CC BY
198
73
Synthesis, characterization and catalytic evaluation of zirconia-pillared bentonite for 1, 3-dioxalane synthesis
S. Mnasria and N. Frini-Srasraa,b
a Laboratoire de Physico-chimie desMateriaux Mineraux et leurs Applications,
Centre National des Recherches en Sciences des Materiaux, Technopole Borj Cedria, BP 95-2050 Hammam lif, Tunisia bDepartements de Chimie, Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia e-mail: [email protected] ; nfrini@smail. com
The aim of this work is to study the solids obtained by pillaring Tunisian bentonite with zirconium polycations from the hydrolysis of zirconium tetrachloride. For comparative purposes, the pillaring of Wyoming montmorillonite, a reference clay, is also studied. Variations in the dialysis number, concentration of Zr solution, pH, temperature in the synthesis procedure as well as the pillaring method, affect the structure and properties of the pillared clay obtained. It has been verified that the structure of the pillared clays strongly depends on the method of preparation and the pH Zr solution in some cases, well ordered pillared clays (with basal spacings between 15 and 18.2A) have been obtained, while in several others noncrystalline solids yielded. Delamination of the clays seems to take place both when the intercalation solutions obtained from zirconium tetrachloride have pH > 2.8 and when they are subjected to a reflux treatment. Best results were obtained at pH = 2.8 [Zr4+] = 0.1M, at room temperature, and when using five dialysis, the direct method. The specific total surface area and micropore volume of the solids have reached the values up to 200 m2 g-1 and 0.06 cm3 g-1, respectively. Potentiometric titration and mass titration data suggest that pillared materials produce a shift of the point zero charge toward the point zero charge of the zirconium oxide. The amount of ZrO2 fixed have varied between 6 and 30% of the weight of the pillared samples. The activity of the zirconium pillared clay for 1,3-dioxolane synthesis has been investigated. The method of intercalation has been found to be the most suitable for this reaction.
Keywords: Zr-oligomer; pillared clay; point of zero charge; 1,3-dioxolane; acetalization.
УДК 621.762
INTRODUCTION
Pillared interlayered clays (PILCs) include a new family of clays based on two-dimensional materials, and are used in adsorption and catalysis. Pillaring of clay with inorganic polycation results in producing thermally stable rigid cross linked materials with a large surface area, a certain porous texture and acidity. The properties of pillared clays depend upon several factors such as the preparation conditions (mainly pH and temperature) of the polycations, the method of intercalation, washing and drying steps. Among the cations utilized for pillaring, one of the most extensively used up to date is a polynuclear hydroxy zirconium complex whose structure is [Zr4(OH)14 (H2O)io]2+ [1, 2]. The most commonly studied is the zirconium intercalated clay using ZrOCl2, 8H2O as a precursor [1-6]. Several works using zirconium acetate [7-10] are included in the literature list, but up to now, only one paper describing the pillaring with zirconium oligomers using ZrCl4 as a source of zirconium species has been published [11], to the best of the authors’ knowledge.
The aim of the present work is two-fold: first, to study the solids obtained by pillaring Tunisian bentonite with zirconium polycations using ZrCl4 as a precursor. In other words, under investigation are the effects of the initial concentration of ZrCl4, the pH of the pillaring solution, its temperature, washing
and the pillaring method applied on the structural and textural properties of Zr pillared Tunisian bentonite. Then, the application of the pillared bentonite as a catalyst in the synthesis of 1,3-dioxalane using acetone and et-hylene glycol is also investigated. For comparative purposes, the pillaring of Wyoming montmorillonite, a reference clay, is also studied.
In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the synthesis of 1,3-dioxalane. Thanks to its properties (having no unpleasant odor, being miscible in water and the majority of organic solvent, not toxic), this molecule is used as a reagent mainly for the protection of the carbonyl group or solvent in several applications: in organic chemistry [12, 13], in polymer [14], pharmaceutical [15-17] and biological [18, 19] industries.
The synthesis of 1, 3-dioxolane is generally catalysed by homogeneous acid catalysts such as Rhodium (II) acetate [20], p-toluenesulfonic acid [21], tin (II) chloride [22] and manganese (III) acetate [23]. In addition, it is prepared in the presence of a solvent like acetone [22, 24], or CHCl2[20], ACOH, MeCN, Me2CO, MeOH, CHCl3 [23]. Unfortunately, these catalysts cause corrosion and are not environmentally friendly.
On the contrary heterogeneous catalysts based on pillared clays have many advantages. They are noncorrosive and environmentally friendly. Their re-
© Mnasri S., Frini-Srasra N., Электронная обработка материалов, 2013, 49(4), 73-84.
74
peated use is possible and their separation from liquid products is easier compared to homogeneous catalysts.
The originality of our investigation is the purpose to synthesize 1,3-dioxolane using acetone and ethylene glycol catalyzed by zirconium pillared clays without any solvent.
EXPEREMENTAL
Starting Materials
Two natural clays were used in this work. A bentonite (G) from Gafsa, southwest of Tunisia, and a well-known montmorillonite (W), a clay from Wyoming, the USA. In order to prepare pillared materials, those two clays were purified by conventional sedimentation, exchanged with a 1 M solution of NaCl. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study results presented in Fig. 1, the comparison between diffractograms of crude and purified clays shows the presence of quartz (d001 = = 3.35A) and calcite (3.03A) as impurities in G and quartz (d001 = 3.35 A) and of feldspar (d001 = 3.18 A) in W clay. In the case of G bentonite, in order to eliminate the calcite (23%), the sample was firstly treated with HCl
0.3M before purification.
Table 1. Chemical compositions of G and W purified clays expressed in the oxide form/100g of the calcined sample
SiO2 M2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O MgO CaO K2O
Na-G 61.38 24.80 8.03 3.06 1.38 0.13 1.40
Na-W 66.25 23.33 3.85 3.14 2.91 0.14 0.15
Table 2. Physico-chemical properties of G and W purified clays
SBET (m2/g) Sext (m2/g) Sw (m2/g) Vp (cm3/g) Vpp (cm3/g) CEC
G 29.2 29.2 0 0.08 0 31
Na-G 107.2 67.5 39.7 0.15 0.02 78
W 27 27 0 0.12 0 90
Na-W 112 59.7 52.3 0.15 0.02 98
The shift of 001 peak from 20 = 7.30° (d001 = 12 A) to 20 = 5.18° (d001 = 17 A) when treated with glycerol and to 20 = 8.84° (d001 = 9.9 A) when heated at 500°C, indicates the presence of the smectite fraction. The appearance of 002 peak at 20 = 9.95° (d001 = 8.83A) shows that G clay is an interstratified illite/smectite, according to [25], whereas in the case of W clay this peak appears at 20 = 10.28° (d001 = 8.46A) signifying that the American sample is a montmorillonite. Reflections at 20 = 12.39° and 20 = 24.92° (7.13 and 3.56A°), which disappear after heating at 500°C, show the presence of a small amount of kaolinite in G bentonite. According to the chemical composition given in Table 1, the structural formulas of Na-G and Na-W were found to be: [Si7.43 Al0 57] [Al2 96 Fe073
Mg0.24] O20 (OH)4 Na0.71 K0.21 Ca0.01 and [Si7.84; Al0.15] [Al3.10; Fe0.34 Mg0.51] O20 (OH)4 Na0.72 K0.02 Ca0.0U
respectively. Physico-chemical properties of G and W clays before and after purification are illustrated in Table 2. As can be seen, the two Na-bentonites have a comparable specific surface area (107 and 112 m2g-1) but the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) of the Na-G clay is lower than that of Na-W: 78 and 98 meq/100 g, respectively. Lower CEC is due to the presence of illite and kaolinite which are not swelling fractions.
Preparation of Pillaring Solutions
Zirconium intercalating solutions were obtained by slow adding of 0.2M NaOH solution to zirconium tetrachloride ZrCl4 under vigorous stirring and using different values of pH: 1.8; 2.5; 2.8 and 3.3. Three initial concentrations of Zr were used: 0.01, 0.1 and
0.5 M. In the present work the pillaring solution was prepared at room temperature and under reflux. The obtained solution was aged under stirring at room temperature for 24 h. The preparation of Zr pillared interlayered clay by the method of heating under reflux using zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl2, 8H2O) [5, 26, 27] and zirconium acetate was extensively studied [7, 28] but, to the best of our knowledge, the hydrolysis under reflux conditions of ZrCl4 as the source of polycations has not been reported so far.
Synthesis of the Zr Pillared Clays
Two methods (the first of them in two variants) were used to prepare the intercalated samples (Fig. 2):
• A classical method, called 'D', where the pillaring solution is slowly added to the clay suspension (1 g/100 ml). When the solution, previously refluxed, is added dropwise to the clay suspension, the method is called 'DR'.
• An inverted method to the previous one called 'I' where the dry clay powder (1 g) is directly dispersed in the pillaring solution (100 ml). This second method decreases the amount of liquid manipulations and the time of the process. It leads to a better ability of powdering of the final pillared dried product.
The intercalation reaction was performed with both methods using Zr/clay ratio of 10 mmol/g. The mixture was aged for 24h under stirring. After that, the resulting products were separated from suspension by centrifugation, washed by dialysis with distilled water, dried at 350 K and finally calcined for 2 h at 823 K.
The Zr PILCs are labeled as following:
bentonite - methodf.^
[Zr>
Catalytic Study
The acetalization reaction of 7.68 g (124 mmol) of ethylene glycol and 3.64 g (63 mmol) of acetone
75
Fig. 1. XRD pattern of oriented films. (a) crude; (b) purified; (c) heated at 500°C and (d) glycerolated.
in the presence of 0.1 g of PILCs was carried out in the autoclave (100 cm3) at 40°C under autogenous pressure and without solvent. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled and filtered to separate the clay catalyst. To recuperate the 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, the filtrate was treated with 20 ml of distilled water (3 times) to eliminate the residual ethylene glycol. The organic phase was extracted with
diethyl ether. After evaporation of the solvent (ether and acetone), the product was identified by its 1H NMR spectral analysis.
Characterization methods
The XRD technique was carried out with a ‘Panalylitical X’Pert HighScore Plus’ device, which operates with Cu Ka radiation.
76
N2 adsorption-desorption experiments were carried out at 77 K on (Autosorb I) Quantachrome Instruments. The N2 isotherms were used to determine the specific surface areas (SA) using the BET equation. The micropore volume was determined using the t-plot method and the total pore volume of the samples, Vt was calculated at P/P0 = 0.99. Before each measurement the samples were outgassed for 2 h at 130 °C.
The chemical composition of both the starting material and the modified samples was determined by atomic adsorption with the spectrometer of the type AAS Vario.
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined by the Kjeldhal method. Several samples of 200 mg each were exchanged with the ammonium acetate (1 M) three times and then washed with anhydrous methanol, with the final washing with deionized water performed three times. The amount of ammonium retained was determined using a unit of Kjeldhal. The CEC is expressed as a mili-equivalent per 100 gram of the calcined sample.
Potentiometric titration measurements were performed at a Titrando 716 automatic titrator (Metrohm) at ambient temperature and aerated medium. For all the acid-base titrations, a certain amount of 0.1 g of clay was added to a 15 ml water flask. The suspension was firstly acidified by HCl 10-2 M at pH of about 3. NaCl solution was used to stabilize the system at a fixed ionic strength (0.1,
0.01, and 0.001 mol l-1). Distilled water was added to increase the total initial volume of the suspension to 50 ml. The mixture was stirred overnight in order to attain equilibrium. Afterwards, 5*10-2 M NaOH was used to titrate the suspension up to a pH of about 12. Considering the blank system for each sample, we have used the same mixture without clay. The point of zero charge (PZC) value and acid center were determined according to the method described in [29] using the proton adsorption or proton charge oH (mol/m2) with the following formula:
°H H/m2 ) = m S ([ ( + (-[Я +1)-)
И И
(1)
Here, V is the volume of the electrolyte solution equilibrated with clay (50 ml), [H+] is the proton concentration in the solution (molL-1), KW is the dissociation product of water (10-14), subscripts ‘s’ and ‘b’ refer to the sample and blank solutions, m is the mass of the sample used (0.05g), and S is the specific surface area (m2/g).
Applying the methods described in literature [29], under similar conditions mass titration experiments were performed of the potentiometric titration followed by the pH drift until a steady value
was achieved. Each portion of 0.05 g of a dry clay sample was added to 50 ml of NaCl solution at different ionic strength with the pH between 3 and 10. After each addition, the pH was recorded after an “equilibrium time” of about 15 min. Then a new amount of the sample was introduced to make changes in the pH. This procedure was repeated until no pH change occurred.
Surface acidity (Bronsted and Lewis acid centers) was determined by the FT-IR spectroscopy on the basis of adsorption of Butylamine. With this method, 10 ml of the prepared Butylamine in the cyclohexane solution was added to 0.1 g of catalyst. The mixture was shaken at room temperature. After drying, each sample of dry clay was calcined at different temperatures. FT-IR spectra were recorded under evacuation in the region of 1800-400 cm-1 on a Perkin-Elmer infrared Fourier transform spectrometer using the KBr pellet technique.
*HNMR study was used to determine the catalytic reaction yield. Different spectra were recorded at 300MHz on a Bruker AM 300 spectrometer using spinning samples tubes with a 5-mm external diameter. Temperature was fixed at 25°C using a Bruker VT 1000 variable temperature control unit, measured by calibrated Pt-100 resistance thermometer. The chemical shifts are given in ppm with respect to external TMS reference at 0 ppm.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Influence of preparation parameters
The dialysis number, temperature, initial concentration and pH are key factors in controlling the nature of the zirconium species present in the solution, which are responsible for the intercalation process. The determination of conditions was carried out mostly on the Tunisian G bentonite. The effect of a pillaring method is also studied, using the W clay was used as a reference sample for comparative purposes.
The effect of dialysis number
The intercalated clays were separated by centrifugation and washed by dialysis at the ratio of 2L of water per 1g of clay. During this process, small quantities of clay were extracted, calcined at 823K and analyzed by XRD. Figure 3 illustrates an example of diffractograms of GD sample both without washing and at different stages of washing. The X-ray data show that prior to washing the solid is totally delaminated and after a number of washing procedures there is a progressive definition of the 001 line until five dialysis (d00J = 17.3A). After that the intensity decreases from 17.3 A to 15.87 A and the peak becomes broader when the clay is dialyzed 8 times. This change could indicate that the arran-
77
Fig. 3. X-ray diffractograms of G - D08 sample before and after 1 to 8 dialysis.
gement of the intercalated structure in the interlamellar space ends during washing. So the dialysis stage has a beneficial effect on the crystallinity and Zr polymerization of products but an excessive washing leads to a delamination of the product. The positions of the 001 peak correspond to interlayer distances (d001) of about 17 A after intercalation with zirconium species; this value can be compared to the 12.4 A of the starting material, showing that samples were intercalated. Nevertheless, the intensity and broadness of the 00l diffraction peaks demonstrate an inhomogeneous staking of the clay layers, typical of the zirconium PILCs.
The effect of initial Zr concentration
Fig. 4 presents the XRD patterns after calcination at 823 K obtained with different initial concentrations of Zr4+. As can be seen, d001 increases from 15.9 to 17.7A when Zr4+ concentration increases from 0.01 to 0.5M. Also when a low Zr4+ concentration is used, the 001 peak becomes broader and its intensity is lower, indicating a less uniform structure. The presence of a peak at 20 around 9.9A seems to indicate the existence of a fraction of unpillared material.
Pillared clay prepared with a 0.1M Zr4+ solution presents the highest micropore volume and specific surface area (see Table 3). The increase of initial Zr4+ concentration substantially increases the percentage of Zr introduced in the pillared sample from
6.44% to 17.33% for G-D0.0 and G-D085 , respectively. It has to be noted that the Zr fixed is not exchangeable with Na+ cation when PILCs are redispersed in NaCl (1M) solution. In theory, the value of the residual CEC, which can be used as a tool for measuring the intercalated zirconium linked to the sheet of clay, must decrease with an increase in the quantity of Zr. However, in our case, the determined values of the residual CEC do not follow the increase of the ZrO2 percentage detected by chemical analysis. So a certain amount of Zr may be adsorbed as a neutral species such as Zr4(OH)16 [1] or the increase of Zr concentration may contribute to the polymerization.
The effect of pH
The oriented powder X-ray diffractograms of pillared clays prepared under different pH are shown in Fig. 5. As can be seen, the d00i value of the obtained peaks enhances with the rise of the pH value until pH = 2.8. When using a higher pH (pH = 3.3), the 001 reflection disappears indicating a delaminated clay structure.
The chemical analysis data in Table 4 show an increase in the Zr quantity with the pH up to 2.8. This means that the hydrolysis progression is an explicit function of the NaOH content. When using a higher pH (pH = 3.3), the Zr quantity decreases. According to the species distribution diagram in
78
Table 3. Textural properties, % of ZrO2 and CEC of starting material and Zr-PILCs: effect of initial Zr content
SBET (m2/g) (m2/g) Vp (cm3/g) v (cm3/g) CEC (meq/100 g) ZrO2 (%) *ZrO2 (%)
Na-G 107.2 39.7 0.15 0.02 78 0 0
G - D081 160.2 81.1 0.16 0.04 40 6.44 6.34
g - D8 172.5 117.6 0.19 0.05 32 11.09 11.06
G - D1.8 125.1 51.7 0.28 0.04 35 17.33 17.19
*• after exchange with NaCl (1M)
Fig. 5. X-Ray diffractograms of Na-G and G -D0f zirconium pillared clays: pH effect.
79
Fig. 6 obtained by [11], this behavior can be explained by the evolution of the tetramer predominant in the interval of 1.8 < pH < 3.7. The high residual CEC for this sample (41 meq/100 g) and the decrease of the zirconium amount after its redispersion in the 1M NaCl solution (Table 4) prove the existence of a part of zirconium that is not irreversibly fixed to the structure.
Fig. 6. Species distribution diagram for polyoxocations in aqueous solution [11].
The best results are obtained for G - D28 sample
which has the highest SBET (about 200 m2/g) and Vpp (0.063 cm3/g) as well as the lowest CEC (24 meq/100g).
The Effect of the Pillaring Method
Physico-chemical characterization of the product obtained after pillaring the clays of Na-G and Na-W presents similar results as shown in Fig. 7. In fact, the direct (D) method leads to pillared samples with best properties: higher d001 (18.3A), SBET about 200 m2/g, best Vp (0.2 cm3/g) and lowest CEC (« 25 meq/100 g). Considering the intercalation of the Na-clays with zirconium polycations under the reflux conditions, it must be emphasised that this method results in the total delamination of the clay structure which becomes disordered, thus giving products on which the (001) reflection peaks disappear. Similar results have been reported in earlier studies using montmorillonite [2] and saponite [7], which explains the degradation of the clay structure by the quick drop of pH to low values of pH < 1. However, it should be noted that in our case, the pH of the intercalated solution remains the same (pH = = 2.8) irrespective of the method applied, whereas the destruction of the clay structure was detected only for the samples prepared by the DR method. In addition, the clays obtained under reflux contained higher amounts of zirconium, about 29% as ZrO2, than the pillared clays obtained by the hydrolysis of the zirconium precursor at ambient temperature using either the D or the I method. The chemical anal-
ysis data of this solid after dispersing in the NaCl solution (1M) showed that about half of zirconium was detected in the solution of NaCl. This amount was removed by exchanged reaction, which explains the high value of CEC (« 47 meq/100 g) (see Table 5). As is clear from Table 5, chemical analysis shows a partial dissolution of the octahedral cation. This result is in good agreement with the IR data (Fig. 8). In fact the disappearance of the 3629 cm-1 (Al2OH stretching vibration) and 913 cm-1 (libration bands Al2OH cm-1) peaks denotes the change in the clay structure provoked by the process. These changes must be related to the dissolution of the aluminium. Similar results are observed in [26, 30].
Surface acidity
The acidity is one of the important properties required from PILCs. It was also investigated to evaluate the application of PILCs in a commercial catalytic process. The acid-base potentiometric titration curves at different salt concentrations were used to measure the proton adsorption or proton charge oH (mol/m2) which was calculated from equation (1).
An example of the curve oH vs. pH for Na-G and G - d28 samples at three different ionic strengths is
shown in Fig. 9. There the results reveal that, on the one hand, the surface undergoes one protonation and one deprotonation reactions in the pH range of 3-12. On the other hand, our experimental titration curves demonstrate that the studied samples in the proton adsorption curve at various ionic strengths do not show a net crossing point but a crossing domain. A similar observation was reported in earlier studies [31-34].
The intercalation of Zr species saves the slope as well as the shape of the curves and produces a shift in the pH where these curves intersect. This pH, which defined the point of zero charge (PZC), shifts from 8.6 and 7.3 for Na-G and Na-W bentonite, respectively, to about 4.7 for all pillared samples (Table 6). This value is in good agreement with the PZC value of ZrO2 reported in literature [35].
To verify the PZC values estimated by the poten-tiometric method, we also determined the PZC of different samples using mass titration according to the method described by Noh and Schwartz [29]. As is shown in Fig. 9, the pH is gradually changing with the addition of a solid mineral and asymptotically approaches the limiting value. The pH thus estimated defined the PZC of the solid. The PZC values at different ionic strengths are reported in Table 6 and marked with arrows in Fig. 10. It is possible to deduce here that there is very good agreement between acid-base potentiometric titrations and mass titration. To estimate the number of acid centers we employed the method described by Sposito [36].
80
Table 4. Textural properties, % of ZrO2 and CEC of starting material and Zr-PILCs: effect of pH
>Sbet C • ‘-’micro Vp (cm3/g) V CEC ZrO2 *ZrO2
(m2/g) (m2/g) (cm3/g) meq/100 g (%) (%)
Na-G 107 .2 39.7 0.15 0 .021 78 0 0
G - d0.8 172.5 86.1 0.16 0.056 32 11.09 11.06
g - d25 189.2 123.6 0.22 0.052 26 14.05 13.99
G - D2.8 199.5 122.2 0.21 0.063 24 16.71 16.54
G - D3.1 174.3 96.8 0.18 0.052 41 12.54 8.68
*• after exchange with NaCl (1M)
Fig. 7. X-ray diffractograms of Na-bentonite and Zr-pillared samples with different methods. Table 5. Textural properties of starting and Zr-pillared clays
CBET (m2/g) c ‘-’externe (m2/g) C • ‘-’micro (m2/g) Vp (cm3/g) Vf (cm3/g) CEC (meq/100g) ZrO2(%) ж ZrO2(%) Al2Os(%)
Na-G 107.2 67.5 39.7 0.15 0.02 78 0 0 24.80
G - D2.8 199.5 77.3 122.2 0.21 0.06 24 16.71 16.54 20.34
0 1 о 190.6 65.7 124.9 0.18 0.06 47 28.45 16.20 16.56
g - i2.8 187.1 68.7 118.4 0.19 0.06 23 13.42 13.36 21.26
Na-W 112 59.67 52.53 0.15 0.02 98 0 0 23.34
w - d2.8 192.5 87.6 104.9 0.21 0.05 26 17.35 17.31 21.30
3 i о 189.9 75.8 114.1 0.19 0.05 44 29.44 15.31 18.43
w -12.8 174.6 90.3 84.3 0.17 0.048 29 15.25 15 21.99
*• after exchange with NaCl (1M)
Table 6. PZC values obtained by mass titration and potentiometric titration for different samples
Samples PZC (mass titration) PZC (potentiometric titration) Acid center(mmol/g)
Na-G 7.27 7.33 0.76
G-D2.8 4.7 4.72 1.21
g-i2:8 4.74 4.75 0.92
G-DR2.8 4.82 4.85 0.78
Na -W 8.60 8.57 0.86
W-D2.8 4.69 4.75 1.43
W-I0.8 4.81 4.78 1.11
W-DR2.8 4.73 4.88 0.94
81
Fig. 9. Potentiometric titration curves for G - D08 (filled symbols), and Na-G (open symbols).
Fig. 10. Mass titration curves of Na-bentonite and Zr-PILCs.
82
Results reported in Table 6 indicate that the acidity of the clay is enhanced by pillaring. As can be seen from this Table, all of the PILCs contained enormously high surface acidity compared to the Na-bentonite. Among the three method, the number of acid centers increases in the following order: ‘DR’ Method < ‘I’ Method < ‘D’ Method. The number of acid centers does not correlate with the surface area of the solids.
In addition, an IR study has been performed by the adsorption of Butylamine on the clay surface to
further identify the surface acidity of the clay. The spectra from 1400 to 1800 cm-1 given in Fig. 11 show five major adsorption bands at 1445, 1490, 1540, 1590 and 1623 cm-1. The bands at 1445, 1590 and 1623 cm-1 are mainly assigned to the Lewis acid site. The band at 1490 cm-1 is attributed to both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The peak at 1540 is assigned to the Bronsted acid site. The results of the surface acidity indicate that the Zr-PILCs exhibited better Bronsted and Lewis acidity as compared to the starting form of the Na-bentonite.
Fig. 11. FT-IR spectra of Butylamine adsorbed on Na-Clay and Zr-PILCs ( — at 298K and - treated at 673 K). Table 7. Yield of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane catalyzed by original and modified clays
Sample * Na-bentonite g - d2.8 g - i2.8 G - DR2.1 W - D2.8 w -10.8 3 i О
Yield (%) 0 0 41 25 17 42 26 9
*• reaction without catalyst
Next, it was proved that the nature of an acid center depends on the pillaring method. In fact, PILCs prepared with the ‘D’ method contain stronger Bronsted and Lewis acid sites that remain after treatment at 400°C. However, on the thermal treatment at 400°C, the band at 1445 cm-1 in the spectrum of samples prepared by the ‘DR’ and ‘I’ methods disappeared, indicate that at this temperature the Lewis sites available are not strong enough to interact with n-butylamine. The intensities of the bands assigned to Butylamine coordinated onto the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites are stronger in the case of solids obtained by the direct (D) method.
Catalytic activity for dioxolane forming
Solids prepared with the three methods were used as catalysts in the reaction of acetalization of acetone with ethylene glycol (Scheme). The use of Zr-PILLCs as catalysts for this type of reaction is reported for the first time.
0H catalyst ,Ш
+ \ = 0----------------------- Г x + 1h°
OH Mex P. Autog. 40 °C " О x 4 Me
Scheme
It should be noted that this reaction was also performed using the starting clays and without any catalyst. The yield of the product results was obtained from 'HNMR spectrum data. The analysis of the results in Table 7 shows that no product was formed in the absence of a catalyst and in the presence of the two starting clays. However, all Zr-PILLCs are active for this reaction but with a different yield of the corresponding ketal. The variation in the yield depends mostly on the pillaring method. In fact, the direct method gives samples having the highest activity, while samples obtained by the ‘DR’ ones showed the lowest. The solid obtained with the inverted method exhibited activity, which was intermediate between the two.
This variation of activity among the three methods cannot be explained on the basis of their surface area but on the number and type of the acid center. Herein, the reason for the higher activity of solid prepared by the direct method is its higher number of acid sites and the strength of Lewis acid center as compared to samples obtained with ‘DR’ and ‘I’
83
method keeping in mind that this reaction needs an acid catalyst.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, an investigation of Zr-PILCs prepared from the two bentonites has been performed. We have found out that the Tunisian clay (G) presented a behavior that is similar to the commercial Wyoming clay (W). The study of the preparation parameters of Zr-PILLCs using zirconium tetrachloride as precursor shows that:
1. The dialysis stage is a determining factor in the polymerization of zirconium, and the arrangement of the intercalated structure in the interlamellar space stops during washing.
2. The pH of the starting Zr solution is, in particular, of primary importance in getting the proper Zr species and pillared materials.
3. Under reflux conditions a delamination of the clay structure and its partial dissolution were observed.
4. The method employed in the Zr-PIILCs synthesis affects essentially the surface acidity.
5. The optimum conditions of the pillaring process using the tetrachloride precursor are: pH = 2.8, [Zr4+]i = 0.1M, five dialysis and the direct method ‘D’.
6. The study of a catalytic activity indicates that the acidity number and the type of the catalyst play an important role in the reaction of acetalization.
REFERENCES
1. Yamanaka S. and Brindley G.W. High Area Solids Obtained by Reaction of Montmorillonite with Zirconyl Chloride. Clays Clay Miner. 1979, 27(2), 119-124.
2. Farfan E.M., Sham E. and Grange P. Pillared Clay: Preparation and Characterization of Zirconium Pillared Montmorillonite. Catal. Today. 1992, 15, 515-526.
3. Farfan E.M., Dedeycker O. and Grange P. Zirconium Pillared Clays, Influence of Basic Polymerization of the Precursor on their Structure and Stability. Catalyse et chimie des materiaux divises. 1991, 63, 337-343.
4. Awate S.V., Waghmode S.B., Agashe M.S. Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Evaluation of Zirconia-pillared Montmorillonite for Linear Alkylation of Benzene. Catal. Communications. 2004, 5, 407-411.
5. Ranga Rao G. and Gopal Mishra B. A Comparative UV-vis-diffuse Reflectance Study on the Location and Interaction of Cerium Ions in Al- and Zr-pillared Montmorillonite Clays. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2005, 89, 110-115.
6. Chen M., Fan L., Qi L., Luo X., Zhou R., Zheng X. The Catalytic Combustion of VOCs Over Copper Catalysts Supported on Cerium-modified and Zirconium-pillared Montmorillonite. Catal. Communications. 2009, 10, 838-841.
7. Toranzo R., Vicente M.A., Banares-Munoz M.A., Gandia L.M., Gil A. Pillaring of Saponite with Zirconium Oligomers. Microp and Mesop Mater. 1998, 173, 173-188.
8. Gil A., Vicente M.A., Gandia L.M. Main Factors Controlling the Texture of Zirconia and Alumina Pillared Clays. Microp. Mesop. Mater. 2000, 34, 115-125.
9. Vicente M.A., Banares-Munoz M.A., Gandia L.M., Gil A. On the Structural Changes of a Saponite Intercalated with Various Polycations upon Thermal Treatments. Applied Catal. A: General. 2001, 217, 191-204.
10. Gandia L.M., Vicente M.A., Gil A. Complete Oxidation of Acetone Over Manganese Oxide Catalysts Supported on Alumina- and Zirconia-pillared Clays.
Applied Catal. B: Environmental. 2002, 38, 295-307.
11. Dominguez J.M., Botello-Pozos J.C., Lopez-Ortega A., Ramirez M.T. Sandoval-Flores G., Rojas-Hernan-dez A. Study of Pillar Precursors [Ga (III) -Al (III), Ln (III)-Al (III), Zr (IV)] for Hydrothermally Stable Pillared Clays. Catal. Today. 1998, 43, 69-77.
12. Shui-jin Y., Xin-xian D., Lan H., Ju-tang S. Synthesis of Acetals and Ketals Catalyzed by Tungstosilicic Acid Supported on Active Carbon. Journ. of Zhejiang University Science. 2005, 5, 373-377.
13. Patel S.M., Chudasama U.V., Ganeshpure P.A. Keta-lization of Ketones with diols catalyzed by metal (IV) Phosphates as Solid Acid Catalysts. J. Molec. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 194, 267-271.
14. Yoon D.H., Park Y.C., Kim C.B., Yang J.K. and Gong M.S. Syntheses and Radical Polymerization of 2-(p-Substituted phenyl)-4-Methylene-1,3-dioxalane Derivatives. Polymer Society of Korea. 1990, 14, 82-87.
15. Margolis D.M., Mukherjee A.L., Fletcher C.V., Hogg
E., Ogata-Arakaki D., Petersen T., Rusin D., Martinez A. and Mellorsi J.W. For the ACTG 5165 Team, the use of b-D-2,6-diaminopurine Dioxolane with or without Mycophenolate Mofetil in Drug-resistant HIV Infection. AIDS. 2007, 21, 2025-2035.
16. Asif G., Hurwitz S.J., Obikhod A., Delinsky D., Narayanasamy J., Chu C.K., McClure H.M. and Schinazi R.F. Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-HIV Agent 4 1-(P-D-Dioxolane) Thymine in Rhesus Monkeys. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2007, 51(7), 2424-2429.
17. Philip A.F. Jerry, Kieffer L.L., Joy Y.F., Karen A., Katyna B.E., Edgar H., William C.C., Chung K.C., Jean-Pierre S., Irina L., Raymond F.S., and George R.P. Mechanism of Action of 1-b-D-2,6-Diami-nopurine Dioxolane, a Prodrug of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibitor 1-b-D-Dioxolane Guanosine. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001, 45(1), 158-165
18. Luo M.Z., Liu M.C., Mozdziesz D.E., Lin T.S., Dut-schman G.E., Gullen E.A., Cheng Y.C. and Sartorelli A.C. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of L- and D-configuration 1,3-dioxolane 5-azacytosine and
84
6-azathymine Nucleosides. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2000, 10, 2145-2148.
19. Xu L.Z., Zhang S.S., Niu S.Y., Qin Y.Q., Li X.M. and Jiao K. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Triazole Compounds Containing 1,3-Dioxolane Rings.
Molecules. 2004, 9, 913-921.
20. Chong-Dao L., Zhi-Yong C., Hui L., Wen-Hao H. and Ai-Qiao M. Highly Chemoselective 2,4,5-Triaryl-1,3-dioxolane Formation from Intermolecular 1,3-Dipolar Addition of Carbonyl Ylide with Aryl Aldehydes.
Org. letters. 2004, 6, 3071-3074.
21. Dong Mei C., Min Jie L., Da Liang L., Tian Pa Y.
Synthesis of C-Nucleoside Analogues: 2-[2-
(Hydroxymethyl)-1, 3- dioxolan-5-yl]1, 3-thiazole-4-carboxamide and 2-[2-(Mercaptometh- yl)-1, 3-dioxolan-5-yl] 1, 3-thiazole-4-carboxamide. Chinese Chemical Letters. 2004, 15, 163-166.
22. Vyvyan J.R., Meyer J.A. and Meyer K.D. Conversion of Epoxides to 1, 3-dioxolanes catalyzed by tin (II) Chloride. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 9144-9147.
23. Takuma Tsubusaki and Hiroshi Nishino. Formation of
1.2- dioxolanes using Mn(III)-based Reaction of Various Acetylenes with 2,4- pentandione and Related Reaction. Cryogenics report of Kumamoto university. 2006, 17, 9-13.
24. Seung-Han Lee, Jae-Chul Lee, Ming-Xing Li and Nam-Sun Kim. Copper(II)-catalyzed Formation of
1.3- Dioxolanes from Oxiranes. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2005, 26, 221.
25. Reynolds R.C. and Howler J. The Nature of Interlayering in Mixed-layer Illite-montmorillonite. Clays Clay Miner. 1970, 18, 25-36.
26. Sun Kou M.R., Mendioroz S., Guijarro M.I. A Thermal Study of Zr-pillared Montmorillonite. Thermo-
chimica Acta. 1998, 323, 145-157.
27. Ben Chaabene S., Bergaoui L., Ghorbel A., Lambert
J.F., Grange P. Acidic Properties of a Clay Prepared from the Reaction of Zirconyl Chloride Solution Containing Sulfate Ions with Montmorillonite.
Applied Catal. A: General. 2003, 252, 411-419.
28. Gandia L.M., Toranzo R., Vicente M.A., Gil A. Nonaggressive Pillaring of Clays with Zirconium Acetate. Comparison with Alumina Pillared Clays. Applied Catal. A: General. 1999, 183, 23-33.
29. Noh S.J. and Schwartz A.J. Estimation of the Point of Zero Charge of Sample Oxide by Mass Titration. J.
Colloid Interface Sci. 1989, 130, 157.
30. Bouberka Z., Khenifi A., Ait Mahamed H., Haddou B., Belkaid N., Bettahar N., Derriche Z. Adsorption of Supranol Yellow 4 GL from Aqueous Solution by Surfactant-treated Aluminum/chromium-intercalated Bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Mater. 2009, 162, 378-385.
31. Kriaa A., Hamdi N. and Srasra E. Surface Properties and Modeling Potentiometric Titration of Aqueous Illite Suspensions. Surface Engineering and Applied electrochemistry. 2008, 44, 217-229.
32. Missana T. and Adell A. On the applicability of DLVO theory to the Prediction of Clay Colloidal Stability. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2000, 230, 150-156.
33. Avena M.J., Cabrol R. and de Pauli C.P. Study of Some Physicochemical Properties of Pillared Monmorillonite: Acid/base Potentiometric Titrations and Electophoretic Measurements. Clays Clay Miner. 1990, 38, 356-362.
34. Wanner H., Albinsson Y., Karnland O., Wieland E.,
Wersin P. and Charlet L. The Acid/base Chemistry of Montmorillonite. Radiochimica Acta. 1994, 66,
157-162.
35. Haussonne J.M., Carry C., Bowen P., Traite de Mate-riaux, Tome 16: Ceramic et verre : Principe et Technique D’elaboration, 2005, p.155.
36. Sposito G. The Surface Chemistry of the Soils. Oxford Univ. Press, 1984.
Received 20.04.12
Реферат
Целью работы является изучение твердых веществ, полученных путем интеркаляции тунисского бентонита циркониевыми поликатионами, с помощью гидролиза тетрахлорида циркония. Для сравнения в качестве контрольной глины изучается также интер-калированный монтмориллонит из штата Вайоминг. Варьирование таких процессов синтеза, как количество диализов, концентрации раствора Zr, pH, температуры и метода выемки, оказывало влияние на структуру и свойства полученной глины. Было установлено, что структура интеркалированной глины сильно зависит от метода её приготовления и pH: в одних случаях были получены упорядоченные интер-калированные глины (с базальными промежутками от 15 до 18,2 А), тогда как в других случаях были получены нанокристаллические твердые вещества. Дела-минация глин наблюдается в обоих случаях, когда интеркаляция растворов, полученных из тетрахлорида циркония имеет pH > 2,8 или когда они подвержены воздействию рефлюкса. Наилучшие результаты были получены при использовании пяти диализов при pH = 2,8 [Zr4+] = 0,1 M, при комнатной температуре и прямом методе. Удельная общая площадь поверхности и объем микропор твердых веществ достигали 200 м2 g-1 и 0,06 см3 g-1, соответственно. Данные по-тенциометрии и масс-титрации показывают, что в интеркалированном материале происходит сдвиг заряда с нулевой точки к нулевой точке заряда оксида циркония. Установленное количество ZrO2 менялось от 6 до 30% от веса интеркалированных образцов. Была исследована активность глины с использованием циркония для синтеза 1,3-диоксолана. Метод интеркаляции оказывает решающее влияние на эту реакцию.
Ключевые слова: Zr-олигомер, интеркалированная глина, PZC, 1,3-диоксолан, ацетализация.
