107SPECIFIC FEATURES IN DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF
SKYSCRAPERS
Fazliddin Sherali ugli Ziyatov
Bachelors Student of Tashkent state transport university
Khurshidbek Tojidin ugli Valiev
Bachelors Student of Tashkent state transport university
Oybek Rustamovich Achilov
Scientific supervisor, Tashkent state transport university senior teacher
ABSTRACT
Specific features in designing and construction of skyscrapers have brought numerous points to research and discuss, that's why in the article, skyscrapers have been considered as dominant point landmarks in many cities, visible from far and wide. There is always contradicting opinion on their contribution to the urban agenda. The article deals with the importance to bring in design considerations of their appropriateness to a setting, and how they could be inspired by, and relate to, that setting.
Keywords: Skyscrapers, landmarks, architecture, buildings, social, environmental, economics, emotional, safety, earthquakes.
INTRODUCTION
Skyscraper, is a very tall, multistoried building. The name first came into use during the 1880s, shortly after the first skyscrapers were built, in the United States. The development of skyscrapers came as a result of the coincidence of several technological and social developments. The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater than 40 or 50 stories. The increase in urban commerce in the United States in the second half of the 19th century augmented the need for city business space, and the installation of the first safe passenger elevator (in the Haughwout Department Store, New York City) in 1857 made practical the erection of buildings more than four or five stories tall. Although the earliest skyscrapers rested on extremely thick masonry walls at the ground level, architects soon turned to the use of a cast iron and wrought-iron framework to support the
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weight of the upper floors, allowing for more floor space on the lower stories.
Tall buildings are built out of necessity as one of a wide range of tools to achieve high density development. They provide the opportunity to control urban sprawl with their relatively small footprint. Identifying what unique characteristics a tall building brings could be represented in the need for a particular built form- the concentration of activity-the proximity to important facilities for large numbers of people which is more than "image" and being a more sustainable form of development.Some appear to be opposed to tall buildings wherever they are located or whatever they look like .The positive and negative influences through development by high-rise towers and tall building could be evaluated within certain factors including (Social-Environmental-Economics-Emotional-Safety (Fire Earthquakes).Tall buildings have been blamed for crime, mental breakdowns, the generation of urban pathologies-they deform the quality, the function, by overloading the infrastructure and the public realm of the streets that contain them. Criticizing the building of High-rise building as being about power prestige than efficient development, some critics say super-tall buildings are too hard and expensive to build.[1]
One of the advantages of having many scrapers in your city is all of the different views that it gives you. These views could be so stunning that it leads to a tourist attraction, which could in turn bring in money for the business or the city that it is in .Another one of the major advantages that is very obvious is space. These skyscrapers have so much space inside of the building that it could fit more than one company in it. By having more than one company in the building it helps not take up as much space in the city. Another advantage of the skyscrapers is the symbolism. The symbolism of the tower could be something like a tragedy that happened in that spot and they are making its spot and naming the building after it. This could be a major advantage for the city because it could be a major attraction to the city which would bring in more money to the city. [2]
The more effective the building envelope--the walls, roof, windows and foundation of the house--the more energy efficient and comfortable the house will be. Tight construction and high performance windows reduce heat loss during the winter months, block heat gain in summer, and result in significant energy savings. Other benefits include improved indoor air quality (by keeping out pests, dust, radon and outdoor air pollutants), reduction of outside noise, and fewer condensation problems, which can lead to mold and mildew. Careful attention to the building envelope during construction will also help eliminate the need for difficult and costly improvements in the future and can
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increase the resale value of the home.[3]. Slip forming, continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving form.Slip forming is used for tall structures (such as bridges, towers, buildings, and dams), as well as horizontal structures, such as roadways. Slipforming enables continuous, non interrupted, cast-in-place "flawless" (i.e. no joints) concrete structures which have superior performance characteristics to piecewise construction using discrete form elements. Slip forming relies on the quick-setting properties of concrete, and requires a balance between quick-setting capacity and workability. Concrete needs to be workable enough to be placed into the form and consolidated (via vibration), yet quick-setting enough to emerge from the form with strength. This strength is needed because the freshly set concrete must not only permit the form to "slip" by the concrete without disturbing it, but also support the pressure of the new concrete as well as resist collapse caused by the vibration of the compaction machinery. [4,7,12]. Tunnel form is a formwork system that allows the contractor to cast walls and slabs in one operation in a daily cycle. It combines the speed, quality and accuracy of factory/off-site production with the flexibility and economy of in-situ construction and is recognized as a modern method of construction (MMC). The result is a cellular reinforced structure, the surfaces of which are sufficiently high quality to require only minimal finishing for direct decoration, while the end walls and facades are easily completed with thermally insulated units that can be clad as required. The system creates an efficient load-bearing structure for use in a wide variety of applications. It is particularly effective in projects suited to repetitive cellular construction such as residential blocks, hotels, student accommodation, barracks and prisons. [5,9,10]
Fires in high-rise buildings present a number of significant challenges to fire crews. Firstly, and most obviously, the sheer height of these buildings means that crews' water hoses are often unable to reach the flames. The average fire hose can spray up to 50ft, but a high-rise building is defined as anything from 75ft upwards -and in the case of the Dubai tower over 1,000ft. Fire-fighters therefore have to enter the building, locating the entrances, exits, stairwells, before they can even begin fighting the outbreak. These minutes could allow the fire to spread further and prevent fire crews from knowing the severity or location of the outbreak. Ok, so how are fires fought at such heights? To combat this, engineers and architects design the buildings so that fires are contained, limiting the spread of flames, gas or smoke in a process known as "fire compartmentation". The rough rule of thumb is that any outbreak should be able to burn itself out without external intervention, and without the building collapsing,
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ISSN: 2181-1385
Cite-Factor: 0,89 | SIS: 1,12 | ASI-Factor: 1,3 | SJIF: 5,7 | UIF: 6,1
allowing for the evacuation of occupants above and below the fire. This strategy means that (for example) elderly or disabled residents can be "defended in place" when they are 200 stories up. It also leads to the counter-intuitive notion that were you to be in a super tall building during a fire, your best course of action may be to stay put. 'Fire compartmentation' strategy Buildings are constructed with fire-resistant features, such as automated doors - which close when a fire is detected - or barriers throughout floors that are designed to slow fires. Among the most dangerous high-rise fire outbreaks occur in office blocks, where large open-plan floors allow flames to spread easily and terrifyingly quickly. Many skyscrapers are constructed like metal boxes within metal boxes (although this is changing as more innovative design becomes widespread) in buildings such as these however, each 'box' is protected by fire-proofed material that helps contain the outbreak. [6,8,11].
The result of this study is as the skyscrapers are evolving from the initial starting of it to till new era it is developing more in numbers and countries are constructing it as a pride of their nation and wanted to have there are certain difficulties and constraints which need to be taken into considerations . The ideas and technologies are developing in step by step of each stages this would be a positive sign to the skyscrapers even more development are going through as technology grow rapidly .Constructions techniques are also evolving with proper safety measures and construction skyscraper without major accidents to people work this is even because the development of technology.Concentration of skyscrapers would affect microclimate and urban landscapes Being in a skyscrapers which make the feel out of the urban space and flying high the connect to the urban space and social environment is getting affected Skyscrapers can be used properly with considerations of negative impacts on it and should be studied to give more better outcomes and proper utilization should be done further.
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