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ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛДЫ ЖЭНЕ КЛИНИКАЛЫК, ЗЕРТТЕУЛЕР
UDC: 616.36:614.878
YE.ZH. BEKMUKHAMBETOV, T.ZH. UMBETOV, A.K. BERDALINOVA, S.B. MAKHAMBETOVA
STRUCTURE OF A LIVER IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC INFLUENCE OF SODIUM TETRABORATE
West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
Bekmukhambetov Ye.Zh. - MD, Professor, Rector of West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University;
Umbetov T. Zh. - MD, Professor of Histology Department, phone:+77773904208;
Berdalinova A.K. - Doctoral Candidate of Histology Department, e-mail: berdalinova77@mail.ru;
Makhambetova S.B. - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of foreign languages course.
Introduction. The Aktobe region of ^ compounds on the organisms of humans ^ Kazakhstan is a biogeochemical region ^ and animals. The biggest sources of ^ that specializes in boron. Therefore, one ^ boron in the Earth's crust are Turkey, the ^ of the main tasks of medical workers is ^ USA, Argentina, Chile, Russia, China and ^ to study the impact of boron chemical ^ Peru [1]. Human and animal intake of ^
Introduction. One of the target organs of xenobiotics is the liver, wherein severe impairments of tissue structure developed under the influence of toxic substances, which manifest as dystrophy, bloodstream widening, and hepatocyte regeneration disorder. Liver as the biggest gland in the organism, receives double blood irrigation enriched with oxygen by its own hepatic artery and nutrient - rich from the portal vein being the first organ that receives metabolic substrates and nutrients from food. Therefore, the liver is constantly exposed to toxic substances that are absorbed, degrade, and conjugate.
Goal of research is to study the influence of tetraborate sodium on liver structure.
Methods. Chronic impact of sodium tetraborate on structure of a liver of white, not purebred rats - males was studied. Research was conducted on 30 puberal rats (10 intact, 10 control, 10 experimental). Sodium tetraborate was administered to the experimental animals within 2 months intraventricularly in a dose of 150mg/kg (1/30 LD50). After histologic diagnosis paraffin sections of a liver were stained with hematoxylin and eosine and according to Van Gieson.
Results. At chronic poisoning with sodium tetraborate the blood stasis - filling with blood of the central vein of a hepatic segment, expansion of sine capillaries, overfilling with blood of interlobular veins were observed. The degenerated cells (12,3±1,24%) were observed, generally round the central vein.They did not occur in intact and control animals. The number of two-nuclear cells was increased to 12,7±1,75% (in control 5,8±0,41, %). There was an increase in the polyploid cells, if in the control they made 2,2±0,12%, then in experiment their quantity reached 4,3±0,27%.
Conclusion. The toxic effect of borax induces degeneration of hepatocytes. The toxic substance effect produces an inflammatory process, accompanied by intensified exudation and formation of a large amount of tissue fluid, which induces circulatory dynamics imbalance. The morphofunctional deficiency, induced by cell death, causes proliferative processes in the form of an increasing number of double nucleated and polyploid hepatocytes.
Key words: sodium tetraborate, liver, degenerated hepatocytes, double nucleated cells, polyploid hepatocytes.
more than 1.0 mg of boron per day has a negative impact on health. Increasing boron intake by consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts enhances health and wellbeing [2]. M. Kabu and co-authors [1, p:255] determined that borax in lower doses didn't cause any histological changes in kidneys, large intestine, liver and stomach. Marked edema, inflammatory migration of cells and formation of new vessels were observed during administration of high dose of borax.
One of the target organs of xenobiotics is the liver where under the influence of toxic substances marked disturbances of tissue structures are developing manifesting by dystrophy, bloodstream widening, hepatocytes regeneration disorder[3].
Liver being the largest gland of the organism and the first organ receiving metabolic substratum and nutritious substances from food receives double blood irrigation enriched by oxygen due to its hepatic artery and enriched by nutritious substances received from portal vein. For this reason liver is undergone to constant influence of toxic substances that are observed, degraded or conjugated [4]. Toxic reactions are realized through direct damaging action on liver cells and characterized distinctly by observed dependence on dose of substances entered into organism and also on the duration of its influence. Therefore it is highly actual to establish the level of damaging action of toxic substances on liver from its dose and duration of action.
Materials and methods of research. Study was carried on 10 intact, 10 control, 10 experimental white outbred male rats. The investigation materials were the pieces of the largest left side lobe of the liver. Sodium tetraborate
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1-2 ml in a dose150 mg/kg (1/30 LD50) was intragastrically in aphysiological solution administered to experimental animals daily during two months, except the days off. Control animals received introventricularly 1-2 ml of physiological solution in the same period. Removing the animals from the experiment was realized by decapitation method. All manipulation on animals were done on the basis of ethnic committee permission of West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University (protocol No. 1 dated December 25, 2009). Paraffin sections of 7-8 mkm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and according to van Gieson after histological diagnosis. In increasing 400 times in the histological sections, using the morphometrical grid overlay method (grids 256 points), then the quantity of double nuclear, polyploid and degenerating cells were counted. Statistic processing of investigation findings was carried out according to the Statistica 10 software. Analysis of results was done using arithmetical mean, moderate error, Student's criterion. Differences between average indices in P<0.05 were considered as significant.
Goal of research is to study the influence of tetraborate sodium on liver structure.
Research objective is to study the structure of liver when sodium tetraborate action on rat's organism.
Research results and discussion. The normal liver mass index of rat was 41.7±2.14, which equals to more than 4% of the animal's weight. Light and dark hepatocytes were clearly visible in hepatic lobules. The center of the classic lobule usually contains light hepatic cells, while the periportal area contains dark hepatocytes (Figure 1). In singular cases, the periportal third of the hepatic lobule contains light hepatocytes.
The mean diameter of light hepatocytes, located in the center of the lobule, exceeds the diameter of peripheral cells and is 25-27 |im (Figure 1b).
After 2 months of chronic borax
Figure 2. Rat hepatic lobule after 60-day chronic borax intoxication.a - blood-filled central vein; b - sinusoid dilatation with homeostasis; c - double nucleated cells; d - polyploid hepatocyte; e - degenerated hepatocytes. Stain - hematoxylin and eosin. x1000 magnification
Figure 3.Rat hepatic lobule after 60-day chronic borax intoxication. Increase in the number of dark cells. a - central vein; b - double nucleated cells; c - degenerated hepatocytes. Stain - hematoxylin and eosin. x1000 magnification
Медицинский журнал Западного Казахстана
1.49.2016 а.
ЭKСПЕPИМЕHТАЛДЫ ЖЗНЕ КЛИНИКАЛЫК, ЗЕPТТЕУЛЕP
intoxication, blood stasis was observed - the blood filling of the central vein where parietal fibroblasts are located and sinusoidal dilatation (Figures 2a, b). However, stasis was not observed in certain central veins of hepatic lobules (Figure 3). Light hepatocytes, located around the central vein, are mostly degenerated (Figure 2e, Figure 3c, Figure 4d), while their percentage is 12.3±1.24%. They did not occur to intact and control animals. In addition, an increase in the number of double nucleated cells up to 12.7±1.75% is observed after chronic intoxication (Figure 2b, Figure 3b, Figure 4c). There is an increase in the number of polyploid cells, if their number in the control group was 2.2±0.12%, then in the experimental group their number reached 4.3±0.27% (Figure 2d).
An accumulation of fibroblasts is observed around triads, located in the periportal area (Figure 5a). If the central veins were filled with blood, then extended peritubular spaces were observed around bile ducts (Figure 5).
After 2-months borax intoxication, the relative weight of rat liver was reduced, with a mass index reduction to 36.3±2.53, which equaled to 3.6% of the animal's weight. In the control group, the index was 42.5±2.37, which equaled to 4.2% of the animal's weight.
While generalizing the research results, it should be noted that the presence of dark and light hepatocytes observed under the physiological conditions of animal life, could be explained morphologically by the difference in the content and distribution of the main cell organelles. According to M.V. Khodakova [5], the difference between dark and light hepatocytes is explained by a more developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and a greater number of mitochondria. Their cytoplasm has more glycogen, which indicates the prevalence of the synthetic process. Morphological differences between dark and light hepatocytes match their heterogeneity with regard to lipid, carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolism. Structural and functional
Figure 4.Blood stasis in sinusoids after 60-day chronic borax intoxication.a -central vein; b - sinusoids; c - double nucleated cells; d - degenerated hepatocytes. Stain - hematoxylin and eosin. x1000 magnification
Figure 5.Rat hepatic lobule after 60-day chronic borax intoxication. Periportal triad: a - interlobular bile duct with a peritubular fibroblast accumulation; b - interlobular vein; c - interlobular artery; d - degenerated hepatocytes; e - sinusoid dilatation with blood stasis; f- polypod cells. Stain: according to van Gieson. x1000 magnification
heterogeneity of hepatocytes in the ^ intensification of the synthetic process hepatic lobule reflects the peculiarities of ^ of the adaptive reaction to xenobiotic microcirculation in the hepatic lobule [6]. ^ destructive effects.
^ Increase in the number of double
After a trimensual daily inhalation priming
small concentration of a hydrogen nucleated and polyploid hepatocytes I sulfide, in a liver observed a plethora of | evidences the level of intensity in hepatic I blood vessels and increase in diameter of | cells in response to the chronic xenobiotic
a core of hepatic cells [7]. According to effect [8, p:101]. On the other hand,
| T.p. Beketova and S.M. Sekamova [8L the | the increase in the number of double
key ferments of xenobiotic metabolism nucleated and polyploid cells reflects the
| are located in light hepatocytes. For | mitotic activity of an organ and indicates
example, with the administration of the adaptive mechanisms to chronic carbon tetrachloride in toxic doses,
intoxication.
dystrophic changes did not deve|op in | The 2-months borax intoxication rat dark hepatocytes. The increase in | produced an inflammation of the liver, the number of dark hepatocytes during | Which is characterized by blood stasis
reparative regeneration evidences the in the central and interlobular veins
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and sinusoids, hepatocyte destruction, ^ References: ^ 5. Khodakova, M.V.
cellular stromal infiltration and hepatic ^ 1. Kabu, M. Histological evaluation ^ Morphofunctional state of binucleated cell regeneration. ^ of the effects of borax obtained from ^ hepatocytes in rat regenerating liver /
Conclusion. ^ various sources in different rat organs ^ M.V. Khodakova // Abstract of PhD in
1) The toxic effect of borax induces | /M.Kabu, M.Tosun, B.Elitok, M.S.Akosman | Medicine dissertation. -2004. -30 p. degeneration of white hepatocytes, ^ // J.Morphologia. -2015. -No.33 (1). ^ 6. Afanasyev,Yu.I.Liver. Histology,
^ // j.ivuji luiugia. -¿uij. -iiu.jj \±/. ^
located around the central vein, since ^ -P.255-261. ^ cytology, embryology (textbook) /Yu.I.
these cells primarily perform a detoxifying ^ 2. Forrest H. Nielsen. Update ^ Afanasyev, N.A.Yurina//Moscow, -2012.
function due to their high content in the ^ on human health effects of boron ^ -P.595-606.
cytoplasm of the smooth endoplasmic ^ /H.Nielsen. Forrest // Journal of Trace ^ 7. Ramankulova, A.B.
reticulum. ^ Elements in Medicine and Biology. -2014. ^ Morphological changes of internals
2) The toxic substance effect | -Vol.28. -No.4. -P.383-387. | at hydrogen sulfide influence / A.B. produces an inflammatory process, ^ 3. Serikov, V.S. Impact of ^ Ramankulova, T.Zh.Umbetov //West accompanied by intensified exudation melatonin on stress-induced changes Kazakhstan Medical Journal. - 2010. and formation of a large amount of tissue ^ in the liver of rats with various stress ^ -№1(25). - Р. 207.
fluid, which induces circulatory dynamics ^ tolerance / V.S.Serikov, Yu.D.Lyashev ^ 8. Beketova, T.P. Structural imbalance - prevalence of blood drainage ^ //Bulletin of Experimental Biology and ^ hepatocyte heterogeneity revisited / over blood supply. The latter results is the | Medicine. -2015. -V. 159. -No. 3. -P.290- | T.P.Beketova, S.M.Semakova // 3rd All-blood stasis in the hepatic lobular venous ^ 294. ^ Union Conference on Cell Pathology
vessels (central vein, sinusoids). | 4. Bustos-Obregon, E. | (Reports). -1982. -P.101-102.
3) The morphofunctional Histopathological effects of boron deficiency, induced by cell death, causes ^ on mouse liver /E.Bustos-Obregon, ^ proliferative processes in the form of an ^ B.R. Hartley, R.Catria - Galvez //Int.J. ^ increasing number of double nucleated ^ Morphology. -2008. -No.26 (1). -P.155- ^ and polyploid hepatocytes. 164.
ТYИIН | РЕЗЮМЕ
Е.Ж. БЕКМУХАМБЕТОВ, Т.Ж. УМБЕТОВ, А.К. БЕРДАЛИНОВА, | Е.Ж. БЕКМУХАМБЕТОВ, Т.Ж. УМБЕТОВ, А.К. БЕРДАЛИНОВА, С.Б. МАХАМБЕТОВА | С.Б. МАХАМБЕТОВА
ТЕТРАБОРАТ НАТРИЙДЩ СОЗЫЛМАЛЫ ЭСЕР! | СТРУКТУРА ПЕЧЕНИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО
ЖАГДАЙЫНДАГЫ БАУЫРДЬЩ К^РЫЛЫМЫ | ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ТЕТРАБОРАТА НАТРИЯ
Марат Оспанов атында™ Батыс Казахстан мемлекетпк | Западно-Казахстанский государственный медицинский медицина университету Актебе, Казахстан | университет имени Марата Оспанова, Актобе, Казахстан
Юркпе. Ксенобиотиктердщнысанасы болып табылатын | Введение. Одним из органов-мишеней ксен°би°тикам
мYшелердiн, бiрi - бауыр, токсикалык заттардын эсерiнен тiн | является печень, в которой под влиянием токсических
курылымынын айкын бузылысы дамиды, дистрофиямен, | веЩеств развиваются выраженные нарушения струетуры
кантамыр арнасынын кенеюiмен, гепатоциттердiн | ткани, проявляюЩиеся д^рсф^ расширением
регенерациясынын бузылуымен керiнедi. Бауыр аfзадаfы | сосУдистого рУсла, нарушением регенерации гепатоцитов.
ен Yлкен без болып табылады, таfамнан коректт заттарды | Печень, являясь самой большой железой организма,
жэне метаболикалык субстраттарды алатын бiрiншi мYше | получает двойное орошение крови, обогащенной
бола отырып, коректт заттарfа каныккан какпа венасы жэне | кислородом за счет собственной печеночной артерии и
оттегiге каныккан меншiктi бауыр артериясы аркылы екi есе | обогащенные питательными вещами из воротной вены,
канмен камтамасыз етiледi. Сол себептп, бауыр токсикалык I будуЧи первым органом в получении метаболических
заттарды жутып, бейтараптап жэне коньюгациялай отырып, | субстратов и питательных веществ из пищи. По этой
причине, печень подвергается постоянному воздействию
туракты эсерге ушырайды. §
токсических веществ, которые поглощаются, деградируют Зерттеу максаты. Тетраборат натрийд1н бауыр а > г- —, /пг-^г-»
... § или конъюгируют.
морфологиясына эсер1н1н зерттеу. §
$ Цель исследования. Изучение воздействия бората
& металлов (тетрабората натрия) на морфологию печени.
ЭдктерГ Теказ аталык ак егеукуйрыктардын ^
бауырынын курылымына тетраборат натрийдiн созылмалы ||
,_„ & Методы. Изучено хроническое воздействие
эсерш зерттед1к. Зерттеу 30 егеукуйрыкка (10 интактылы, %
тетрабората натрия на структуру печени белых,
Медицинский журнал Западного Казахстана
1.49.2016 œ.
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ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛДЫ ЖЭНЕ КЛИНИКАЛЫК, ЗЕРТТЕУЛЕР
10 - бакылау, 10 - тэжiрибелiк) жYPгiзiлдi. Тэжiрибелiк жануарларfа 2 ай бойына 150 мг/кг дозада тетраборат натрий ш куысына енгiзiлдi. Гистологиялык eткiзуден кейiн парафиндi кесiндiлер гематоксилин - эозин жэне ван Гизонмен боялды.
Нэтижеа. Тетраборат натриймен созылмалы улану кезшде орталык венанын канfа толfанын - кан iркiлiсi, синусоидальды капиллярлардын ке^геы, бeлiк аралык венанын канfа толfаны байкалды. Негiзiнен орталык венанын айналасында дегенерацияланfан жасушалар (12,3±1,24%) аныкталды. Интактылы жэне бакылау жануарларында аныкталfан жок. Екi ядролы жасушалардын саны 12,7±1,75% (бакылауда 5,8±0,41,%) дейiн eстi. Полиплоидты жасушалар санынын (бакылауда 2,2±0,12%, тэжiрибеде 4,3±0,27%) кeбейгенi байкалды.
К,орытынды. Тетраборат натрийдщ токсикалык эсерi гепатоциттер дегенерациясын тудырады. Токсикалык заттардын эсерi кабыну процесiне алып келедi, гемодинамика дисбалансына алып келетiн, тiндiк суйыктык саны кеп мелшерде тYзiледi жэне экссудация ^шейедк Морфофункционалды жетiспеушiлiк, екi ядролы жэне полиплоидты гепатоциттер санынын ^аюы тYрiндегi пролиферативтi процестерiн тудыратын жасушалар eлiмiне негiзделген.
Нег'зг'! свздер: натрий тетрабораты, бауыр, дегенерацияламан гепатоциттер, ек ядролы жасушалар, полиплоидты гепатоциттер.
^ беспородных крыс-самцов. Исследование было проведено ^ на 30 половозрелых крысах (10 интактные, 10 контрольные, ^ 10 экспериментальные). Экспериментальным животным в ^ течение 2-х месяцев внутрижелудочно в дозе 150мг/кг (1/30 ^ ЛД50) вводился тетраборат натрия. После гистологической проводки парафиновые срезы печени окрашивали ^ гематоксилин эозином и по ван Гизону. ^ Результаты. При хроническом отравлении
тетраборатом натрия наблюдался стаз крови - заполнение кровью центральной вены печеночной дольки, расширение синусоидальных капилляров, переполнение кровью междольковых вен. Наблюдались, в основном, вокруг центральной вены дегенерированные клетки (12,3±1,24%). ^ У интактных и контрольных животных они не выявлялись. ^ Возрастала численность двуядерных клеток до 12,7±1,75% ^ (в контроле 5,8±0,41,%). Происходило увеличение ^ полиплоидных клеток, если в контроле они составляли 2,2±0,12%, то в эксперименте их количество достигало 4,3±0,27%.
Выводы. В результате токсического действия ^ тетрабората натрия происходит дегенерация гепатоцитов. ^ Воздействие токсического вещества приводит к воспалительному процессу, что сопровождается усиленной экссудацией и образованию большого количества тканевой жидкости, которая приводит к дисбалансу гемодинамики. Морфофункциональный дефицит, обусловленный гибелью клеток, вызывает пролиферативные процессы в виде увеличения количества двуядерных и полиплоидных гепатоцитов.
^ Ключевые слова: тетраборат натрия, печень, ^ дегенерированные гепатоциты, двуядерные клетки, ^ полиплоидные гепатоциты.
UDC: 616.233-072.1
A.V. ALIYEV1, R.A. CHOBANOV1, M.A. ZEYNALOV2, TAUSEEF AHMAD3
EFFICIENCY OF THE LOCAL ULTRALOW TB DRUGS CONCENTRATION AT LESIONS IN THE COMPLEX THERAPY OF DESTRUCTIVE FORMS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES
Azerbaijan Medical University, Baku, Azerbaijan 2Gusar District Central Hospital, Gusar, Azerbaijan 3Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Aliyev A.V. - Candidate of Medical Science of Public health & healthcare management chair,
e-mail: amirvugar@mail.ru, phone:+994556701359;
Chobanov R.A. - Professor, head of Public health & healthcare management chair; Zeynalov M.A. - Head physician of Gusar District Central Hospital; Tauseef Ahmad - PhD student, Department of Microbiology, e-mail:Tauseef.Ahmad@hu.edu.pk.
Relevance. - it is AIDS, diabetes, tuberculosis
The World Health Organization ^ and malaria [1, 2, 6]. The situation is identifies four diseases that pose a threat aggravated by the steady increase in the to the existence of human civilization number of patients with a combination
