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UDC 37.02
Nishonova D.X. teacher
Tashkent Institute of textile and light industry
Uzbekistan, Tashkent city STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH TEXT
Annotation: Many common characteristics of the style found in the English language are also present in scientific and technical materials in the Uzbek language. In this article highlights of stylistic-grammatical features of English text.
Key words: grammar, stylistics, text, English language.
At the same time, a number of features of Uzbek materials of this type are associated with specific structures of the Uzbek language and stand out due to the peculiar use of such structures, in comparison with other styles of Uzbek speech. This primarily refers to the informative nature of the text and the associated richness of terms and their definitions, to the standard and consistent manner of presentation, its nominal character - the predominance of combinations, the core of which is the noun, especially the different types of attribute groups, the relatively wider use of abstract and General words-concepts, the prevalence of phraseological equivalents of words and semi-terminological stamps. In verbs the present tense prevails, compound sentences occur much more often than compound ones, various means of logical connection are widely used.
The prevalence of nominative framework structures with uncharacteristic for other areas of the word order, in which a group of words, explaining the participle or adjective, acts with it as a prepositive definition: allocated in the process of nuclear decay particles; discovered in the course of this experiment patterns; fixed relative to the earth body; resistant to external influences internal processes. Language features of similar styles in the source and translated languages often do not coincide. Therefore, belonging of the original and translated texts to a certain functional style makes special demands on the translator and has an impact on the course and result of the translation process. The specificity of a certain type of translation depends not only on the linguistic features that are found in the appropriate style of each of the languages involved in the translation, but mainly on how these features relate to each other, how similar the stylistic characteristics of this type of material in both languages. If some features are found only in one of the languages, the translation is a kind of stylistic adaptation: specific means of presentation in the original language are replaced by means that meet the requirements of this style in the translated language. For scientific and technical materials of the English language is characterized by a predominance of simple sentences, which account for an average of more than 50% of the total number of sentences in the text.
The special theory of translation describes various forms of stylistic adaptation in the translation of texts belonging to a certain functional style. This adaptation is not only due to the linguistic differences in question. Stylistic adaptation in translation may be necessary in relation to those stylistic features that are simultaneously found in similar styles of the source and translated language. The same stylistic trait can manifest itself in different degrees in each language, and its presence in the original does not mean that it can simply be reproduced in the text of the translation. For scientific and technical style in both English and Uzbek language is characterized by the desire for clarity and rigor of presentation, the rejection of indirect, descriptive designations of objects, the widespread use of stamps and stereotypes of special vocabulary.
However, a more detailed analysis shows that the rigor in the use of terms and familiar formulations, in General, is more characteristic of the Uzbek scientific and technical style than English. Therefore, the translator often feels obliged to carry out "stylistic editing" of the original, to enter the exact term instead of the paraphrase, to explain what exactly is meant, to replace the author's turnover with a more familiar stamp. One of the common manifestations of stylistic adaptation in scientific and technical translation is the desire to "quote" stylistic foreign elements: It is thus the trademark of the results of new theory. - It is like a "factory mark" of the results of the new theory. Let us now give a few examples of translation, where instead of a nonstandard description in the original used stereotypical wording: We shall discover in the succeeding sections of this chapter that... (The following sections of this Chapter will show that...) Although the scientific and technical style is characterized by an objectively descriptive manner of presentation, devoid of emotionality and stylistic "beauty", but in English scientific texts there are emotional epithets, figurative and figurative expressions, rhetorical questions and similar stylistic techniques that enliven the narrative and more characteristic of conversational style or artistic speech. Such violations of the stylistic unity of the text are less characteristic of scientific and technical materials in the Uzbek language. Comparative analysis of translations shows that translators regularly carry out stylistic adaptation of the translated text, omitting the emotional and stylistic elements of the original, which seem inappropriate to them in a "serious" scientific presentation. Such, for example, evaluative epithets as dramatic (tiniq), successful (muvaffaqqiyatli), excellent (a'lo darajada), are often excessive in the Uzbek translation: These conclusions, however, raised other uncomfortable questions. - Bu xulosalar esa boshqa noqulay savollarni keltirib chiqardi..
A similar trend is found in relation to "excessive" imagery: Modern technology is growing at a very rapid rate, and new devices are appearing on the horizon much more frequently. Modern technology is developing so quickly that new types of devices appear much more often than it was before. Appear on (our) horizon, appear in our field of view, etc. - all this is possible, but unusually figurative for the Uzbek scientific
text. The absence of a complete coincidence between the English and Uzbek scientific and technical styles can be found in the study of the comparative frequency of the use of individual parts of speech in them. For scientific presentation in General a characteristic feature of nominative, greater use of nouns than in other functional styles. One and the same feature of scientific and technical style, inherent in both English and Uzbek languages, can be manifested with different evidence and expressed in different language means. We noted that the scientific presentation is characterized by high consistency and consistency. The following statements are connected by different types of logical connection: one statement follows from another, explains it, establishes causal, temporal, spatial, etc. This feature is revealed both in the English original and in the Uzbek translation. However, in the English language, logical connections between individual statements are often found only in their content and are not particularly expressed. The Uzbek language prefers to use special words and introductory phrases indicating a particular type of communication. Therefore, such additional clarifications, which are absent in the original, are often found in the translation. Translation with the help of a dictionary of unfamiliar unambiguous terms is not difficult. This is not the case when one English term corresponds to several Uzbek, for example: switch - kommutator. In this case, the conscious choice of an analogue can be dictated only by a good knowledge of the subject. When translating the English text, the translator must fully and accurately convey the author's idea, putting it in the form inherent in the Uzbek scientific and technical style and not transferring the specific features of the English original into the Uzbek text.
The English text is dominated by the personal forms of the verb, while the Uzbek scientific style is more characterized by impersonal or vaguely personal expressions. In English texts of a descriptive nature, the future tense is often used to Express ordinary action. In the context, such proposals should be translated not into the future but into the present. In English scientific and technical texts, passive expressions are particularly common, while in Uzbek the passive voice is used much less frequently. When translating, therefore, it is necessary to resort to the replacement of passive constructions by other means of expression more characteristic of the Uzbek language. As a result of research of the scientific and technical text it is possible to draw a conclusion that, the main stylistic feature of such text is the exact and accurate statement of material in the complete absence of expressive elements which give the speech emotional saturation.
In the scientific literature, there are almost no metaphors, metonymic transpositions and other stylistic figures widely used in artistic works. For all its stylistic remoteness from the living spoken language, the scientific and technical text includes a number of more or less neutral in color phraseological combinations of a technical nature. The main requirements to be met by scientific and technical translation are: accuracy - all provisions interpreted in the original must be set out in
the translation; conciseness - all provisions of the original should be stated concisely and concisely; clarity - conciseness and conciseness of the target language should not interfere with the presentation of vocabulary, its understanding; literature - the translation text should meet the generally accepted norms of the literary language, without the use of syntactic structures of the original language. The translation of a scientific and technical text must correctly convey the meaning of the original in a form as close as possible to the form of the original. Deviations should be justified by the peculiarities of the Uzbek language, the requirements of style. The translation as a whole should not be either a literal or a free retelling of the original, although elements of both are necessarily present. It is important to avoid the loss of material information of the original.
References:
1. Strelkovskiy G. M., Latyshev L. K. Scientific and technical translation. - M.: 1980.
2. Superanskaya A.V., Podolskaya N. In. Vasilyeva N. In. General terminology. Questions of theory. - M., 2003.
3. Commissarov V. N. Modern translation studies. - Moscow: Higher school, 2002.
UDC 37.02
Obidova A.B. teacher
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republic of Uzbekistan
Bukhara academic lyceum Uzbekistan, Bukhara city WAYS OF INCREASING MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH
Annotation: Modern research in the field of pedagogy and psychology pay a lot of attention to the phenomenon of motivation. In this article highlights of the ways of increasing motivation in learning English.
Key words: modern education, motivation, English language, learning.
Nowadays, the fact that motivation plays a huge role in the study of any subject, especially foreign languages, is generally accepted. However, the study of the problem of increasing motivation in the course of mastering the English language in military school is a little investigated aspect. Thus, the purpose of this article is to determine ways to increase motivation in the study of English on the example of cadet school students. It is widely known that English is the official language of international exercises and summits. It is the language of political negotiations and many public organizations. However, as a subject, the ultimate goal of which is mastering the skills of foreign language communication (both oral and written), it has a number of specific features, one of which is mastering the English language by teaching the ability to communicate in a foreign language.
