of 30-month-old fourth-generation camels corresponds to animals of meat productivity. Slaughter yield was in Kazakh Bactrians - 53.15%, in Arvana - 48.3%, in Kazakh dromedary -55.4%, in Aidaramir-kurt F4 - 57.3%, in Ardas F4 - 56.9%, in Kospak3 (F4 b) - 55.1%, in Kez-nar 2 (F4) - 56.3%, in Arada(F4) - 55.8%, in Bereket-nar F4 - 56.1%, in Kurt-nar (F 4 d) - 51.4%, in KurtIII (F4 d) - 50.6%, and in Bektas(F4) - 55.5%.
Keywords: camels; Kazakh Bactrian; dromedary; fourth-generation F4 hybrid camels; live weight; milk yield; wool clip; body measurements; development; meat productivity
Уникальность проведенных исследований заключается в том, что впервые изучены особенности промеров тела, живой массы, удоя молока у чистопородных верблюдоматок казахского бактриана, туркменского дромедара Арвана, казахского дромедара Аруна и 9 генерации гибридных верблюдов F4 в сравнительном аспекте. Установлены параметры промеров тела и живой массы взрослых самцов и самок чистопородных и гибридных F4 верблюдов казахстанской популяций. Определены основные закономерности роста и развития верблюжат самок в 15 - дневном, 6 и 18 месячном возрасте. Средний суточный удой молока, жир и белок составил у казахских бактрианов 5,4 кг - 5,5% — 3,5%, Арвана — 12,7 кг - 3,1% — 3,1%, казахского дромедара — 11,5 кг - 4,4% — 3,5%. Ау гибридных, удой молока, жир и белок составил «Айдарамир - курт» F4 — 8,9 кг - 4,2% — 3,5%, «Ардас» F4
— 8,2 кг - 4,2% — 3,5%, Коспак 3 (F4 b) — 5,8 кг - 4,6% — 3,7%, Кез-нар 2 (F4) — 7,5 кг -4,0% — 3,5%, Арада (F4) 10,1 кг - 4,2% — 3,6%, Берекет-нар F4 7,0 кг -4,5% — 3,5%, Курт-нар (F 4 d) 11,0 кг - 4,1% — 3,5%, Курт-Ш (F4 d) 8,8 кг - 4,4% — 3,5% и Бектас (F4) 9,7 кг -4,3% — 3,8%. Чистопородные верблюжата интенсивно развиваются в первые месяцы постэмбрионального роста и развития, после проведения отъема значительно уступают своим сверстникам гибридного происхождения. Убойный выход 30 - месячных самцов —
верблюдов четвертого поколения соответствует животным мясного направления продуктивности. Убойный выход составил у казахских бактрианов 53,15, Арвана 48,3%, казахского дромедара 55,4%, «Айдарамир - курт» F4 57,3%, «Ардас» F4 56,9%, Коспак 3 Ь) 55,1%, Кез-нар 2 ^4) 56,3%г, Арада ^4) 55,8%, Берекет-нар F4 56,1%, Курт-нар ^ 4 ё) 51,4%, Курт-Ш ^4 ё) 50,6% и Бектас ^4) 55,5%.
Ключевые слова: верблюды; казахский бактриан; дромедар; гибридные верблюды четвертого поколения F4; живая масса; удой молока; настриг шерсти; промеры тела; развитие; мясная продуктивность
Introduction. Camel breeding is a traditional industry of productive livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The genetic diversity of camels in Kazakhstan creates all the prerequisites for the successful development of both pedigree and productive camel breeding. A unique collection has been created by interspecific hybridization of camels, including 30 generations, which has no analogues in the world. Some generations of interspecific hybrids are capable of producing "similar offspring".
The range of breeding of new genotypes of highly productive camels of dromedaries and Bactrians, interspecific hybrids of the group of dromedaries of the Kazakh type is expanding [1, 2, 3, 4].
As a result of many years of breeding and pedigree work, the factory type of camels, the Kazakh Bactrian breed, was bred with two approved factory lines, 6 female families [5].
Purposeful selection of camels is carried out in order to increase the protein index [6-9].
Highly valuable camel gene pool, which has the prospect of a further spread in the Republic of Kazakhstan, was determined [1012].
The development of pedigree and productive camel breeding is one of the promising areas for the development of transhumance, as it implies an increase in the production of environmentally friendly and healing dairy products, camel meat, camel wool and leather raw materials with high export potential [13, 14].
At the same time, breeding and selective work in the industry has not been adjusted properly, taking into account the achievement of molecular and cellular genetics [15, 16]. It is known that in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East, camels are mainly bred to meet the needs of the population in meat and milk [17, 18].
With respect to the high demand for the production of camel milk in modern Kazakhstan, it should be noted the advisability of increasing the number of Kazakh-type
dromedaries. This is due to two factors. The first is the impossibility of bringing the Turkmen dromedary Arvana from Turkmenistan, because of the recognition of this breed as the national treasure of the entire Turkmen people, along with the Akhal-Teke breed of horses. The second is that the Kazakh dromedary is adapted for breeding in all regions of Kazakhstan.
However, the number of Kazakh-type dromedaries is limited. Therefore, the main focus is on increasing the number of camels of the Kazakh-type dromedaries with varying proportions of blood in the Kazakh Bactrian and Kazakh dromedary.
Despite the diversity of camel genotypes in Kazakhstan, the problem of preserving heterosis in camel hybrids has not been resolved yet, in order to practically solve the food supply for milk and meat.
This article is devoted to the study of the formation of the productive potential of purebred camels and F4 hybrids, which from year to year has a progressive tendency to increase.
The aim of the study is to determine the conformities of formation of productivity of camels of Kazakhstan populations bred in 2010-2019 y.y.
The obtained results can be successfully used in further studies on the development of new genotypes of camels and the improvement of their productive qualities.
Methods of research. The origin of camels was studied according to the standard method of I.Lakoza [19].
Body measurements were investigated in accordance with the Instructions for Camel bonitation [20]. Live weight - by individual weighing and calculation method. The live weight of camels was determined by weighing on stationary scales and by calculation method at the request of Patent of RK №15886 [21].
The wool clip was studied during spring shearing on 20 kg scales, with an accuracy of up to 0.05 kg, by individually weighing the wool with regard to molting [2].
The average daily milk yield was studied by carrying out control milkings of camels for 2 adjacent days (on the 20th, 21st day of each month). At the same time, the content of fat in the milk by the acid method and protein content on the AM-2 and "Laktan" milk analyzers was studied.
Biometric processing was carried out according to the method of V.L. Petukhov and others [22].
Results of the research. In the practice of domestic camel breeding, along with purebred breeding of Kazakh Bactrians, two methods of breeding heterotic animals have become widespread: interspecific crossing between Kazakh Bactrians and Turkmen dromedary, and interbreeding between Kazakh and Kalmyk Bactrians.
One of the features of the manifestation of heterosis is the greatest manifestation rate only in the first generation of hybrid camels
[23] and crossbred Kazakh-Kalmyk Bactrians
[24]. Then heterosis in subsequent generations fades.
The interspecific crossing of Bactrian camels and dromedaries is practiced with the aim of breeding hybrids of the first generation, the so-called nars [2]. At cultivation of hybrids of the first generation "inter se", the effect of heterosis in the second generation completely disappears. Preservation of heterosis in the following generations of interspecific hybrids of camels is an important problem in the theory and practice of domestic camel breeding. In this regard, the accumulation cross breeding of the hybrid of the first generation hybrid nars with the original parental forms, using traditional methods of interspecific hybridization, did not give the expected results [25, 26].
The theoretical and methodological basis for the research consisted of the camels of the Kazakh dromedary [27], Kospak [28], Kez-nar [29], Arada [30], Baidara [31], Kurt-nar [32], Bereket-nar [33], Baidasbek [34], Bekdas-nar [35], Baitur [36]. All animals met the requirements — in terms of productivity.
The Kazakh Bactrians are purebred double-humped camels, bred in Kazakhstan by national selection.
Arvana is a purebred single-humped camel bred by folk selection.
Kazakh dromedaries are purebred single-humped camels bred as a result of the interspecific crossing of Kazakh Bactrians and Arvana in the 20th century by scientists of Kazakhstan under the leadership of professor Asylbek Baimukanov [2].
Aidaramir - kurt (F4) - the fourth generation hybrid camel group (56.25% of the Turkmen dromedary's blood, 31.25% of the Kazakh Bactrian's blood, 12.5% of the Kazakh dromedary) obtained by crossing the third-generation hybrid females of Aidaramir-nar (F3) with breeders of Turkmen dromedary.
Ardas (F4) is a fourth-generation hybrid camel group (56.25% of the Turkmen dromedary, 31.25% of the Kazakh Bactrian, 12.5% of the Kazakh dromedary) received by crossing the third generation of Baikazhi (F3) hybrid females with Turkmen dromedary breeders.
Kospak 3 (F4b) is a fourth-generation hybrid camel group (93.75% of Kazakh Bactrian, 6.25% of Turkmen dromedary) bred by crossing the third-generation hybrid female Kospak 2 (F3b) with Kazakh Bactrian breeders.
Kez-nar 2 (F4) is a group of fourth-generation hybrid camels (56.25% of Turkmen dromedary, 43.75% of Kazakh Bactrians) obtained by crossing the third-generation
hybrid females of Kospak 2 (F3b) with breeders of the Turkmen dromedary.
Arada (F4) is a group of fourth-generation hybrid camels obtained by crossing the third-generation hybrid females Arada-nar (F3) with Arada-nar breeders (F3), that is, by breeding the third-generation hybrids of Arada-nar (F3) "inter se".
Bereket-nar (F4) is a fourth-generation hybrid camel group obtained by crossing the third-generation hybrid females of Bereket-Kospak with Turkmen dromedary breeders.
Kurt — nar (F4) is a group of fourth generation hybrid camels obtained by crossing the third generation hybrid females of Kurt II with breeders of the Kazakh Bactrian.
Kurt-III (F4d) is a group of fourth-generation hybrid camels obtained by crossing the third generation hybrid females of Kurt II with Turkmen dromedary breeders.
Bektas (F4) is a fourth-generation hybrid camel group (43.75% of the Turkmen dromedary's blood, 6.25% of Kazakh Bactrian's blood, 50.0% of the Kazakh dromedary) obtained by crossing the third-generation hybrid females of Kurt II (F3 d) with Kazakh dromedary breeders.
Determining the profile of the exterior of adult camels and young animals is of great importance in determining the direction of productivity, designation, and planning of the selection and assortment of parental pairs.
It was studied the live weight and body measurements of the camels of the experimental groups (Table 1). Found that all F4 female camels exceed their purebred mates in live weight, with the exception of Kurt III (F4 d).
Superiority is also observed in the chest girth of all F4 female camels, with the exception of Kurt III (F4 d). The uniqueness of the research is that for the first time the live weight and body measurements of the F4 camels were studied in a comparative aspect with the purebred mates.
As for the metacarpus girth, the height at the withers and the oblique body length, no definite pattern of profile formation has been established.
Kazakh Bactrians have a live weight of 578.4±17.9 kg, a height between the humps of 178.1 cm, an oblique body length of 162.7 cm, a chest girth of 228.3 cm and a metacarpus girth of 20.7 cm. Genetically close to Kazakh Bactrians are Kospak F4. Despite this, Kospak F4 female camels reliably exceed the Kazakh Bactrians in live weight by 39.4 kg, are inferior to them in oblique body length by 7.4 cm, slightly superior in chest girth by 4.7 cm and in metacarpus girth by 0.4 cm
The highest rates of heterosis are for female camels of Bereket-nar F4. They have a live weight of 663.7±17.9 kg, height at withers of 194.7±1.8 cm, oblique body length of
163.7±1.9 cm, chest girth of 241.7±4.6 cm, dromedaries in live weight and height at
and metacarpus girth of 22.9±0.3 cm. withers, with some elements of heterosis in the
The female camels "Aidaramir - kurt" chest girth and oblique body length. F4 and "Ardas" F4 are close to Kazakh
Table 1 — Body measurements of female camels (n=20, En=240)
Group Live weight, kg Body measurements, cm
Heightatwith ers Obliquebodylen gth Chest girth Metacarpus girth
KazakhBactrian 578.4±17.9 178.1±2.7 162.7±1.8 228.3±4.2 20.7±0.2
Arvana 517.9±11.4 187.1±2.5 158.2±1.4 212.3±3.6 19.1±0.2
Aruna 545.1±9.3 188.5±1.9 153.1±1.6 215.9±3.1 20.2±0.1
«Aidaramir - kurt» F4 582.8±19.2 185.3±2.3 160.4±1.7 232.1±2.1 20.5±0.2
«Ardas» F4 587.2±14.5 187.5±1.6 159.9±1.4 233.2±3.7 20.5±0.1
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 617.8±22.1 179.4±2.2 155.3±1.5 233.6±4.1 21.2±0.2
Kez-nar2 (F4) 639.4±16.5 192.8±1.6 160.6±1.1 234.1±2.8 21.1±0.1
Arada (F4) 589.8±8.6 189.1±2.1 160.4±1.5 234.3±3.2 21.8±0.2
Bereket-nar F4 663.7±17.9 194.7±1.8 163.7±1.9 241.7±4.6 22.9±0.3
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 609.5±14.7 187.3±1.1 152.9±1.2 217.2±2.8 20.1±0.2
Kurt-III (F4 d) 521.2±9.2 188.4±1.4 151.6±1.3 211.7±2.5 19.7±0.1
Bektas (F4) 612.5±16.8 186.9±1.6 161.4±2.4 218.4±3.1 20.4±0.2
Kez-nar 2 (F4), Kurt-III (F4 d) and Bektas (F4) inherited all the qualities of the original parental forms. Therefore, there is a superiority in live weight and height at the withers. Intermediate inheritance is in oblique length of the body and chest girth. Certain regularities regarding the metacarpus girth are not identified.
Experimental camels were studied by the wool clip, average daily milk yield, and fat and protein content in milk (Table 2).
The sheared wool was sorted by us into four groups: soft, brashy, mane, and matted. A decrease in the yield of soft wool was established, with an increase in the yield of brashy wool and mane with an increase in blood flow in the Kazakh Bactrian. In addition, with increasingof blood flow of
Arvana increases the fineness of the fluff, transitional hair, and beard hair, while reducing the content of fluff in the absolute wool clip.
The average wool clip of the Kazakh Bactrian was 5.5 kg, in Arvana it was 2.7 kg and in Aruna 3.5 kg.
Of the F4female camel, the smallest wool clip is in Kurt-III (F4 d) - 3.1 kg, then in Kurt-nar (F4 d) - 3.4 kg, and in Bereket - nar -3.7kg.
Kospak 3 showed an average wool clip in the range of 4.7 kg. Other F4 camel genotypes showed in the range of 4.0-4.5 kg. The highest coefficient of wool clip is in Kazakh Bactrians - 0.95, in Kospak 3 - 0.76, in "Aidaramir - kurt" F4 - 0.72, in "Ardas" F4
- 0.73, in Bektas (F4) - 0.71, in Kez-nar 2 (F4)
- 0.70, and in Arada (F4) - 0.68.
The smallest index of wool clip coefficient was found in Arvana - 0.52, in Bereket-nar F4, Kurt-nar (F4 d) - 0.56, and in Kurt-III (F4 d) - 0.59
In dairy camel breeding, special attention is paid to the study of variations in the content of milk fat and milk protein during the lactation period.
In experimental female camels, the difference between the minimum and
Table 2 — Genetic parameters
maximum indicators is significant in terms of average daily milk yield, fat content in milk, in comparison with protein content in milk. In terms of fat content, the difference between min and max is from 0.2% to 0.7%, and in protein - from 0.1% to 0.3%. Female camels "Aidaramir — kurt" F4, "Ardas" F4 and Arada (F4) produce milk with a fat content of 4.2% and a protein content of milk of 3.5-3.6%. Milk yield is significantly higher in comparison with Kazakh Bactrians, but less than in Arvana and Kazakh dromedary.
of camel productivity (n=20, £n=240)
Breed Wool clip, kg Coefficient of wool clip Average daily milk yield, kg Fat, % Protein, %
KazakhBactrian 5.5±0.25 0.95 5.4±0.3 5.5±0.05 3.5±0.03
Arvana 2.7±0.31 0.52 12.7±0.4 3.1±0.08 3.1±0.05
Aruna 3.5±0.17 0.64 11.5±0.2 4.4±0.05 3.5±0.02
«Aidaramir — kurt» F4 4.2±0.21 0.72 8.9±0.3 4.2±0.08 3.5±0.03
«Ardas» F4 4.3±0.22 0.73 8.2±0.4 4.2±0.06 3.5±0.03
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 4.7±0.18 0.76 5.8±0.3 4.6±0.05 3.7±0.02
Kez-nar2 (F4) 4.5±0.29 0.70 7.5±0.4 4.0±0.07 3.5±0.05
Arada (F4) 4.0±0.15 0.68 10.1±0.2 4.2±0.05 3.6±0.03
Bereket-narF4 3.7±0.35 0.56 7.0±0.3 4.5±0.07 3.5±0.05
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 3.4±0.14 0.56 11.0±0.4 4.1±0.04 3.5±0.02
Kurt-III (F4 d) 3.1±0.25 0.59 8.8±0.3 4.4±0.06 3.5±0.04
Bektas (F4) 4.4±0.24 0.71 9.7±0.3 4.3±0.07 3.8±0.03
Of the F4 female camels, the fattest in milk are Kospak 3 (4.6%), Bereket-nar F4 (4.5%), and Kurt-III (F4 d) (4.4%).
The research results have shown a positive effect of Arvana and Kazakh dromedary blood on increasing milk yield in F4 female camels. An increase in the blood of the Kazakh Bactrian has a positive effect on the content of fat and protein in milk.The average daily milk yield, fat and protein in Kazakh Bactrians was 5.4 kg — 5.5% —
3.5%, in Arvana — 12.7 kg — 3.1% — 3.1%, and Kazakh dromedary — 11.5 kg — 4.4% — 3.5%, in "Aidaramir — kurt" F4 — 8.9 kg — 4.2% — 3.5%, in "Ardas" F4 — 8.2 kg — 4.2% — 3.5%, in Kospak 3 (F4 b) — 5.8 kg — 4.6% — 3.7%, in Kez-nar 2 (F4) — 7.5 kg — 4.0% — 3.5%, in Arada (F4) — 10.1 kg — 4.2% — 3.6%, in Bereket-nar F4 — 7.0 kg -4.5% — 3.5%, in Kurt-nar (F4 d) — 11.0 kg — 4.1% — 3.5%, in Kurt-III (F4 d) — 8.8 kg
— 4.4% — 3.5%, and in Bektas (F4) — 9.7 kg
— 4.3% — 3.8%.
The favorable ratio of yield — fat — protein is characterized by Kazakh dromedary, "Aidaramir — kurt" F4, "Ardas" F4, and Arada (F4), Kurt-nar (F4 d), Kurt-III (F4 d), and Bektas(F4).
For productive camel breeding, it is of interest to study the live weight and basic body measurements of purebred and F4 hybrid camels. Table 3 shows the results of studying the zootechnic parameters of adult male camels.
Adult males of the Kazakh Bactrian have a live weight of 725.6±21.8 kg, Arvana — 675.7±17.5 kg, and Kazakh dromedary — 652.9±25.3 kg. Males of F4 hybrid origin exceed the Arvana and Kazakh dromedary purebred mates in live weight, height at withers and chest girth, and intermediate or
incomplete dominance is observed in the oblique body length and metacarpus girth (Table 3).
Kurt-Nar (F4 d), Kurt-III (F4 d), and Bektas (F4) are closer to Arvana in live weight and body measurements. Aidaramir — kurt F4, Ardas F4, and Arada (F4) are very close to the Kazakh dromedary Aruna. Kez-nar 2 (F4) and Bereket-nar F4 show the productivity characteristic of the first generation camels.
In order to follow the dynamics of growth and development of camels in the postembryonic period, it is recommended to study females from birth to 18 months of age. In this regard, we have conducted studies on the growth and development of Kazakh females from 15 days old to 6 and 18 months of age (Tables 4, 5, 6).
Table 3 — Body measurements of adult males (n=15, En=180)
Group Live weight, kg Body measurements, cm
Heightatwith ers Obliquebodylen gth Chest girth Metacarpus girth
KazakhBactrian 725.6±21.8 179.8±2.2 168.2±1.6 231.5±2.8 21.2±0.1
Arvana 675.7±17.5 189.5±2.7 166.8±1.9 225.1±2.1 19.5±0.2
Aruna 652.9±25.3 192.1±2.5 162.5±1.7 222.6±2.3 20.8±0.1
«Aidaramir — kurt» F4 763.9±16.1 189.6±2.3 165.6±1.8 234.5±2.3 20.5±0.2
«Ardas» F4 771.7±19.2 192.7±1.9 164.3±1.5 239.3±2.5 21.2±0.3
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 729.3±11.4 184.2±2.6 163.9±1.1 233.7±2.2 21.7±0.3
Kez-nar2 (F4) 765.6±26.1 194.3±1.7 162.8±2.4 242.4±3.1 21.9±0.1
Arada (F4) 805.1±14.8 191.8± 1. 5 167.3±1.2 239.5±2.7 21.3±0.1
Bereket-nar F4 845.2±28.1 198.1±2.4 172.4±3.1 245.9±3.9 21.1±0.2
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 692.7±19.3 187.7±1.6 159.7±1.6 229.2±2.2 21.4±0.1
Kurt-III (F4 d) 691.7±26.2 189.4±1.9 160.9±2.5 225.2±2.4 20.8±0.2
Bektas (F4) 701.7±25.8 188.9±1.3 155.3±1.5 228.5±2.9 21.1±0.3
Table 4 shows the zootechnic characteristics of camels — females at 15 days of age. The heterosis index in live weight at birth was 130.5% in Aidaramir — kurt F4 in comparison with Kazakh Bactrians, in comparison with Arvana — 110.0%, with
Table 4 — Body measurements of 1
Aruna — 110.0. For the remaining camel groups of the fourth generation, there is a slight superiority. The highest heterosis index in body measurements and live weight was recorded in Bereket-nar F4, in comparison with Kurt III (F4 d) and Kospak 3 (F4 b).
; camels at 15 days of age (n=25, En=300)
Group Live weight, kg Body measurements, cm
Heightatwither s Obliquebodylen gth Chest girth Metacarpus girth
KazakhBactrian 32.5±1.8 109.7±2.1 72.6±3.3 85.1±2.8 10.9±0.3
Arvana 36.9±2.1 112.3±1.4 69.4±2.5 82.9±3.2 10.4±0.2
Aruna 37.4±1.5 111.4±1.6 65.7±3.1 87.8±4.5 11.2±0.3
«Aidaramir — kurt» F4 44.2±2.4 114.2±2.4 70.2±3.1 97.2±3.9 11.5±0.2
«Ardas» F4 43.1±2.7 114.7±3.2 72.9±2.2 93.3±3.6 11.7±0.3
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 37.9±2.4 112.5±1.7 69.2±3.4 90.1±2.7 11.4±0.2
Kez-nar 2 (F4) 39.4±1.7 113.9±1.4 68.3±2.4 92.4±3.1 11.5±0.3
Arada (F4) 38.1±2.6 112.9±2.2 67.1±1.8 91.2±2.8 10.9±0.3
Bereket-nar F4 46.7±2.9 113.3±1.8 75.2±3.5 101.8±4.1 11.8±0.3
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 38.3±1.4 113.2±1.4 70.2±2.5 95.5±2.3 11.6±0.2
Kurt -III (F4 d) 37.7±1.2 112.5±1.1 63.1±1.8 88.1±2.4 11.3±0.3
Bektas (F4) 40.1±2.5 112.7±1.9 68.9±2.4 89.7±1.8 11.2±0.2
It was established that in the first six months of postembryonic development, camels of the third and fourth groups intensively develop in comparison with the
Table 5 — Body measurements of f
second one. Table 5 shows the zootechnic characteristics of camels — females at 6 months of age.
camels at 6 months of age(n=25, En=300)
Group Live weight, kg Body measurements, cm
Heightatwither s Obliquebodylen gth Chest girth Metacarpus girth
KazakhBactrian 142.4±4.3 139.3±2.7 103.5±3.5 141.7±2.2 14.3±0.4
Arvana 151.2±5.1 143.4±3.2 109.2±2.7 145.8±3.2 13.5±0.4
Aruna 148.6±4.8 141.2±3.5 99.2±3.7 147.6±3.7 14.6±0.3
«Aidaramir — kurt» F4 154.9±6.3 142.9±4.8 106.2±3.4 150.7±3.9 15.9±0.3
«Ardas» F4 161.7±5.9 144.1±3.1 103.4±3.3 146.5±3.8 15.8±0.4
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 147.1±3.8 145.2±2.3 102.8±2.9 144.5±2.9 15.2±0.2
Kez-nar 2 (F4) 161.3±5.7 147.5±3.6 104.1±3.5 149.9±3.2 15.1±0.4
Arada (F4) 154.2±6.1 144.9±2.8 104.8±3.2 146.8±2.5 14.5±0.3
Bereket-nar F4 161.9±7.2 151.7±4.1 111.3±4.6 153.6±4.8 15.8±0.4
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 155.6±4.8 145.3±2.6 107.9±4.1 147.2±2.7 16.1±0.3
Kurt -III (F4 d) 153.5±3.6 144.3±3.6 108.5±3.6 148.3±3.1 15.5±0.3
Bektas (F4) 152.8±4.3 148.6±3.5 110.5±3.7 149.4±4.2 15.4±0.4
For six months of postembryonic growth and development, the live weight increases in camels of Kazakh Bactrians to 142.4±4.3 kg, in Arvana — 151.2±5.1 kg, and in Kazakh dromedary — 148.6±4.8 kg.
In the fourth generation camels, heterosis is more expressed in Bereket-nar F4, Kez-nar2 (F4) and "Ardas"F4.
Insignificant heterosis index at the age of six months is observed in Kospak 3 (F4 b) in both live weight and body measurements. In spite of significant fluctuations in live weight and body measurements, the fourth-generation camels exceed in intensity of growth and development in the first months of the postembryonic period, in comparison with purebred mates.
Table 6 — body measurements of female camels at 18 months of age (n=25, £n=300)
Group Live weight, kg Body measurements, cm
Heightatwither s Obliquebodylen gth Chest girth Metacarpus girth
KazakhBactrian 233.8±5.8 156.8±4.6 118.7±3.9 175.1±4.6 16.1±0.3
Arvana 263.2±4.4 169.1±2.8 128.3±3.5 176.2±5.4 16.8±0.2
Aruna 257.5±6.1 167.4±2.5 121.4±3.7 171.3±3.4 16.5±0.5
«Aidaramir — kurt» F4 278.4±6.3 169.7±3.7 121.1±2.7 178.7±3.6 17.5±0.4
«Ardas» F4 295.8±7.1 172.2±2.6 123.2±3.4 183.1±4.2 17.1±0.4
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 241.7±5.3 174.6±3.8 119.3±2.1 179.1±5.3 16.8±0.2
Kez-nar 2 (F4) 284.7±6.2 177.5±2.1 119.6±1.8 179.9±3.8 17.3±0.3
Arada (F4) 281.1±4.5 171.3±1.9 123.5±2.2 177.6±2.5 16.8±0.2
Bereket-nar F4 309.2±6.3 176.8±2.7 125.7±2.5 188.6±5.1 17.9±0.3
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 288.3±7.1 169.7±2.4 123.8±2.7 181.4±3.5 16.7±0.4
Kurt -III (F4 d) 275.9±4.7 172.1±1.6 127.1±2.8 180.2±4.6 17.2±0.4
Bektas (F4) 280.5±5.1 174.9±2.6 131.6±1.2 179.9±3.4 17.3±0.3
From 6 months to 18 months of age, in all experimental female camels, there is an intensive growth in the oblique body length, the height at the withers due to harmonious changes in the period of puberty. Table 6 shows the zootechnic characteristics of female camels at 18-month-old age.
When reaching 18 months of age, the Kazakh Bactrian females have a live weight of 233.8±5.8 kg, height at the withers of 156.8±4.6 cm, oblique body length of 118.7±3.9 cm, chest girth of 175.1±4.6 cm,
and metacarpus girth of 16.1±0.3 cm (Table 6). The Arvana females at the age of 18 months reach 263.2±4.4 kg in live weight, the Kazakh dromedary of Aruna — 257.5 ± 6.1 kg. The maximum heterosis index is fixed at Bereket-nar F4, and the lowest one is in Kospak 3 (F4 b).
The resulting data can be used as zootechnic parameters for female camels from birth to 18 months of age.
Meat productivity. Meat productivity is one of the indicators characterizing the
formation of heterosis in the breeding of camels of different genotypes.
When feeding a 2-year-old young Kazakh Bactrian had a live weight of 285.9±15.1 kg. The males of Arvana, when setting for feeding, had a live weight of 322.5±18.4 kg, and the Kazakh dromedary — 302.3±13.8 kg. Hybrid males of "Aidaramir —
kurt" F4 had a production live weight of 341.6±7.2 kg, "Ardas" F4 — 356.9±11.5 kg, Kospak 3 (F4 b) — 327.8±16.3 kg, Kez — nar 2 (F4) 361.1±24.1 kg, Arada (F4) — 374.5±18.2 kg, Bereket-nar F4 — 381.6±25.1 kg, Kurt-nar (F4 d) — 294.2±15.2 kg, Kurt-III (F4 d) — 308.3±7.7 kg, and Bektas (F4) — 305.6±16.6 kg (Table 7).
Table 7 — Results of the control slaughter of 30-month-old male camels after the feeding(n=5, £n=60)
Breed Number, heads Production Removable Preslaughter Slaughter Slaughter
live weight, kg live weight, kg live weight, kg weight, kg yield, %
KazakhBactrian 5 285.9±15.1 398.3±9.3 388.6±7.4 206.3±5.1 53.1±0.3
Arvana 5 322.5±18.4 431.9±11.2 412.1±10.5 199.1±8.4 48.3±0.9
Aruna 5 302.3±13.8 427.6±14.6 395.4±6.9 219.1±3.6 55.4±0.5
«Aidaramir — kurt» F4 5 341.6±7.2 460.1±12.4 442.8±9.7 253.7±4.2 57.3±0.2
«Ardas» F4 5 356.9±11.5 476.3±19.7 469.6±6.2 267.2±4.8 56.9±0.3
Kospak 3 (F4 b) 5 327.8±16.3 441.9±8.2 417.8±7.5 230.2±6.3 55.1±0.4
Kez-nar 2 (F4) 5 361.1±24.1 481.2±9.5 453.8±5.8 255.5±5.9 56.3±0.6
Arada (F4) 5 374.5±18.2 471.6±18.3 448.4±4.8 250.2±7.7 55.8±0.4
Bereket-nar F4 5 381.6±25.1 520.1±14.6 495.7±7.9 278.1±3.8 56.1±0.5
Kurt-nar (F 4 d) 5 294.2±15.2 425.6±6.9 409.5±5.2 210.5±2.9 51.4±0.6
Kurt -III (F4 d) 5 308.3±7.7 417.4±5.4 408.1±6.4 206.5±4.9 50.6±0.7
Bektas (F4) 5 305.6±16.6 430.5±9.3 422.3±8.1 234.4±5.3 55.5±0.4
The removable live weight was 398.3±9.3 kg for Kazakh Bactrians, 431.9±11.2 kg for Arvana, 427.6±14.6 kg for Aruna, 460.1±12.4 kg for Aidaramir-kurt F4, 476.3±19.7 kg for Ardas F4, 441.9±8.2 kg for Kospak 3 (F4 b), 481.2±9.5 kg for Kez-nar 2 (F4), 471.6 ± 18.3 kg for Arada(F4), 520.1±14.6 kg for Bereket-nar F4, 425.6±6.9 kg for Kurt-nar (F4 d), 417.4±5.4 kg for KurtIII (F4 d), and 430.5±9.3 kg for Bektas (F4).
Slaughter yield of 30-month-old fourth-generation camels corresponds to animals of meat productivity. Slaughter yield of the
Kazakh Bactrians was 53.15%, Arvana — 48.3%, Aruna — 55.4%, Aidaramir — kurt F4
— 57.3%, Ardas F4 — 56.9%, Kospak 3 (F4 b)
— 55, 1%, Kez-nar 2 (F4) — 56.3% g, Arada (F4) — 55.8%, Bereket-nar F4 — 56.1%, Kurt-nar (F4 d) — 51.4%, Kurt-III (F4 d) — 50.6%, and Bektas (F4) — 55.5%.
Conclusions. The research results showed a positive effect of Arvana blood flow and Kazakh dromedary on the increase in milk yield in the fourth-generation F4 female camels. An increase in the blood of the Kazakh Bactrian has a positive effect on the
fat and protein content in milk. Purebred young camels develop intensively in the first months of postembryonic growth and development, and after weaning they are inferior to their mates of hybrid origin.
Slaughter yield of 30-month-old fourth-generation camels corresponds to animals of meat productivity. Slaughter yield of the References
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Баймуканов Дастанбек Асылбекович - член-корреспондент Национальной академии наук Республики Казахстан, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, главный научный сотрудник комплексного отдела научного обеспечения технологии молочного скотоводства, г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан, e-mail: dbaimukanov@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4684-7114.
Баймуканов Асылбек - доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела верблюдоводства ТОО «Юго-Западный научно-исследовательский институт животноводства и растениеводства», г. Шымкент, Республика Казахстан, e-mail: asylbek.baymukanov@bk.ru
Dastanbek A. Baimukanov - Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Chief Researcher of the Department of Technology for Scientific Support of Dairy Cattle, Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Animal Breeding and Fodder Production, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, e-mail: dbaimukanov@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4684-7114.
Asylbek Baimukanov - Doctor of Science in Agriculture, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Camel Breeding Department, South-West Research and Development Institute of Animal Breeding and Plant Growing, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan, e-mail: asylbek.baymukanov@bk.ru
Статья поступила в редакцию 08.11.2020.
