Научная статья на тему 'Structural typology of eponyms in medical English'

Structural typology of eponyms in medical English Текст научной статьи по специальности «Фундаментальная медицина»

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Ключевые слова
DISCOURSE / MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY / EPONYM

Аннотация научной статьи по фундаментальной медицине, автор научной работы — Lysanets Yu.V., Havrylieva K.H.

The present paper focuses on the issue of typologization of medical eponyms in English. The authors analyzed the existing structural, thematic and etymological classifications of eponyms in the English language of medicine, and developed their own structural typology, intended for medical setting. Eponyms are largely used in medical language, and their significance in medical discourse is undeniable. The advantages of eponyms in medical terminology consist in their international nature, unambiguity, brevity and conciseness. Eponymic names disclose the evolution of medical research and practice, provide continuity of scientific knowledge and contribute to the formation of terminological competence of medical students. The use of medical eponyms contributes to a deeper understanding of the development of clinical thinking and diagnostics, unveils the history of medicine evolvement, and increases the intellectual level of the physician. It has been emphasized that eponyms can be tricky and confusing on the pragmatic level, since they can be easily misspelled, erroneously used or misunderstood. The authors point out that careful examination and structural categorization of English medical eponyms in academic setting is essential. The suggested typology will promote a better understanding and deeper memorizing of eponymic terms, which in its turn will prevent possible errors when using these lexical units in the process of mastering ESP. The phenomenon of eponymy in the English medical discourse requires further study, in particular, in the light of synchronous and diachronic aspects. The prospects for research include the in-depth study of English eponyms and their structure in the specific areas of medical knowledge (both clinical and theoretical medicine).

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Текст научной работы на тему «Structural typology of eponyms in medical English»

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UDC 811.111

Lysanets Yu.V., Havrylieva K.H.

STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGY OF EPONYMS IN MEDICAL ENGLISH

HSEE of Ukraine "Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy", Poltava

The present paper focuses on the issue of typologization of medical eponyms in English. The authors analyzed the existing structural, thematic and etymological classifications of eponyms in the English language of medicine, and developed their own structural typology, intended for medical setting. Eponyms are largely used in medical language, and their significance in medical discourse is undeniable. The advantages of eponyms in medical terminology consist in their international nature, unambiguity, brevity and conciseness. Eponymic names disclose the evolution of medical research and practice, provide continuity of scientific knowledge and contribute to the formation of terminological competence of medical students. The use of medical eponyms contributes to a deeper understanding of the development of clinical thinking and diagnostics, unveils the history of medicine evolvement, and increases the intellectual level of the physician. It has been emphasized that eponyms can be tricky and confusing on the pragmatic level, since they can be easily misspelled, erroneously used or misunderstood. The authors point out that careful examination and structural categorization of English medical eponyms in academic setting is essential. The suggested typology will promote a better understanding and deeper memorizing of eponymic terms, which in its turn will prevent possible errors when using these lexical units in the process of mastering ESP. The phenomenon of eponymy in the English medical discourse requires further study, in particular, in the light of synchronous and diachronic aspects. The prospects for research include the in-depth study of English eponyms and their structure in the specific areas of medical knowledge (both clinical and theoretical medicine).

Key words: discourse, medical terminology, eponym.

Problem statement and its association with scientific and practical tasks. Eponyms constitute an extensive layer of medical terminology [8; 11], and therefore have always been and remain the continual focus of linguists' interest. The undeniable advantages of eponyms in medical terminology are obvious: eponyms are international, unambiguous, laconic and concise [3]. Furthermore, eponymic names (1) disclose the evolution of medical research and practice; (2) provide continuity of scientific knowledge and (3) contribute to the formation of terminological competence of medical students [10]. The use of medical eponyms contributes to a deeper understanding of the development of clinical thinking and diagnostics, unveils the history of medicine evolvement, and increases the intellectual level of the physician [2]. It is beyond doubt that all these benefits render eponyms an essential part of medical terminology. However, eponyms can be very tricky and confusing on the pragmatic level: they can be easily misspelled, erroneously used or misunderstood [10]. Therefore, these terms require careful examination and systematization.

Analysis of recent research publications on the subject. Eponymic terms have already been extensively studied in almost all national languages. Hence, eponyms were by M.L. Osadchyk (English terminology), A.V. Varnavska (Spanish terminology), H.D. Benkendorf (German terminology). Ukrainian eponymic terms were analyzed by M.V. Dmytruk (veterinary terminology), L.D. Malevich (hydro-ameliorative terminology). S.V. Ovseychyk (environmental terminology), M.M. Dziuba (scientific terminology), L.M. Konoplianyk (physics). Medical eponyms were extensively analyzed by O.M. Bieliaieva [1], V.G. Synytsia [2] (Latin medical terminology), G.I. Bezhenar (French medical terms), N.I. Bytsko

(endocrinology), N.D. Kondratiev (Russian medical terms), I.M. Hnatyshyna (Ukrainian medical eponyms), R.I. Stetsyuk (cardiology), N.V. Misnyk (clinical medical terms), T.V. Lepekha (forensic terminology) and others.

The objectives of the article are analyze the existing classifications of eponyms in medical English and to develop a new structural typology, intended particularly for medical setting. The suggested typology will promote a better understanding and deeper memorizing of eponymic terms. This will prevent possible errors when using these lexical units in the process of mastering ESP, which renders the present research relevant. The material of the study is the corpus of open access research papers, registered in the electronic database of medical publications "PubMed" [13].

The principal data of the study. The scientific efforts on structural, thematic and etymological typologization of eponyms in medical English have already been made [6; 7]. Barbara Cappuzzo [6] provides the classification of eponyms by their thematic content. Hence, the eponymous terms in medicine are used to refer to (1) pathological conditions (e.g., Pellegrini's disease); (2) groups of symptoms (e.g., Alder's syndrome); (3) injuries (e.g., runner's knee); (4) medical equipment (e.g., Beck's cannula); (5) anatomical structures (e.g., Gartner's canal); (6) theoretical knowledge (e.g., Golgi's law); (7) laboratory examinations (e.g., Kober's test); (8) techniques (e.g., Neumann's method); (9) microorganisms (e.g., Abel's bacillum); and (10) drug-induced conditions (e.g., Southworth's symptom complex).

Further, the scholar develops the additional classification according to the origin of medical eponyms [6]. In this context, eponymous names can be:

(1) Proper names of people who have studied a

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particular disease or condition (e.g., Down syndrome). These are eponyms where a generic name (e.g., diseases, syndromes, procedures, brain areas, signs, instruments) is preceded by the name of the scientist(s) who first described the phenomenon. This category is the largest, embracing 70% of diseases or syndromes included in the 26th edition of Stedman's Medical Dictionary (1995) [6].

(2) Common names of professions (e.g., coal miner's knee) or classes of individuals (e.g., housemaid's knee or golfer's elbow).

(3) Names of mythological and literary characters (e.g., Oedipus complex; Munchausen syndrome).

(4) Toponyms (for instance, Coxsackie virus was named after a place in New York where the virus was first identified; Lassa fever was named after a village in Nigeria where the fever was first reported; Lyme disease was named after Lyme, Connecticut, where the disease was first described; Ebola virus was named after a place in Zaire, Africa).

(5) Proper names of patients who have suffered from a particular disease or condition (also termed "autoeponyms"). For example, Christmas disease was named after the first known patient with this disorder, a ten-years-old boy Stephen Christmas; Lou Gehrig disease was named after a baseball player who was first diagnosed with it in 1939; Musset sign was named after a French poet Alfred de Musset (1810-1857) who had this condition.

John Dirckx [7] suggests a detailed and well-grounded structural classification of medical eponyms depending on their morphological structure:

(1) The synthetic genitive with "'s": Hodgkin's disease, Poupart's ligament, Hutchinson's teeth, gamekeeper's thumb, housemaid's knee, pigeon-breeder's lung, obstetrician's hand, hangman's fracture, etc.

(2) The analytic genitive with "of": the circle of Willis, the foramen of Monro, a crypt of Lieberkühn, the sinuses of Aschoff and Rokitansky.

(3) Substantival adjunct (proper noun used as an adjective without change of form): Colles fracture, Jones criteria, Hering-Breuer reflex. This is the form regularly used with compound (hyphenated) proper names referring to more than one person (Pellegrini-Stieda disease). It is also standard for eponyms referring to surgical instruments or devices (Kocher clamp, Levin tube, Velpeau bandage), methods or techniques (Gram stain, Papanicolaou smear, Pfannenstiel incision), and genetic factors or familial disorders (Christmas factor, Duffy blood group, Hartnup disease), as well as terms based on the names of literary characters (Achilles tendon, Munchausen syndrome, Oedipus complex) and toponyms (Lyme disease, Madura foot, Murray Valley encephalitis). In addition, this form is often chosen for proper names ending in "s" (Colles fracture, Graves disease) [7].

(4) Truncated form (isolated proper noun, used in place of substantival adjunct + principal noun): a positive Babinski [sign], to insert a Foley [catheter], the one-minute Apgar (the Apgar score one minute after delivery). These abridged terms are widely used primarily in spoken language [7].

(5) Formal adjectives: cushingoid facies, eustachian tube, graafian follicle, rolandic fissure.

(6) Derived nouns: bartholinitis, chagoma, descemetocele, parkinsonism.

(7) Derived verbs: to bovie, to crede, to kocherize, to pasteurize.

As one can observe, the structural typology, suggested by John Dirckx, is very detailed indeed. However, it is our belief that this typology is intended primarily for linguists, versed in grammar theory, and may be inappropriate for medical specialists. Therefore, it is essential to develop the structural typology of English eponyms specifically for medical students and staff who study ESP.

We suggest classifying medical eponyms as follows: (1) simple (one-word) eponyms, otherwise termed as deonyms; (2) affixal eponyms; (3) compound eponyms; (4) composite eponyms; (5) truncated eponyms. Let us focus on each of these groups in more detail.

The group of deonyms (one-word eponyms) includes terms whose structure coincides with the inventor's name. In medical discourse, this group is represented primarily by units of measure, i.e., roentgen, weber, volt, ampere, gray, for example: "Exposure of mice to total physical doses of 0.2gray <...> resulted in structural injury to the coronary vessels" [13].

Affixal eponyms are formed by adding an affix, or combination of affixes, to the root, which coincides with the proper name, e.g., eponym + suffixes "-ia"; "-osis"; "-itis"; "-ism", "-ella"; "-oma", etc. This tendency reflects the relevance of Latin in the modern terminology [4; 9]. The examples of such eponyms are Rickettsia and rickettsiosis (named after Howard Taylor Ricketts); Theileria and theileriosis (after Sir Arnold Theiler); Scopolia (after Giovanni Scopoli); Babesia and babesiosis (after Victor Babe§); Listeria and listeriosis (after Joseph Lister); brucellosis (after David Bruce); bartholinitis (after Caspar Bartholin the Younger); Parkinsonism (after James Parkinson); Escherichia and escherichiosis (after Theodor Escherich), Salmonella and salmonellosis (after Daniel Elmer Salmon); pasteurella (after Louis Pasteur); schwannoma (after Theodor Schwann), etc.

Compound eponymous terms are made up of several lexical units: galvanoscope, galvanocaustics, galvanopalpation, galvanotherapy (after Luigi Galvani); roentgenograph, roentgenography, roentgenologist, roentgenology, roentgenoscopy, roentgenotherapy, roentgenogram (after Wilhelm Roentgen), etc.

Composite eponyms are terminological collocations, consisting of several words. They are used to denote diseases, phenomena, processes,

АктуальН проблеми сучасно!' медицины

methods and the like: Heymann's antibodies, Schatzki's ring, Gay-Lussac's law, Pfannenstiel's syndrome, etc.

Truncated eponyms are formed by means of reduction or abbreviation: Pap smear (from Georgios Papanikolaou); HeLa (a cell line, derived from cervical cancer cells taken from a patient named Henrietta Lacks); BCG (bacillus of Calmette and Guerin), etc.

Conclusions and perspectives of further research in this direction. Eponyms are largely used in medical language, and their significance in medical discourse is undeniable [10]. We believe that careful structural categorization of English medical eponyms will promote their better understanding and deeper memorizing, which in its turn will prevent possible errors when studying ESP [5; 12]. The aforementioned material has already been integrated into the 1st edition of Medical English for Academic and Teaching Purposes (by Yu. Lysanets, O. Bieliaieva, M. Melaschenko: currently in press). The prospects for research are in the in-depth study of English eponyms and their structure in the specific areas of medical knowledge (both clinical and theoretical medicine). It is our belief that the phenomenon of eponymy in the English medical discourse requires further study, in particular, in the light of synchronous and diachronic aspects.

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Bieliaieva O. Paronymy in the sublanguage of medicine (linguistic and linguo-didactic aspects) / O. Bieliaieva, Yu. Lysanets, K. Havrylieva, I. Znamenska, I. Rozhenko, N. Nikolaieva // Georgian Medical News. - 2017. - 271. - P. 144-149. Cappuzzo B. Eponyms or descriptive equivalent terms? / Barbara Cappuzzo // Esercizi, Miscellanea del Dipartimento di Scienze Filologiche e Linguistiche. - Palermo : Luxograph, 2008. - Vol. II. - P. 25-35.

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Mishchenko V.P. Effect of renal peptides-cytomedins on blood coagulation and lipid peroxidation in experimental Heymann nephritis / V.P. Mishchenko, I.P. Kaidashev, I.I. Silenko, V.K. Khavinson // Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. - 1991. - 5. - P. 35-36. Morokhovets H.Yu. Developing the professional competence of future doctors in the instructional setting of higher medical educational institutions / H.Yu. Morokhovets, Yu.V. Lysanets // Wiadomosci Lekarskie. - 2017. - 70(1). - P. 101-104. PubMed database [Електронний ресурс] / Режим доступу: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

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Беляева О.М. Латинсько-укра'шський тлумачний словник клшь чних термов / О.М. Беляева. - К. : ВСВ «Медицина», 2016. -222 с.

Синиця В.Г. Термшолопчш словосполучення з вiдпрiзвищевим .

компонентом для позначення природжених вад людського оргашзму / В.Г. Синиця, О.М. Беляева // Матерiали 97-'''

Реферат

СТРУКТУРНА ТИПОЛОГ1Я ЕПОН1М1В В МЕДИЧН1Й ТЕРМ1НОЛОГ1Т АНГЛ1ЙСЬКОТ МОВИ

Лисанець Ю.В., Гаврильева К.Г.

Ключов1 слова: дискурс, медична термЫолопя, епонлм.

У статт дослщжено проблему типолопзаци медичних епонiмiв англшсько''' мови. Проаналiзовано сучасш структуры, тематичш i етимолопчш класифкаци епонiмiв у медичному дискура. Епошми широко використовуються у сучаснш медичнш термшологи. Переваги використання епонiмiв полягають насамперед у мiжнародному характерi цих лексичних одиниць, Т'х однозначности стислост та лакошчностк Епошми розкривають еволюцш медичних дослщжень, забезпечують безперервнють наукових знань i сприяють формуванню термшолопчно''' компетентност студен^в-медиш. Використання медичних епонiмiв сприяе глибшому розумшню становлення ключного мислення та дiагностики, розкривае юторш розвитку медицини та пщвищуе штелектуальний рiвень лкаря. Водно-час, епошми можуть викликати труднощi на прагматичному рiвнi. Автори наголошують на важливост ретельного вивчення i структурування медичних епонiмiв англшсько''' мови. Авторами розроблено власну структурну типолопю, призначену для студенев та викладачiв медичних вишiв: (1) прост (одно^вш) епошми або термши-деошми; (2) афксальш епошми; (3) складш епошми; (4) складен епошми; (5) уачеш епонiми. Запропонована типологiя сприятиме поглибленому розумшню та запам'ятовуванню епонiмiчних термов, що, у свою чергу, дасть змогу уникнути помилок при використанш цих лексичних одиниць у процеа опанування англшсько''' мови для спе^альних цтей. Явище епонiмiзацiТ в англомовному медичному дискура вимагае подальшого вивчення, зокрема, у синхрони та дiахронiТ. Перспективи дослiдження полягають у поглибленому вивченш англiйських епонiмiв та 'х структурних особливостей у конкретних сферах медичного знання.

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Том 18, Випуск 1 (61)

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В1СНИК ВДНЗУ «Украгнська медична стоматологгчна академя»

Реферат

СТРУКТУРНАЯ ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЭПОНИМОВ В МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА Лисанец Ю.В., Гаврильева К.Г.

Ключевые слова: дискурс, медицинская терминология, эпоним.

В статье исследована проблема типологизации медицинских эпонимов английского языка. Проанализированы современные структурные, тематические и этимологические классификации эпонимов в медицинском дискурсе. Эпонимы широко используются в современной медицинской терминологии. Преимущества использования эпонимов заключаются прежде всего в международном характере этих лексических единиц, их однозначности, краткости и лаконичности. Эпонимы раскрывают эволюцию медицинских исследований, обеспечивают непрерывность научных знаний и способствуют формированию терминологической компетентности студентов-медиков. Использование медицинских эпонимов способствует более глубокому пониманию становления клинического мышления и диагностики, раскрывает историю развития медицины и повышает интеллектуальный уровень врача. В то же время, эпонимы могут вызвать трудности на прагматическом уровне. Авторы подчеркивают важность тщательного изучения и структурирования медицинских эпонимов английского языка. Авторами разработана собственная структурная типология, предназначенная для студентов и преподавателей медицинских вузов: (1) простые (однословные) эпонимы или термины-деонимы; (2) аффиксальные эпонимы; (3) сложные эпонимы; (4) составные эпонимы; (5) усеченные эпонимы. Предложенная типология будет способствовать углубленному пониманию и запоминанию эпонимических терминов, что, в свою очередь, позволит избежать ошибок при использовании этих лексических единиц в процессе освоения английского языка для специальных целей. Явление эпонимизации в англоязычном медицинском дискурсе требует дальнейшего изучения, в частности, в синхронии и диахронии. Перспективы исследования заключаются в углубленном изучении эпонимов английского языка и их структурных особенностей в конкретных сферах медицинского знания.

УДК 378.147+616.314-089 Октисюк Ю. В.

ОСОБЛИВОСТ1 ВИКЛАДАННЯ ДИТЯЧО1 Х1РУРГ1ЧНО1 СТОМАТОЛОГИ В УМОВАХ КРЕДИТНО-ТРАНСФЕРНО1 СИСТЕМИ ОСВ1ТИ

1вано-Франшський нацюнальний медичний уыверситет

У статт/ наведено особливост/ оргашзацИ та досв'д викладання дисциплни "Дитяча хiрургiчна стоматолог'я" на засадах кредитно-трансферно'У системи ос&ти на кафедр/ дитячоУ стоматолога ДВНЗ "1вано-Франювський нацюнальний медичний унверситет" для здобуття студентами про-феайних компетентностей та формування клiнiчного мислення. Обфунтовано завдання та цiлi дисциплни "Дитяча хiрургiчна стоматолог'я", УУ значення для л'каря-клМциста, описано структуру модулю та видавничу д'яльн'ють кафедри дитячо'У стоматолога '¡з даного предмету. В'дображено методику проведення практичних та позааудиторних занять, а також складання студентами пд-сумкового модульного контролю '¡з дисциплни. Подано нформацю про особливост/ проведення занять на субординатур¡, '¡нтеграц'УУ отриманих знань / умiнь для складання комплексного /нтегрова-ного !спиту "КРОК 2. Стоматолог'я". Комплексне використання активних форм навчання '¡з дисциплни "Дитяча хiрургiчна стоматолог'я", наявнсть якюного контролю освтнього процесу протягом навчання та пдсумкового складання модулв створюе умови для формування профеай-ного кругозору у студент 'в при встановленнi правильного дагнозу та обраннi л'кувальноУ тактики у дтей '¡з хiрургiчною патолог'ею, пдвищуе мотива^ю викладацького складу до ефективно'У педа-гогЫноТ роботи / постшного профеыйного удосконалення.

Ключов1 слова: викладання, кредитно-трансферна система, дитяча х1рурпчна стоматолопя.

Вступ

Офщшне приеднання УкраТни до Болонського процесу на Бергенському самт, що вщбувся 1920 травня 2005 року в м. Берген (Норвепя), за-декларувавши таким чином курс штеграцп вггчи-зняноТ системи вищоТ осв^и в европейський та свтовий освп~нш i науковий простори [2]. Юнце-вою метою Болонського процесу у медичнш освт виступае подготовка компетентних та висо-коквалiфiкованих фахiвцiв для медичноТ та фа-рмацевтичноТ галузей та пов'язаних з нею сумь жних галузей та сфер сусшльного життя [1]. Це можливо лише за умови формування освiченоТ,

гармоншно розвиненоТ особистосп, здатноТ до постшного оновлення наукових знань, академiч-ноТ та професшноТ мобшьносп, швидкоТ адапта-цп до змш i розвитку в со^ально-культурнш сфер^ в медичнш та фармацевтичнш галузях [4]. Оргашза^я осв^нього процесу при цьому повинна здшснюватися з урахуванням наявного науково-педагопчного потен^алу, можливостей Тх академiчноТ мобшьносп для провадження професшноТ дiяльностi, матерiальноТ, навчаль-но-методичноТ бази ушверсите^в, з урахуванням можливостей сучасних шформацшних тех-нологiй навчання тощо [3;5]. На жаль, i сьогоднi

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