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Izzatullaev Z. I., professor, of the Department of Ecology Samarkand State University, E-mail: zizzat@yandex.ru Kudratov Z. A., assistant, of the Department of Ecology E-mail: q-jasurjon@mail.ru
SPECIES COMPOSITION, ORIGIN AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GASTROPODS (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA) OF THE NURATA MOUNTAIN RANGE (UZBEKISTAN)
Abstract: The article contains materials on the species composition, origin and economic significance of mollusks as pests of agricultural crops and intermediate hosts of helminths of the Nurata mountain range. In this area, 53 species of mollusks belonging to 29 genera and 18 families and two subclasses (Pulmonata and Pectinibranchia) are found.
Keywords: Nurata mountains, gastropods, species composition, pests of agricultural crops, intermediate hosts of helminths.
Introduction. The Nurata Mountains are located on the territory of Uzbekistan and occupy the western part of the Pamir-Alai group of mountains and disintegrate into the northern and southern parts. In the north there are Kuitash mountains. They extend to the Sangizar River, the only river flowing from south to north in Uzbekistan. The length of the mountain is 70 km and the altitude is 1260 m above sea level. ur. seas. The average part of the Nurata Mountains is relatively high and equal to 1750 m. However, there are also higher elevations, for example, the Zargar Upland, whose height is 2169 m. Altogether, the northern and western parts of the mountains are low, the average height is 900-1000 m.
The southern Nurata mountains consist of several small Gubdintag mountains, Karagchitag, Aktag and Koratag. Gastropods, common in this area, fall into two ecological groups: terrestrial and aquatic inhabitants. Among them there are pests of plants, intermediate hosts of helminths, leading to serious diseases of large and small cattle, birds and humans - daveniozo, fascioliasis, prostrogellosis, etc. Here also live rare and relic mollusks. Therefore, a comprehensive study of them represents both theoretical and practical interest and is relevant.
Materials and methods of research. The materials for the article were personal collections of authors for 1976, 2007-2016. from the territory of the Nurata ridge.
In total, collected and processed, more than 180 samples containing more than 1,000 shellfish.
Results and its discussion. As a result of our research [1; 2] and the processing ofliterary sources [5; 6] 53 species ofgastropods belonging to 29 genera and 18 families and 2 subclasses (Pulmonata and Pectinibranchia) were found in the territory of the Nurata Ridge. Below is given their systematic composition. Class Gastropoda Subclass: Pulmonata Terrestrial mollusks Suborder Stylommatophora Order: Succinidae
Family Succineidae Genus Novisuccinea Pilsbry, 1848
N.evoluta (Martens, 1979) Genus Oxyloma Westerlund, 1885
Ox.elegans (Risso, 1826) Order Geophila
Family Cochlicopidae Genus Cochlicopa A. E.I.Ferussac, 1821 C.lubrica (Muller, 1774) C.nitens (Gallenstein, 1852) Family Pyramidulidae Genus Pyramidula Fitzinger, 1833 P.rupestris (Drap., 1801)
SPECIES COMPOSITION, ORIGIN AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GASTROPODS (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA) ..
Family Vertiginidae Genus Vertigo (Muller, 1774)
V.pygmea (Drap., 1801) Genus Truncatellina Lowe, 1852 T.callicratis (Scacchi, 1833) Family Chondrinidae Genus Chondrina Reichenbach, 1828 C.granum (Drap, 1801) Family Orculidae Genus Sphyradium Charpentier, 1837 S.doliolum (Brugieri, 1792) Family Pupillidae Genus Gibulinopsis Germain, 1919 G.signsta (Mousson, 1873) G.nanosignata Schil.et Izzat., 1980 Genus Pupilla Turton, 1931 P.muscorum (L.1758) P.triplicata (Studer, 1820) P.turkmenica (Boettger, 1889) Family Valloneidae Genus Vallonia Risso, 1826 V.pulchella (Muller, 1774) V.costata (Muller, 1774) Family Buliminidae Clessin, 1879 Genus Pseudonapaeus West., 1887 P.albiplicatus (E. Mart, 1874) P.sogdianus (Martens, 1874) P.eremita (Benson,1849) P.starobogatovi Pazilov, 2003 Genus Condrulopsina Lindholm, 1925
C.intumescens (E. Mart., 1874) Genus Geminula Lindholm, 1925 G.continens (Rosen, 1892) Family Perussaciidae Genus Caciliodes I. B.L.Ferussac, 1814
C.acicula (Mull., 1774) Family Agriclimacidae
Genus Deroceras Rafinesque, 1820
D.laeve (Mull., 1774) D.agreste L., 1758 Family: Parmacellidae
Genus Candaharia Goodwin - Austen, 1888 C.izzatullaevi Lich.et Wiktor, 1980 C.levanderi (Simroth, 1901) C.roseni (Simroth, 1912) C.kaznakovi (Simroth, 1912)
C.aethiops (Westerlund, 1896) C.rutellum (Hutton, 1849) Family Euconulidae Genus Euconulus Reinhardt, 1883 E.fulvus (Muller, 1774) Family Gastrodontidae Genus Zonitoides Lehmann, 1862 Z.nitidus (Muller,1774) Family Ariophantidae Genus Macrochlamys Benson, 1832 M.schmidti (Brancsik, 1891) Family Vitrinidae Genus Phenacolimax Stabile, 1859 Ph.annularis (Studer, 1820) Family Hygromiidae Genus Leucozonella Lindholm, 1927 L.rufispira (E. Mart., 1874) L.mesoleuca (E.mart., 1882) L.retteri (Rosen, 1897) Genus Xeropicta Monteresato, 1892 X.candaharica (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) X.krynickii (Krynickii, 1833) Genus Angiomphalia Schileyko, 1978 A.regeliana (Martens, 1882) Freshwater molluks Order Lymnaeformes
Family Lymnaidae Genus Lymnaea Lamarck, 1799 L.auricularia (L., 1758) L.thiessea (Clessin, 1979) L.truncatula (Muller, 1774) L.bactriana (Hutton, 1850) L.subdisjuncta (Nevill, 1878) Family Physidae Genus Costatella Dall, 1870 C.acuta (Drap., 1805) Family Planorbidae Planorbis O. F. Muller, 1774 P.tangitarensis Germain, 1918 Anisus Studer, 1820 A.ladacensis (Nevill, 1878) Subclass Pectinibranchia Order Littoriniformes
Family Belgrandiellidae Radoman,1983 Genus Martensamnicola Izzat., Sitn. et Star., 1985 M.brevicula (Mart.,1874)
M.hissarica (Shadin, 1950) Genus Bucharamnicola Izzat., Sitn.et Star., 1985
B.bucharica (Shad., 1952) Genus Paladilhiopsis Pavloviv, 1913
Paladilhiopsis sp. Of the total number of 41 species of terrestrial mol-lusks: Candaharica kaznakovi, C.roseni, C.izzatullaevi, Xeropicta candaharica damage plants. Among them, the last two species are widely distributed in the south of the Nurata Mountains, the first of them damages vegetable crops, the second - clover. Terrestrial mollusks Vallonia costata, V.pulchella, Cochlicapa lubrica, Pupilla muscorum in Central Asia are noted as intermediate hosts of helminths, which are the cause of diseases ofhasteliosis and dicrocelia [Mateokin, 1966; 4], and Leucozonella meso-leuca, L.rufispira protostrongyliosis [5]. However, only X.candaharica serves as an intermediate host of 4 species (Protostrongylus rufescens, P.irailleti, P.davtiani, P.caprae), and Pseudonapaeus sogdianus is the causative agent of mammalian dicrocoliosis [5].
Aquatic mollusks from the family Lymnaeidae: Lymnaea auricularia, L.bactrina and L.subdisjuncta serve as an intermediate host for F.gigantica, for F.hepatica -L.truncatula, L.thisseae. The last two species and L. auricularia are widely distributed in the reservoirs of the investigated region.
Many species of land mollusks are widely distributed in the Turkestan Zarafshan range, in the mountains of western Tien Shan and Gissaro-Darvaz. Pseudonapaeus starobogatovi, described from the surroundings of Na-kruta in the south of the Nurata Mountains, is endemic to this territory [5].
Species that are widespread in the mountains of Nurata and Gissar Range: X. candaharica, Gibbulinopsis signata and Geminula continens are of ancestral origin to the Anterior Asian species. Known from Nurata and Kopetdag: Chondrina granum, Pupilla turkmenica and Xeropicta krini-skii, settled in the area from the xerophilous territories of Ancient Middle-earth. All of the above species settled in the Nuratah region in the Neogene in connection with the uplift of the mountains and along with the spread of the plants. Like throughout Central Asia, the Nurata mountain range was elevated in the Neogene. In the waters (in springs, key springs, sai and irrigation canals), the Nurata range of the family. Lymnaeidae inhabited widely distributed in the Palearctic - L.auricularia, from the ter-
ritories ofEurope and Siberia - L.truncatula, L. fontinalis, Fam. Planorbidae - P.planorbis. It also inhabits the widely distributed in Central Asia - Lymnaea bactriana, L. sub-disjucta, P.tangitarensis and Anisus ladasensis. Widely distributed in the springs and key sources of the Syr Darya, Zarafshan and Amu Darya basins, small pre-nasopharyn-geal mollusks of Fem. Belgrandelidae: Martensamnicola brevicula, M.hissarica, Bucharamnicola bucharica also settled from the above reservoirs, and from the reservoirs of the Ancient Middle-Earth waterways penetrated - Cos-tatella acuta, belonging to the Family. Physidae.
Thus, the fauna of the mollusks of the Nurata Mountains, like the whole Malachofauna of Central Asia, was formed in the Neogene, in the middle of the Tertiary time. In the Miocene penetration into the waters of European species in this region increased. Penetration of aquatic mollusks in the Miocene and Pliocene increased the status of Palearctic species. From the north, the West Siberian species penetrated, from Europe and the northeast, the species of the subregion of the Siberian Palearctic Center. In the southern regions, in the Amu Darya basin, the species of Southern Europe and the Near East spread [1].
Based on the above, we can draw the following conclusions:
• Among the terrestrial molluscs of the Nurata Range, plant pests of agricultural crops and intermediate hosts of helminths are widespread, leading to animal diseases - davenioz, protostro-elioiosis;
• From the aquatic clam family. Lymneidae: L.truncatula, L.thisseae are intermediate hosts -Fasciola hepatica; L.auricularia, L. sudisjuncta, L. bactriana - F.gigantica;
• Terrestrial mollusk - Pseudonapaus starobogatovi is considered endemic to this territory, the shell of which is left-handed and can be used in the evolutionary constructs of mollusks;
• The keys and springs of the Nurata Mountains are home to endemic species of the Amu Darya basin of the genus Martensamnicola and Bucharamnicola, which belong to the family Belgrandi-ellidae, are the remains of tertiary fauna, when the tropical climate prevailed in this territory;
• On the territory of the Nurata Mountains mol-lusks live from the Neogene of the Cenozoic era (Miocene and Pliocen).
SPECIES COMPOSITION, ORIGIN AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF GASTROPODS (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA) ...
References:
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