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ARTERIAL EPONYMS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Kutia S. A., Kiselev V. V., Lyashchenko O. I.
Medical academy named after S. I. Georgievsky of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
ЭПОНИМЫ В НАЗВАНИЯХ АРТЕРИЙ ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА
Кутя С. А., Киселев В. В., Лященко О. И.
Медицинская академия имени С. И. Георгиевского
ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет имени В. И. Вернадского»
' Кутя С.А.— ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет имени В. И. Вернадского», Симферополь, заведующий кафедрой медицинской биологии Медицинской академии имени С И. Георгиевского, профессор, доктор медицинских наук.
2 Киселев В.В.— ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет имени В. И. Вернадского», Симферополь, ассистент кафедры судебной медицины Медицинской академии имени С. И. Георгиевского, кандидат медицинских наук.
3 Лященко О.И.— ФГАОУ ВО «Крымский федеральный университет имени В. И. Вернадского», Симферополь, доцент кафедры медицинской биологии Медицинской академии имени С И. Георгиевского, доцент, кандидат медицинских наук.
' Kutia SA — V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, head of Medical Biology Department of Medical academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, professor, doctor of medicine.
2 Kiselev V.V.— V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, assistant of Forensic Medicine Department of Medical academy named afterS. I. Georgievsky, PhD.
3 Lyashchenko O.I.— V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, associate professor of Medical Biology Department of Medical academy named after S. I. Georgievsky, associate professor, PhD.
Кутя
Сергей Анатольевич Kutia Sergey A. 295006, бул. Ленина 5/7, г. Симферополь, Республика Крым
E-mail:
[email protected]; тел.: (3652) 55-47-14
Summary
Eponym — name of the disease, certain structure or method after the person who usually first discovered and described them. Eponyms are widely spread in medicine which appeared to be in the area of a great interest for a lot of scientists. They can serve as a reflection of the evolution of the medical knowledge and making up the majority of anatomical terms.
The article describes 12 arterial eponyms of the gastrointestinal tract giving a full anatomical description. It also gives an explanation of why and how those structures were named after certain scientists and what contribution they've made into the development of medicine.
Keywords: eponyms, arteries of gastrointestinal tract, history of medicine
Eksperimental'naya i Klinicheskaya Gastroenterologiya 2015; 116 (4): 103-108
Резюме
Эпоним — термин, который описывает название болезни, определенной структуры или метода по имени человека, который, как правило, первым открыл и описал их. Эпонимы широко распространены в медицине, которая представляла большой интерес для многих ученых. Эпонимы служат в качестве отражения эволюции медицинских знаний и составляют большинство анатомических терминов.
В статье приведены 12 эпонимов в названиях артерий желудочно-кишечного тракта, дается полное анатомическое описание наряду с объяснением, почему и как эти структуры получили свои названия в честь ученых и какой вклад они сделали в развитие медицины.
Ключевые слова: эпонимы, артерии желудочно-кишечного тракта, история медицины. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология 2015; 118 (6): 103-108
Fig. 1.
Hans Carl Leopold Barkow (1798-1873).
Fig. 2.
Fragment of Buhler's article with a description of «his' arcade.
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Eponym — name of the disease, certain structure or method after the person who usually first discovered and described them. Eponyms are widely spread in medicine which appeared to be in the area of a great interest for a lot of scientists. They can serve as a reflection of the evolution of the medical knowledge and making up the majority of anatomical terms.
The aim of our work was to systematize the eponymous nomenclature in arteries of the gastrointestinal tract.
Barkow's arcade (or arc of Barkow) is formed by the anastomosis of the right and left omental branches from the right and left gastroomental arteries found in the posterior layer of the greater omentum along it's distal border. It can provide collateral circulation.
German anatomist and physiologist Hans Carl Leopold Barkow (1798-1873) (fig. 1) studied in Universities of Greifswald and Berlin. Barkow received his medical degree from the University of Berlin in 1821 and taught anatomy at the University of Rostock and Breslau. Professor of anatomy from 1835, director ofthe anatomical institute from 1845 and rector in 1850-51. In 1862 he described arterial anastomosis named in his honor [1].
Belsey's artery — inconstant vessel connecting left gastric artery and inferior phrenic arteries. It's ligation is essential to avoid severe bleeding and enables complete mobilization of cardia when performing hiatal hernia repair (Belsey Mark IV procedure) [2].
Famous British thoracic surgeon Ronald Herbert Robert Belsey (1910-2007) practiced in numerous hospitals in USA, Canada and Great Britain. He became world-known for his pioneering techniques in oesophageal surgery [3].
Buhler's arcade (or arc of Buhler) — a vascular junction connecting the coeliac system and the superior mesenteric system. This embryonic vessel presents after the birth in 1-4 % of individuals. It persists due to failure of regression of ventral anastomosis between 10th and 13th segmental arteries, arising from the aorta.
This anatomic entity was first described by Swiss anatomist from University of Zurich Anton Buhler (1869-1959) in 1904 (fig. 2) [4].
The marginal artery of Drummond (the marginal artery of the large intestine) is the large vessel which is closest to and which is parallel to the wall of large intestine from which the vasae rectae arise.
An Irish-born British physician Sir David Drummond (1852-1932) (fig. 3) studied medicine at Trinity College in Dublin and received further education
in Prague, Vienna, and Strasbourg. In 1878-1912 he worked in the Royal Victoria Infirmary (Newcastle). His academic carrier (more than fifty years) took place at the University of Durham where he was a professor of the principles and practice of medicine from 1911 to 1924. He was a president of the British Medical Association in 1921-1922 [5].
He reported results of his studies in authoritative book "Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Guide to Their Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment, with an Anatomical and Physiological Introduction" published in 1883.
The marginal artery of Dwight (the marginal artery of the small intestine) is defined as the artery which runs closest to, and parallel with, the wall of the intestine and from which the vasae rectae arise. This is made up of arcades and usually consists of continuous channel. Breaks in this anastomotic arcade of the small intestine may, however, be present at the junction between the inferior pancreato-duodenal artery and first jejunal artery and at the junction between the terminal ileal artery and the ileocolic artery. It was described first by Thomas Dwight (1843-1911) in 1903.
American anatomist Thomas Dwight (fig. 4) obtained his degree of medical doctor from Harvard Medical School in 1867. After medical studies he continued his education in Germany, Austria and England. From 1872 he worked as an instructor in comparative anatomy at Harvard. In 1883 he succeeded famous anatomist Oliver Wendell Holmes as Parkman professor of anatomy at Harvard Medical School [6]. He is well known for his osteological collection in the Warren Museum of Anatomy. Dwight is a pioneer of frozen sections in USA. He is considered the father of American forensic anthropology.
Haller's tripod — division of celiac trunk into three branches: left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries.
Outstanding XXVIII century scientist Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) (fig. 5) made a major contribution to anatomy, physiology, embryology, botany, poetry and scientific bibliography. He is often considered as the "father of experimental physiology".
Haller begun to study medicine at the University of Tubingen and continued in Leiden where famous Hermann Boerhaave and Bernhard Siegfried Albinus were his teachers [7]. After getting M.D. in 1727 he traveled throughout Europe to visit leading medical centers, including Paris and Oxford. In 1736 he accepted a professorship in anatomy, surgery and botany at the newly formed University of Gottingen. He worked at Gottingen until 1753, when he left school to become politician.
His heritage is outstanding. He summarized all known that time facts and theories related to the functioning of human body in his "Elementa physi-ologiae corporis humani" (1757). This comprehensive, eight-volume treatise marks a milestone in medicine and biology. His physiological experiments let him to discover that irritability is a quality of muscles, while sensibility is a property of nerves [7]. He coined term "physiology". Studying chick embryogenesis Haller declared against theory of epigenesis and tried to develop preformation theory. As noted botanist he proposed classification of plants based on their habitat and the
Fig. 3.
David Drummond (1852-1932).
Fig. 4.
Thomas Dwight (1843-1911).
Fig. 5.
Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777).
Fig. 6
Josef Hyrtl (1810-1894).
Fig. 7.
Esben Kirk (1905-1975).
Fig. 8.
Jean Riolan the Younger (1577 or 1580-1657).
composition of their fruits and seeds published a major work on the Swiss plants. His other contributions include foundation of botanical garden, anatomical theater, and first physiological institute in Germany. His four volumes "Bibliography of the practice of medicine" list about 52000 articles on medicine, anatomy, surgery, and botany. He wrote biographies of more than 2000 persons, over 1200 reviews, published nearly 1300 scientific papers. As one of the most famous medical truants [8] Haller became well known because of his historical novels, theological books. His poetical heritage influenced Goethe and Schiller. Haller's poem "Alps", written in the landscape poetry genre, played a key role in promoting Alpine tourism. Besides "Haller's tripod" at least 22 more anatomical structures were named in his honor.
Hyrtl's arc is an anastomosis between right and left gastroomental arteries located within the anterior layer of the greater omentum close to greater curvature of stomach [5].
An eminent Austrian anatomist Josef Hyrtl (18101894) (fig. 6) studied medicine in Vienna. Hyrtl taught anatomy as a professor at the Universities of Prague and Vienna [9]. Hyrtl was one of the most prominent anatomists of his time. His scientific interests focused on human and animal anatomy of osseous and vascular systems. His comparative studies of the anatomy of ear led him to discover epitympanic recess ("Hyrtl's recess"). At least 10 anatomical entities were named in his honor. His "Handbook of Human Anatomy" (1846) is as significant as "Gray's Anatomy". This textbook was re-edited 22 times and was translated into many languages. Another his treatise "Handbook of Topographical Anatomy" is a first book on this discipline ever written. He also developed vascular corrosion casting technique. In Vienna he created a Museum of Comparative Anatomy of 5000 specimens [10].
Kirk's arcade is formed by right transverse branch of the dorsal pancreatic artery joining with anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal or gastroduodenal artery [11]. Its first detailed description appeared in work of Danish researcher Esben Kirk (fig. 7) in 1931 [12].
Esben Kirk (after getting American citizenship — John Esben Kirk) (1905-1975) earned his MD in 1929 from the University of Copenhagen and PhD in biochemistry there in 1936. Working at Washington University School of Medicine in 1947-1973 Kirk became one of the pioneers in gerontology [13]. He was editor in chief of the "Journal of Gerontology" from 1951 to 1962. After his death in 1975 Washington University established "Dr. John Esben Kirk Scholastic Award" awarding to graduate of high scholastic standing.
The meandering artery of Moskowitz represents a collateral pathway between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries; however, some controversy exists regarding the true origin of the meandering artery of Moskowitz, because some believe that it represents a dilated arc of Riolan, whereas others believe that it is a separate discrete anastomotic channel. The meandering artery of Moskowitz courses along the base of the colonic mesentery and represents a connection between the proximal segment of the middle colic artery and the ascending branch of the left colic artery [14, 15].
This vessel was named in honor of M. Moskovitz who with colleagues published article devoted to this
anatomical entity in "American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine" in 1964.
The "Riolan's arch" refers to a connection between the superior and inferior mesenteric arterial systems. This connection is held responsible for collateral perfusion after, for example, ligation of a. mesenterica inferior during aortic and colon surgery and after atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of a. mesenterica superior or a. mesenterica inferior. However, there is a lot of synonyms for that anatomical issue (such as meandering mesenteric artery, mesomesenteric artery, central anastomotic artery of colon, intermesenteric artery or arcade, middle-left colic collateral, meandering artery of Riolan, great colic artery of Riolan, anastomosis (magna) of Riolan, arch of Treves, artery of Gonzalez, artery of Moskovitch, astomosis maxima of Haller, arcus magnus mesentericus) [15, 16]. Such a variety of terms originated from miscellaneous authors of various epochs gives rise for different understanding of nature of the discussed issue. In general, there are two main points of view. One states that the "Riolan's arch" refers to the marginal artery of the colon following alongside the large intestine's wall (also known as the marginal artery of Drum-mond). Other opinion considers the "Riolan's arch" to be a rare distinct anatomical structure connecting the a. mesenterica superior with the a. mesenterica inferior bypassing parallel to the marginal artery of Drummond narrowly spaced from it. This misunderstanding dates back to the times of Jean Riolan who didn't give very precise description of colons vessels, but whose paintings shown a vessel now called the marginal artery of Drummond [15]. Whereas famous French anatomist Riolan was known for his strong opponence to the newly coming William Harvey's concept of blood circulation there are serious doubts if Riolan ever could have conceived an arterial collateral pathway in the mesocolon. Some authors stress that anatomical term "arcus Riolani" had been invented in 1743 by Albrecht von Haller who gave a detailed description of the anatomy of the mesenteric arteries, referring to the arterial collateral connection between the a. mesenterica superior and a. mesenterica inferior (also known as anastomosis maxima of Haller), and tributed the term to the old master of anatomy [17].
One of the most authoritative anatomists of his time Jean Riolan the Younger (1577 or 1580-1657) (fig. 8), son of noted anatomist Jean Riolan (the Elder) (1539-1605), earned his degree in medicine in 1604. In 1604-1640 he worked as a professor of anatomy and botany at the University of Paris and professor of medicine at the College Royal. From 1640 until his death Riolan was unofficial dean of the college. In 1633 he became Physician in Ordinary to Marie de Medici, Queen Mother of France. He was a bitter opponent of Harvey's blood circulation theory as well as Thomas Bartholin's views of functioning of lymphatic system. He was one of the first in France to emphasize practical importance of anatomical observations. He is best remembered for his study of the myology and embryology. Riolan's
Fig. 9.
David Percival Dalbreck Wilkie (1882-1938).
best known anatomical works are "Anthropographie", "Opuscula anatomica" and "Encheiridium anatomicum et pathologicum" [17].
Villemin's arcade is one of the intermesenteric anastomoses which joins proximal parts of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. It occurs in about 12-18 % of cases.
Fernand Villemin was a Frenchman with very little known about his life. In 1908 he defended his thesis "Le corps jaune considere comme glande a secretion interne de l'ovaire" in Lyon. He worked as a professor of anatomy at the University of Reims. In 1920 Villemin explained presence of intermesenteric anastomoses on the basis of their embryonic development [18].
Wilkie's artery — supraduodenal artery. It originates from gastroduodenal or right gastric or hepatic artery and supplies to the initial part of duodenum. It was described first by Scottish surgeon David Wilkie in 1911 [19].
Father of British academic surgery Sir David Percival Dalbreck Wilkie (1882-1938) (fig. 9) obtained MD in Edinburgh in 1908. In 1910-1924 he was assistant surgeon at Leith Hospital. In 1924 he was appointed professor of surgery at the University of Edinburgh, position he held until his death. His research interests included peritonitis, abdominal adhesions, complications of gastroenterostomy and some other abdominal surgical pathology. He was first who clearly described pathogenesis of appendicitis. At the University of Edinburgh, he created first surgical research laboratory outside the USA [20].
Eponyms can serve as a live connection between all the scientists that worked on the development of anatomy as a science. Learning about history of ep-onyms gives us understanding about the evolution of the science and also gives us an opportunity to honour not only well known scientists but also ones who's contribution was offset with time.
References
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