CC BY
2Прикладные экономические исследования. №¡(11), 2016
producers of charred coal, oil products and chemicals will make losses. 3. Conclusion:
Within the framework of the state program of Ryazan Region «Development of SMEs in 2014-2018» (2), a small business entity stands to receive up to 5 mln rubles. A major obstacle to development of small enterprises in Ryazan Region is shortage of funding. One of the ways to solve this problem can be to improve the credit granting system.
Among other problems, we see the fol
References:
1. Law of Ryazan Region «On development of small and medium-size entrepreneurship in Ryazan Region» #73-OZ of 9 July, 2008 (amended on 5 December, 2014)
2. Ruf. F., Yoddang. (1998). The cocoa marketing sector in Sulawesi: a free market and 'almost perfect' competition, Source of the Document Plantations, Recherche. Développement, 5 (3), pp. 161-175
3. Fal'tsman, V.K. Import substitution in the economic sectors of Russia. Source of the Document: Studies on Russian Economic Development, 26 (5), 2015 pp. 452-459
4. Lipatova, I.V., Polezharova, L.V. (2015). International tax planning methodology and best practices of Russian economy deoffshorization. Source of the Document Asian Social Science II (19), pp. 316-328
5. Resolution of Ryazan Oblast Government «On approving the Ryazan Region State program 'Development of SMEs in years 2014-2015», of 25 September, 2013 (edited on 17 September, 2014)
Applied Economic Researches 1 (11), Published by Scientific Adviser, 2016
CONDITIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF UNDERTAKING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE «BESKIDZKA 5» TOURISM CLUSTER
Chudy Wojciech
The Jerzy Kvkuczku Academy of Physical Education in Katowice. Poland w.clitidy@awf.katowice.pl
V.K. Krutikov
Business and Technologies Institute in Kaluga
Abstract. The content of reports is summarized part of the doctoral thesis, incurred as a result of years of research of the author. The study was conducted in the field of physical activity of the society carried out in specific geo-spatial boundaries which is called the tourist cluster «Beskidzka 5».
_Keywords: tourism cluster, physical activity, «Beskidzka 5»_
Прикладные экономические исследования №1 (11), Издательство «Научный консультант», 2016
Текущее состояние и возможности развития активных видов отдыха в туристическом кластере «Бескиджка 5»
Чуды Войцех,
Академия физического образования им. Ежи Кукушки в Катовице (Польша)
w.chudy@awf.katowice.pl
Крутиков В.К.,
Институт бизнеса и технологий (г. Качу га)
Аннотация: Исследование проведено в области исследования физической активности общества в границах определенной территории - туристического кластера «Бескиджка 5».
lowing: poor condition of company assets, shortage and expensiveness of machinery and equipment; lack of qualified personnel; imperfect state regulations for small business organization and activities. Besides, it is imperative that the Region establish small enterprise structures according to the fields of business activities, so that wider layers of residents are involved in small business. Such possibilities may lie in agricultural and industrial production, public utility services, et al.
Ключевые слова: туристический кластер, физическая активность, «Бескиджка 5».
Introduction
The thesis discusses conditions and possibilities of undertaking physical activity in the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster. This subject for analysis and evaluation was selected in the context of the possibilities to undertake physical activity in the tourism cluster, and the case study includes five municipalities of the Silesian province, called «Beskidzka 5», considered as a tourism cluster and a tourism micro-region.
The need to discuss this matter stems from issues caused by modern, health adverse model of human life. As a result of civilisation changes, societies in the multitude of daily duties, limit physical activity and have less and less physically active lifestyles. At the same time, however, there are observed some health supporting trends, which direct attention of some parts of the society to correct «healthy» food and authentic physical activity. There is observed increasing openness of the society to satisfy the natural physiological needs of humans and conscious attention to physical fitness. This supports higher willingness to being exposed to various forms of physical activity undertaken in spare time [3] either after work and school, or during tourist trips, which are a kind of variation from daily routine and induce physically active behaviours.
Methods, results and discussion
For the purposes of the analysis there was selected the «Beskidzka 5» area, which is the tourism micro-region emerged from voluntary initiative of five municipalities: Brenna, Is-tebna, Szczyrk, Ustron and Wisla. From the physical activity point of view, «Beskidzka 5» allows staying active during leisure time, which results from variety of natural constituent of municipalities and their innovative organizational structure. The «Beskidzka 5» micro-region along with its technical and social infrastructure; its tourist, anthropogenic and natural advantages; tourism, recreation and sports development and local political entities operating on its territory, is an example of a tourism cluster. Such a cluster is characterized by concentration of tourist traffic as well as participating individuals pursuing physical activity, entities it consists of, its advantages and its infrastructure, all interconnected to support development of tourism and recreation and to promote sports.
To all its participants the cluster offers a joint offer taking the form of a tourist product. It is an innovative approach to the development of tourism, which creates conditions for doing physical activity in a different way than before. Now this activity becomes comprehensive, complementary and mutually integrated. A tourist is given a comprehensive, but diverse opportunities to take physical activity.
For these reasons, the «Beskidzka 5» tourism micro-region is an appropriate area for measurement, analysis and evaluation of possibilities of undertaking physical activities.
Thus, the subject matter of this thesis results on one hand from the need to develop all aspects of physical activity in order to promote active attitude towards exercises in everyday life, and on the other hand - from the need to define the role of the tourism cluster in strengthening of physically proactive attitudes.
The range of problems arising from scarcity or lack of physical activity in human life, the consequence of which appear to be modern diseases of the civilization, requires a methodical approach and development of physical activity models for those undertaking this activity [4. p. 19-21]. Solving of the problem by spatial location of the study in the area of tourism cluster allows to identify trends of physical activity development and to determine conditions under which this activity is undertaken. This is an innovation, as it takes into account an innovative approach to exercises by offering a specific tourist product which is shaped in the organizational system of actors participating in the tourist network, i.e. in the cluster which has not been know in Poland so far.
In human life physical activity is essential in improving their fitness, and some aspects of the activity affect functioning of many businesses. Therefore, this issue can also be seen from the point of view of local economy, and how it affects sport, tourism and recreation service providers, as consumer spending of people pursuing physical activity are for them a source of income. There are also benefits for employers, because fitter people usually demonstrate relatively higher productivity. Without concerted actions undertaken by the tourism cluster actors in both the economic and political domain the conditions allowing to increase the
UpuKJiadHbie skoho.munecKue ucaiedoeamm. №1(11), 2016
number of possibilities to undertake physical activity will not be met [5].
The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate possibilities of undertaking selected forms of physical activity by tourists, taking into account existing conditions for being active. This thesis is also to develop models and identify attitudes in this regard in the area of the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster.
The spatial range of the thesis is the area of the five municipalities that jointly implement the initiative under the name of «Beskidzka 5». These are the municipalities of: Brenna. Istebna. Ustrori, Wisla (Cieszyn county) and Szczyrk (Bielsko-Biala county) - all located within the administrative boundaries of the Silesian province. The former two of these are rural communes, while the others are urban ones. For the purposes of the thesis the municipalities participating in the cluster form the spatially smallest research unit.
In such defined study area the scope of the analysis deals with the problem of possibilities of undertaking physical activity in the tourism cluster. This is a complex issue, as it takes into account diverse nature of physical activity, resulting from different forms of activity like sport, tourism and recreation activity.
As a research tool to evaluate possibilities of undertaking physical activity there was used a questionnaire. This was the methodology used to test respondents pursuing physical activity in the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster. Moreover, the data obtained from the municipalities forming the cluster was used to assess the determinants and directions of development of physical activity in the cluster.
Different research methods were applied to achieve the objectives of the study. With respect to the cognitive goal of the thesis, descriptive and qualitative analysis was particularly applied as a study instrument. This analysis allowed to identify determinants of physical activity in the tourism cluster.
The thesis consists of four chapters, an introduction and conclusions. The first chapter covers issues of physical activity, taking into account recreational physical activity. The second chapter identifies external and internal determinants of recreational physical activity development. The third chapter presents selected theoretical aspects of the cluster concept, taking
into account the specific example of the tourism cluster and characterises the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster which is the subject of the thesis. The empirical part of the thesis is included in chapter four, which analyses the study population by its preferred and undertaken forms of physical activity and assesses the existing conditions in the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster. To develop a typology of tourists visiting the analysed area in that chapter there was applied the author's methodology.
The thesis is supported by a variety of domestic and international references on physical activity, the economics of tourism, the economics of the region as well as the social and economic policy with particular emphasis on tourism policy.
Within the study subject matter covering conditions and possibilities of undertaking physical activity in the area of the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster there was interpreted the concept of physical activity with particular emphasis on individual forms and ranges of undertaking the activity.
Physical activity is usually defined as «any form of body movement caused by muscle contractions when energy expenditure exceeds energy levels at rest» [5; 6, p. 11; 9, p. 156]. This broad definition and many other definitions indicate that physical activity includes all forms of exercises such as recreational physical activity (including recreational and sport forms of activity or even dancing), professional sport, home physical activity (individual or group recreational activities undertaken during a day) and out-of-home activity (tourist physical activity undertaken outside the place of residence during stays longer than 24 hours) [8, p. 80-120; 2, p. 100-121].
Any physical activity of humans is determined by various abilities of each individual and existing conditions (exogenous and endogenous) [l,p. 75-90].
Human activity, health and lifestyle are interrelated. The human body was designed to move, hence it requires regular physical activity to be able to operate efficiently. It has been proven that a sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor for development of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, which are the main cause of death [7]. In contrast, active lifestyle brings many social and psychological ben-
efits, and there is a direct relationship between physical activity and life expectancy indicating that physically active populations tend to live longer than inactive populations. People with a sedentary lifestyle after intensifying their physical activity report better physical and psychological condition and have higher life satisfaction level.
There is evidence that anyone who increases their level of physical activity, even after long periods of inactivity, can achieve health benefits regardless of age.
Thus, the European Union suggested its Member States to develop national plans supporting physical activity in order to stimulate change of unhealthy habits and promote awareness of health benefits of physical activity. These plans should take into account the environment, habits and cultural conditions of each country.
The study subject perfectly fits into the current program framework of the European Union and becomes potentially interesting for the society and business.
As a result of analysing conditions for undertaking physical activity in the «Beskidzka 5» tourism cluster there were developed cognitive conclusions and conclusions for application. Summarising the study results it can be concluded that the known conditions and the scope of undertaken forms of physical activity create specific opportunities to determine possible directions for development of the discussed area. The study results confirmed the notion that innovative organizational form such as the tourist cluster, and its subjective and spatial structure, as well as its infrastructure development contribute significantly to the development and
diversification of the possibilities of undertaking physical activity.
In order to achieve the intended objective of discovering physical activity determinants in the tourist cluster in cross-genre (including some forms of physical activity) and spatial (including the area of the municipalities forming the tourism micro-region) approach there was analysed the literature and own research results (surveying of tourists). Analysis of empirical material gathered as a result of the study confirmed that the spatial diversity of the infrastructure makes the existing possibilities of undertaking physical activity in the area of the «Beskidzka 5» cluster complementary to each other and act together as highly attractive tourist product of the discussed area. The observed diversity of the area in terms of infrastructure development, on the one hand allows to offer a tourist product to people even significantly different in terms of the preferred forms of physical activity, and on the other hand, it creates the possibility of a comprehensive physical development for those interested in a comprehensive undertaking of various forms of physical activity and using of various advantages and tools offered by the cluster. Indicated benefits cannot be offered by a uniform area the development of which is not properly diversified to meet expectations and needs of fans of various specific forms of physical activity.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, it may be indicated that the diverse potential of the municipalities forming «Beskidzka 5» and developed models of tourists (visitors) should form the basis for region development policy suitable for the observed trends and market preferences.
References:
1. Bouchard C., Shephard R. J. Physical activity, fitness and health: the mode! and key concepts. [In:] Physical activity, fitness and health. Bouchard C., Shephard R. J., Stephens T. [editors], Champaign, Human Kinetics Publishers.
2. Caspersen C. J., Powell K. E„ Christenson G. M. Physical activity, exercise and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. «Public Health Reports». 1985, № 100, s. 100-121.
3. Chudy-Hyski D. Aktywne wykorzystanie czasu wolnego jako wartosc cywilizacji XXI w. / Active using of leisure time as a value of the 21s' century civilization, [In:] Minority v subsysteme kultury. Univerzita Konstantina Filozofa v Nitre, Nitra 2014, s. 211-219.
4. Drabik J. Aktywnosc fizyczna w edukacji zdrowotnej spoleczenstwa. Part I, Akademia Wycho-wania Fizycznego w Gdanski, Gdansk 1995.
5. EU Physical Activity Guidelines, Recommended Policy Actions in Support of Health-Enhancing Physical Activity, 4th Consolidated Draft, Approved by the EU Working Group "Sport & Health" at its meeting on 25 September 2008, Brussels 2008.
Прикладные экономические исследования. №1(11), 2016
6. Guszkowska М. Aktywnosc ruchowa a przebieg transakcji stresowej и mlodziezy. Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Warszawie, Warszawa 2005.
7. Ну ski M. Sport and other leisure activity of youth from rural areas on the example of Cieszyn poviat, Poland. In: «Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae», 2014, № LIV/I, p. 15-20.
8. Koztowski S„ Nazar K. Wprowadzenie do ftzjologii klinicznej. PZWL, Warszawa 1995.
9. Muszkieta R., Napierala M. Wstqp do teorii rekreacji. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz 2011.
TO. Zaprudnova L.A. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS EVALUATION OF THE CIS COUNTRIES RELATIONSHIP THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS).Прикладные экономические исследования. 2014. № 2. С. 12-19
Applied Economic Researches 1 (11), Published by Scientific Adviser, 2016
TRADE CENTER COMPETITIVENESS STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
Savin M.E.,
undergraduate of department of economy EMO-14 group
Moscow region state-financed educational institution of higher vocational training «Technological university», the city of Korolev, Moscow region
Abstract: obtaining reliable data on the future occupancy rate of the shopping center to determine the path of development and formation of a recognizable "image" is vital, both at the stage of building a shopping center, and in the process of re-conception. The paper examines the main stages of development of strategy of increase of competitiveness of shopping and entertainment centers located in the Central region and regional centers of Russia
_Keywords: shopping centre, shopping Mall, the competitiveness strategy._
Прикладные экономические исследования №1 (11), Издательство «Научный консультант», 2016 Формирование стратегии повышения конкурентоспособности торгового центра
Савин М.Е.,
магистрант кафедры экономики гр. ЭМО-14 Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Московской области « Технологический университет», г. Королев. Московская область
Аннотация: получения достоверных данных о будущей наполняемости торгового центра для определения пуги развития и формирования узнаваемого «образа» жизненно необходимо, как на этапе строительства торгового центра, так и в процессе реконцепции. В работе рассматриваются основные этапы разработки стратегии повышения конкурентоспособности торговых и торгово-развлекательных центров, расположенных в центральном регионе и областных центрах России.
Ключевые слова: торговый центр, торгово-развлекательный центр, стратегия повышения конкурентоспособности.
Успешное развитие торгового центра в равной степени зависит от проработанности концепции, так и от соответствия построенного торгового центра заложенной в концепцию идее. В основе формирования стратегии лежит анализ месторасположения торгового центра, арендуемых помещений, а также ситуация, которая складывается в данный момент на рынке. Формируя набор арендаторов, необходимо учитывать покупательское поведение и привычки потенци-
альных потребителей. Поэтому для получения достоверных данных о будущей наполняемости торгового центра, потенциальный девелопер должен определить тип покупателя, для какой целевой аудитории рассчитан конкретный торговый центр: женщины, мужчины, молодежь или семья с детьми
Выбор ценового сегмента — средний, эконом, выше среднего или высокий; также является важным, так как от этого рассчитывается план развития проекта. Необходимо
