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1Стратегии преодоления расхождений лингвоэтнического характера при переводе
Куриленко Виктория Борисовна,
доктор педагогических наук, профессор, Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы E-mail: kurilenko-vb@rudn.ru
Тележко Ирина Владиленовна,
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы E-mail: telezhko-iv@rudn.ru
Бирюкова Юлия Николаевна,
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы E-mail: yu.birukova@gmail.com
Мухаммет Фуркан Алпат МА,
директор школы иностранных языков Университет Ибн Халдун (Турция)
E-mail: furkan.alpat@ihu.edu.tr
В статье представлен анализ понятий «язык», «культура», которые в современной концепции являются понятиями взаимосвязанными, но не идентичными. Каждый язык отражает свою уникальную «картину мира», что создает значительные сложности в процессе перевода, особенно в художественной сфере. Рассматриваются расхождения лингвоэтнического характера, включая расхождения в системах исходного языка и языка перевода, а также различия в речевых нормах, коммуникативной преинформации и ценностных установках. Дополнительное внимание уделяется выбору стратегий перевода и преодолению языковых и культурных расхождений. Представляются стратегии перевода на уровне расхождений между системами, нормами, узусами исходного языка и языка перевода, расхождение коммуникативно релевантной преинформации носителей исходного языка и языка перевода. Комплексный подход к изучению переводческой деятельности позволяет сохранить культурную специфику и передачу смысла текста исходного языка на языке перевода.
Ключевые слова: перевод, культура, факторы лингвоэтни-ческого характера, языковая система, норма, узус исходного языка и языка перевода, реалии
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In the modern understanding of "translation", the concepts of "language" and "culture" are used as interrelated but not identical ones. Each language reflects reality in its own way, creating its own "world-view". Therefore, in the process of translation, and primarily literary translation, there is not only interaction of two languages but also interaction of two cultures, two different "worldviews." Various contacting cultures as a barrier to objective communication between two ethnic groups are discussed in sufficient detail in the works of Grishaeva L.I., Tsurikova L.V.[1] Sadokh-in A.P. [2] and Ter-Minasova S.G. [3] give examples from the practice of interaction between representatives of different cultures, describe the communicative behavior of different peoples, and analyze the features of the norms and traditions of communication in the most numerous ethnic communities. Every culture has its own artifacts. Such features, which can be detected at different levels of the language structure, in the rules of verbal communication, in ways of describing extralinguistic reality [4, 5], present a certain difficulty for the translator.
The task facing the translator is that, on the one hand, the translated text must be transposed into the culture of the recipient, and on the other hand, it must preserve its foreign cultural flavor in its translated version [6: 11]. Therefore, for in studying translation activities, of great interest are the linguistic features determined by the native speaker's culture, as well as comparative studies at all language levels and strategies for overcoming linguistic-ethnic discrepancies.
Researchers in the field of translation [7; 8; 9] attribute the following factors to the linguistic-ethnic barrier: (1) discrepancies in the systems of the source language (SL) and the target language (TL), discrepancies in the norms of the SL and the TL; (2) discrepancies in speech norms (usages); (3) discrepancies in communicatively relevant pre-information between native SL speakers and native TL speakers, including cultural and historical information and information about current events; (4) discrepancies in stable habits in terms of perceiving and interpreting texts; and (5) discrepancies in background and encyclopedic knowledge, values, and worldviews of representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities.
Let us consider the cultural difficulties that determine the choice of translation strategies. A translation strategy is usually understood as a set of actions of the translator (translation decisions, transformations). Within the framework of our research, the translation strategy can be represented by the following diagram: "features-difficulties-solutions-strategy".
A factor in translation transformations is the discrepancy in the SL and TL systems. The language
system is defined by L.K. Latyshev as a set of units of different levels: phonemes, morphemes, lexemes of grammatical forms, and models according to which they are combined to form speech [6: 40]. For example, the Russian and German languages belong to the Indo-European language family and have similar features in word formation, grammatical structure, and lexicology. However, there are also specific features between them that the translator must take into account when translating, namely:
- gaps of a lexical and grammatical nature, when in one of the pairs of languages there is no given grammatical category or lexical means of expressing the corresponding meaning, for example: articles, pronominal adverbs in the German language and their absence in the Russian language; and
- discrepancies in the scope of meanings of words or grammatical categories, for example: the presence of six cases in the Russian language and four cases in the German language; three tense forms in Russian and six tense forms in German.
The main method of word formation in the German language is compounding. Between the word-formation systems of the German and Russian languages, along with similarities, there are also significant discrepancies. The specificity of German compound nouns is as follows:
- compound nouns are not only a means of nomination, but also capable of expressing relationships, e.g.,: Regentag, Sommerplane; and
- compound nouns in the German language can correspond to simple nouns in other languages, e.g.,: Seemann - моряк [sailor]; Krankenhaus - больница [hospital].
It should be noted that German nouns have an unlimited ability to combine with other stems in the form of a compound word. In a two-component compound word, the last component is usually the supporting one, determining the gender, number and case of the entire compound word.
Such words are often translated using structural analysis (Schwanengesang - лебединая песня [swan song]), or a descriptive translation is made (Frostschaden - вред, причинённый морозом [damage caused by frost]). If there is no corresponding equivalent to a complex word in the dictionary, it is advisable to do a correspondence analysis with a similar first component, e.g., the dictionary contains the word Erfinderrecht - изобретательское право [inventor's right]; therefore, the word Erfindertatigkeit can be translated as изобретательская деятельность [inventor's activity]. Coordinating compound adjectives are translated into Russian by coordinating Russian adjectives, preserving the order of the components and writing them with a hyphen (graublauen Augen -серо-голубые глаза [grey-blue eyes]). Defining compound adjectives are translated using units of different language levels: words, phrases, syntactic constructions (kriegsgefangen - военнопленный [prisoner of war]; weltgeschichtlich - всемирно-исторический [world-wide historical]). The considered methods of translating compound words from German into Rus-
sian do not exhaust their options but only demonstrate their diversity.
The absence of a grammatical aspect category in the German language forces the translator to use a variety of structural resources of the German language. For example: Строительство филиала магазина «Икеа» в Лихтенберге (Берлин) было заморожено [The construction of a branch of the Ikea store in Lichtenberg (Berlin) has been frozen]. - Der Bau des Lichtenberger Hauses Ikea wurde in Berlin aufs Eis gelegt. In this case, the translator is forced to replace the verb in Russian with a phrase in German, add new words, and resort to descriptive translation.
In Russian written speech, adverbial participles and participial phrases are widely used. There is no such grammatical category in German. Therefore, when translated into German, participial phrases are conveyed in various ways. These ways are determined by the semantics and syntactic functions of gerunds in the Russian language. For example: Встречаясь друг с другом, говорили о фабрике, о машинах [Meeting with each other, they talked about the factory, about cars]. - Begegneten sie einander, sprachen sie über Fabrik, über Maschinen. The Russian adverbial participle "встречаясь" [(when) meeting] is translated by the German verb in the Präteritum: "begegneten" [(when they) met]. In this case, when selecting the appropriate equivalent in the TL, the translator used the technique of grammatical substitution.
The next factor in generating speech is the language norm. In contrast to the language system, the language norm manifests itself in specifically implemented forms of linguistic expression accepted by society and recognized by it as correct [9: 41]. V.G. Gak, clarifying the concept of "partial norm", calls it "usus" [10: 6] and adds "norm of speech". It is customary to distinguish between two types of norms: norms determined by the language system (mandatory) and norms determined by its structure (deviation from these norms is not very noticeable). Consider, for example, the German sentence: "Ich habe einen Hund'. According to the norms of the Russian language, the loan-translation "Я имею одну собаку" is unacceptable. In this case, the language norm would be violated. The phrase "одну собаку" appears under the influence of the article before the noun in German. The Russian language system allows this sentence to be translated as: "У меня есть собака" [I have a dog].
When translating, the translator must take into account the requirements of usus, which is understood as the language habits of a native speaker. For example: (1) Ihm saß zwar der Schreck in den Gliedern, aber merkwürdig. - Он испугался, но как-то странно [He was scared, but somehow strangely]. (2) Hohe Pflanzen behinderten ihm die Sicht. - Высокие растения закрывали ему обзор [Tall plants hindered him from seeing]. When translating the German verb behindern - препятствовать [hinder], the translator made corrections for usus, resorting to semantic expressions that are inherent in Russian speech culture, according to the tradition of the Russian language.
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Based on the above, we can state how important it is to take into account the relationship between the system, norm and usage in translation. Making a translation decision and choosing a translation strategy will be determined by the similarities and discrepancies between the systems, norms and usages.
Let us consider the discrepancy between the communicatively relevant information reserves of SL speakers and TL speakers as a factor in translation transformations. The term "pragmatics" is used in linguistics to designate a science that focuses on extra-linguistic conditions. The pragmatic aspect of translation is understood as taking into account background knowledge [11: 35]. As is known, the amount of extra-linguistic information for SL speakers and TL speakers often does not coincide. The addressee of speech plays a significant role in communication. A translator needs to have background knowledge (i.e., knowledge that is stored in the memory of each member of a particular society is updated depending on needs) in order to understand the intention of a SL speaker and adequately convey it in the translation text. To translate this type of information, a descriptive translation is used, for example: Zweitstimme - второй голос в избирательных бюллетенях, может быть отдан за земельный список партий [Zweitstimme, i.e., the second vote on the ballot, can be cast for the land list of parties]. If necessary, the translator can resort to dictionaries, reference books, specialist consultations, and various sources of information in order to be provided with background knowledge.
Lexical non-equivalent units traditionally include words-realities, neologisms, toponyms, zoonyms and other proper names. These lexical units present difficulties in translation.
The largest group of culturally determined words is represented by the realities. The term "realities" refers to words and phraseological units (i.e., fixed phrases) specific to a particular cultural and linguistic community, denoting objects, phenomena, cultural concepts, elements of politics, culture and everyday life and reflecting the peculiarities of the worldview and mentality of this community [Vlakhov, Florin, 1986; Barkhudarov, 2019]. It should be noted that some realities already have translation equivalents in another language: die Bild-Zeitung (федеральное правительство); Eintracht Frankfurt (German football club from Frankfurt am Main). Newly emerging realities may represent cognitive gaps for another cultural and linguistic community and therefore cause difficulties in translation, requiring certain translation techniques.
Domestic and foreign translators, both practitioners and theorists, offer various strategies for translating realities:
• Using lexical transformations (transcription, transliteration, tracing, generalization, replacing the realities of the source language with the realities of the target language). Here are some examples: Welt am Sonntag "Вельт ам ЗоннтаГ' (transcription); Staatssekretär - статс-секретарь [State Secretary] (transliteration); Staatsduma - Государственная Дума [State Duma] (calquing); die Schwar-
zwälderuhr - часы с кукушкой [cuckoo clock] (replacing the SL with the TL);
• Using lexical and grammatical transformations (i.e., descriptive translation, including explanation and compensation, e.g.,: Eintopf - (один горшок) обед из одного блюда, заменяющий и первое и второе [(one pot) a one-course meal that replaces both the first and second course]; Jugendweihe - праздник вступления во взрослую жизнь, отмечается в новых федеральных землях Германии [a holiday of entry into adulthood celebrated in the new federal states of Germany]; Mein Name ist Hase, ich weiß von nichts. - Моя хата с краю, ничего не знаю [Its neither my headache nor my piece of cake!]; and
• Using comments, notes and additions to the translation text. These methods are compensatory additions made by the translator as footnotes to the text, e.g.,: das Richtfest - Рихтфест, праздник в связи с завершением строительства кровли дома [Richtfest, a holiday celebrating the completion of the roof of a house].
From the point of view of translation, specific features are characteristic of realities-measures. Their peculiarity is that they correspond to a certain digital sign system. To make translation decisions when translating a special text, the translator needs to know the real value of each measure in relation to the metric system, e.g.,: the German geographical mile is 7420.44 m (24,345.6 ft), and the Russian mile is 7468 m. Units of measurement, formulas, mathematical signs and numbers are reproduced in the target text as is customary in the target language. In a literary text, realities-measures are used to convey emotional coloring, e.g.,: Оттуда до города меньше сотни вёрст, и там, наверное, ко всякому привыкли [From there ifs less than a hundred "versts" to the city, and the/re probably used to everything there]. - Von dort bis zur Stadt sind es weniger als hundert Wersten, und dort haben sie sich wahrscheinlich an alles gewöhnt. The Russian measure of length "верста" was translated by lexical replacement. The realities-measures have historical and national flavor and are translated using transcription.
Time units are universal. However, along with generally accepted time units, different cultures have their own culturally determined ways of dividing time. To indicate fractional time, German speakers use: Morgen, Vormittag, Mittag, Nachmittag, or Abend, as well as adjectives (if clarification is required): früh, zeitig, spät; e.g., am späten Morgen. According to German tradition, 14 Tage = 2 недели [two weeks]. In Russian culture there are "сутки" [24-hour day, day and night], whereas in German culture there are 24 Stunden; Tag und Nacht.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the strategies described above for overcoming linguistic-ethnic discrepancies are caused by the extralinguis-tic factors and the need to transmit background information, which is different between native SL speakers and TL speakers. It is up to the translator to make an adequate translation of the culturally determined lex-
emes contained in the source text, which presupposes the presence of certain knowledge of reality, ex-tralinguistic experience, the ability to choose the right translation strategy and "convey the information of the source text to TL speakers without violating the recipient pragmatic orientation principle, because violation of this principle is fraught with the danger of complete misunderstanding or false interpretation of the meaning" [12: 114]. Thus, in the translation process, the translator should take into account linguistic-ethnic discrepancies and the way of thinking of native TL speakers, be able to choose a strategy for translating culturally determined linguistic units and select appropriate equivalents for the cultural adaptation of the created target text.
Литература
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12. Львовская З.Д. Теоретические проблемы перевода: (На материале исп. яз.] / З.Д. Львовская. - Москва: Высш. шк., 1985. - 232 с.
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING LINGUISTIC-ETHNIC DISCREPANCIES IN TRANSLATION
Kurilenko V.B., Telezhko I.V., Biryukova Yu.N., Muhammet Furkan Alpat MA
Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; School of Foreign Languages Ibn Haldun University (IHU), Turkey
The notions of "language" and "culture," which are connected yet distinct in today's world, are analyzed in this article. The fact that every language represents a different "picture of the world" makes translation extremely challenging, particularly when it comes to the arts. Ethnic and linguistic distinctions are taken into account, encompassing variations in translation and source language systems as well as variations in value orientations, speech conventions, and communication preinformation. The selection of translation techniques and bridging linguistic and cultural gaps receive more focus. The differences between the systems, conventions, and usages of source and target languages, as well as the differences between the communicatively important preinformation of native speakers of the source and target languages, are the levels at which translation techniques are offered. You can maintain cultural specificity and translate a text's meaning into the target language by using an integrated approach to the study of translation activities.
Keywords: translation, culture, linguistic-ethnic factors, language system, norm, usage of the source language and target language, realities.
References
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11. Barkhudarov L.S. Language and Translation (Issues of General and Particular Theory of Translation). Moscow: Mezhdunarod-nye Otnosheniya Publ., 1975. 240 p.
12. Lvovskaya Z.D. Theoretical Problems of Translation: (Based on the material of Spanish). Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola Publ., 1985. 232 p.
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