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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
SYNONYMIC RANGE OF THE IDIOMS IN ENGLISH USED
AS THE SIMILE Jumaniyazov A.J.1, Saparbayeva G.M.2, Toshnazarova D.O.3 (Republic of Uzbekistan) Email: Jumaniyazov562@scientifictext.ru
1Jumaniyazov Atabay Jumaniyazovich - Professor; 2Saparbayeva Gulandom Masharipovna - Senior Teacher; 3Toshnazarova Dilnavoz Olimovna - Master Student, FOREIGN PHILOLOGY FACULTY, ROMAN-GERMAN PHILOLOGY DEPARTMENT, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: language is the set of words, word-combinations, phrases, speech patterns, idioms and sentences that all perform certain function in communication. The text as the main phenomenon of linguistic investigations includes certain language units in grammatical structure with diverse stylistic functions. A lot has been done studying phonetic, lexical, grammatical or stylistic features of language units in different types of texts in native sphere. The typological study of synonymic range of language units is the matter of dispute in linguistic studies. Keywords: idioms, stylistic devices, expression, context.
СИНОНИМИЧЕСКИЙ ДИАПАЗОН ИДИОМОВ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫЙ В КАЧЕСТВЕ СРАВНЕНИЯ Жуманиязов А.Ж.1, Сапарбаева Г.М.2, Тошназарова Д.О.3 (Республика Узбекистан)
1Жуманиязов Aтабай Жуманиязович - профессор; 2Сапарбаева Гуландом Машариповна - старший преподаватель; 3Тошназарова Дилнавоз Олимовна - магистр, иностранный филологический факультет, отделение римско-немецкого языка, Ургенчский государственный университет, г. Ургенч, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: язык - это множество слов, соломидных групп, фраз, речевых рисунков, идиомы и предложения, которые выполняют определенную функцию в связи. Текст как основное явление лингвистических исследований включает в себя определенные языковые единицы в грамматической структуре с разнообразными стилистическими функциями. Многое было выполнено изучение фонетических, лексических, грамматических или стилистических особенностей языковых единиц в разных типах текстов в родной сфере. Типологическое исследование сингонического диапазона языковых единиц - вопрос о споре в лингвистических исследованиях.
Ключевые слова: идиомы, стилистические устройства, выражение, контекст.
The English language is rich in idioms that haven't been studied completely. According to modern linguistic concepts, the idiom is a set of expression ready made by the language itself. They are fixed expressions treated enough and became a part of native speakers' culture. It means that phonetic, lexical or grammatical analysis of idioms may not be enough in order to enlighten the real nature of idioms in use. The study needs etymological, historical, cultural and ethnic facts that may express the full nature of idioms, their content, function and usage to name certain state or situation of the speaker. A lot has been done and suggested about the classification of English idioms in use, but very little has been done about the problem of synonymy of idioms. Some scholars offer different ideas about the etymology of idioms and synonymies of them.
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In this article idioms as the figure of speech of simile have been taken under discussion as they make wide set of idioms in English. English dictionary of idioms offers nearly 200 idioms used as simile in everyday communication of English native speakers. By this article we try to explain the shade of meaning within synonymic range of idioms and the sphere of their usage.
Firstly, they are essential because they are very common. It is impossible to speak, read, or listen to English without meeting idiomatic language. This is not something you can leave until you reach an advanced level. All native speakers use idiomatic English. Every newspaper is full of metaphorical language. We cannot avoid it or leave it till later.
The second reason is that very often the metaphorical use of a word is more common today than its literal use. For example, we know that farmers plough their fields, but you can plough through a long novel or report; you can plough on with your work; you can plough money into a business; profits can be ploughed back into a company; a lorry can plough into a row of parked cars. Using plough in its literal farming meaning is now much rarer than all its other non-literal uses. But it is important for you to know the literal meaning. Often the literal meaning creates a picture in your mind and this picture makes the other meanings easier to understand.
The third reason that this register of language is important because it is fun to learn and to use. Because there is so much to learn, anything which helps you to remember things is important and if the language you are learning is more colorful and interesting, there is more chance that you will remember it. You will also sound more natural if your English contains more idioms. Can you translate idioms? The simplest answer to this question is NO. This is an area where languages can be very different. Sometimes you can translate an idiom from one language to another, but most often this is not possible. For example, there is an English idiom to let sleeping dogs lie. The German and Italian equivalents also speak of sleeping dogs, but not the French or Spanish.
It is important that you are very careful if you have to translate idioms. Never translate an idiom word for word. You must translate the whole expression. Sometimes you will be able to translate the English idiom into an idiom in your own language. However, there may be no idiom and you may just have to explain the meaning. One of the reasons idiomatic language is difficult to translate is because it is the area of language closest to culture. The metaphors of one culture will be different from those of another.
The idioms are both spoken or written in English. Some people think that idiomatic language is more informal and, therefore, common only in spoken English. This is not true. Idiomatic language is as fundamental to English as tenses or prepositions. If you listen to people speaking, or if you read a novel or a newspaper, you will meet idiomatic English in all these situations.
For example: (as) hard as a rock and (as) hard as stone-(Uzbek) 'toshdek qattiq, qoyadek mustahkam very hard. This cake is as hard as a rock! I can't drive a nail into this wood. It's hard as stone.
In translation of idioms the equivalent translation is always possible but adequate translation may cause trouble for the translator as the structure may be distort in target version. The first version of translation is adequate to the source one, but the meaning of the second target version doesn't coincide the meaning of the original even the structure seems to be similar.
(as) hard as nails - (Uzbek) mixdek qattiq, In Uzbek there is an expression 'mixdek mustahkam' but the meaning is quite different from the English idiom with the same structure. For example:
- Sog 'liklaring yaxshimi? - Mixdek mustahkam, Xudoga shukur..
In this sample sentence the idiom has positive expressive meaning while the English idiom 'as hard as nails' refers to very hard; cold and cruel as the nails that are used with a hammer. For example: The old piece of cake was dried out and became as hard as nails. Samuel was hostile and as hard as nails.
As hard as rock, as hard as stone, as hard as nails are synonyms, but it is interesting is there any difference in their meaning or usage. Dictionary offers one instead of the other. The usage of the rock, stone and nail within a set of expression may have common feature of hardness. The object compared should be compared according to its size. For instance, as in sample sentence cake and Samuel is taken in comparison with the nail, as it is light and slim but cold and cruel. Another
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interesting fact about idioms and their synonyms is that if the word is taken out of idiom they are not synonyms anymore. For instance, (as) hungry as a bear very hungry. The beggar was as hungry as a bear. He could eat anything! Uzbek translation, itdek och, bo 'ridek och (as) hungry as a hunter very hungry but in Uzbek the hungry person is not compared to a hunter, and the idiom lacks equivalent in target language, it is substituted with its synonyms translation as in 'itdek och, bo'ridek och' or 'Qorni do'mbira(nog'ora, sunray) chalmoq'
You had better have a big meal ready by the time your friend gets home; she's always hungry as a hunter after the practice.
The word hunter and bear are not synonyms but within an idiom they become synonyms., so their translations in target language. Can it be considered as the connotation of the meaning? We think, it will be incorrect concept. As the words are combined from internal or outer functionality, or similarity of the quality within an idiom, some scholars consider them as a type of simile, because of the construction of the expression.
The next range of synonyms of the idiom is (as) mad as a hatter; the first meaning of the idiom is crazy. The idiom comes from the crazy character called the Hatter in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. For example: Poor old John is as mad as a hatter. All these screaming children are driving me mad as a hatter.
The second meaning is angry. You can't control your temper. You are always mad as a hatter. In comparison of the first and second usage of the idiom we can the shade of meaning with the same construction; in this case the situation in comparison can be estimated by the speaker himself. As for its translation, word literal translation is impossible, the translation by analogy can be suggested separately for the first and second usage, for the first one, tentakdek esini egan', for the second expression 'itdek quturgan'
(as) mad as a hornet angry. You are as mad as a hornet. What are you going to do next? In this idiom the meaning nervous is dominant. As the Cambridge advanced dictionary offers the hornet is a large bee with yellow and black stripes that may cause serious damage to a person if it stings. So the idiom is used to express the situation which may cause damage to others and in translation this meaning should be preserved. The litrary translation of the idiom can be 'Uyasi buzulgan qovoq aridek' in Uzbek. If the translation equivalent is compared with the original from the point of view the degree of preservation of the original meaning of the idiom it can be totally adequate as the hornet with destroyed nest may cause damage to others.
(as) mad as a March hare crazy. The etymology of the idiom is from the name of a character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Sally is getting as mad as a March hare. My Uncle Bill is mad as a March hare. The translation of the idiom is real problem as in Uzbek literature it is hard to find a character which may suit in translation with the original. So, in translation, as mad as a March hare, can be substituted with 'tovuq miya' with the loss of stylistic device simile There is another form of an idiom with meaning of angry (as) mad as a wet hen from Folksy. Sue was blaring and shouting—as mad as a wet hen. In translation 'suvga tushgan tovuqdek' may best suit to the meaning of the original as the idiom lacks its analogy in Uzbek.
(as) mad as hell very angry. This is an informal idiom that should be used with caution. She made hers husband as mad as hell. In literal translation hell means 'do'zax, jazo maskani' , so the idiom can be translated as 'aqldan ozdirmoq, quyushqondan chiqaroq, qnini qaynatmoq' but with the loss of simile in Uzbek version/ Even the synonymic range of idioms shares the same meaning crazy or problematic situation which is difficult to understand or makes somebody angry. The usage of this or that form of an idiom depends on the speakers cultural, professional or personal features. The point is that the speaker choses the idiom to describe the event or state from own point of view or outlook. In its turn it identifies the communicative, social, national and cultural nature of the idiom. In conclusion we can say that it is important to study the usage of idioms in communication. As they are the most important convenient way of expressing one's thought, feelings, and describe the state or situation in impressive way. In studying the idioms in the form of simile we came across 195 forms of idioms such as, (as) plain as day - as plain as the nose on one's face; (as) red as a cherry -(as) red as a poppy- (as) red as a rose - (as) red as a ruby- (as)
red as blood which may be the source of further studies from the point of view of etymology, synonymic range or adequate translation into the target language.
References / Список литературы
1. Michael McCarthy. Felicity O'Dell. English idioms in Use. Cambridge University Press. UK.
2. Richard A Spears, PhD. NTC's American Idioms Dictionary. Third Edition. NTC Publishing group. e-book in print version of this title: 0-8442-0274-6.
3. Jennifer Seidl. English idioms: Exercises on English Idioms. A second edition of idioms in practice. Oxford university press. 1989.
4. Rawdon Wyatt. Check your English vocabulary for Phrasal verbs and idioms. A&C Black. London, 2006.
