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UDC 633.12:631.52:631.524.85
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUCKWHEAT VARIETIES PRODUCTIONAL PROCESS AT DIFFERENT PERIODS OF SELECTION
Amelin A.V., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Fesenko A.N., Doctor of Biological Sciences Zaikin V.V., Boiko T.V., Post-graduate students Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: amelin [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The article considers the results of field and vegetational experiments according to which biosynthetic potential of buckwheat productional process is rather high but its adaptive abilities are developed weakly to provide stable productivity in extreme weather conditions. As a result of selection the crop ability to organic substance biosynthesis is increasing significantly in favorable weather conditions. In extreme weather conditions that ability, on the contrary, is falling quickly. Sharp falls of efficiency of assimilate use when forming generative parts and its reaching the ancestral form level should be stressed. To solve the problem we are to improve activity and adaptivity of photosynthesis which provides more than 95% dry substance of plants.
KEY WORDS
Buckwheat; Dry weight; Productional process; Harvest index; Selection.
Tendency to create favorable conditions by means of intensive technologies for the purpose of maximum productivity and levelling of populations by phenotype and genotype using selection lead to significant reduction of plant protective system and, as a consequence, destabilization of productional process [5,7]. Therefore the question of breeding plant variety on evolutionary principles is raised at present [1,4,12].
That problem is especially up-to-date for Russia due to contrast of its natural and climatic conditions, the global climatic change and increasing weather unpredictability that set a priority task for plant selection breeders to increase adaptivity of new varieties [4].
It also concerns buckwheat which productivity is still rather low in working conditions because of insufficient resistance of modern varieties to extreme weather factors [2]. That’s why further increasing of yield productivity will be achieved by means of its adaptive genome reconstruction.
Considering the abovementioned information we conducted special vegetative and field experiments to find out adaptive abilities of buckwheat and nature of the change under artificial selection.
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
The research was conducted from 2010 to 2013 according to the thematic plan of CUC of OrelGAU «Genetic resources of plants and their usage» on the collaborative program with plant selection breeders of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Grain Legumes and Crops. Objects of research were 13 crop varieties which were conventionally divided into 3 groups: local (K-406, K-1709); selection of the years 1930-1970 (Chatir Tau, Batir, Devyatka, Dizain, Demetra, Dozdik, Dikul, Bashkirskaya Krasnostebelnaya).
Dominant soil type of testing plot is grey forest, medium loamy soil.
Sowing was conducted by means of selective drill-machine SCS-6-10 in rows at seed rate 3 mln. seeds per hectare. The plot area reached 10 m2 with randomized distribution and 4-time replication. Crop tending and harvesting were carried out according to methodological recommendations for the region [8].
Weather conditions for plant growth and development were contrastive. Vegetation period in 2010 was characterized with high day temperature and limited number of rainfall. That year average monthly temperature reached 21.9 Celsius degrees that was 5.4 Celsius degrees higher than long-time average annual norm. Rainfall at vegetation period was 54.93% less in comparison with long-time average number.
Meteorological conditions in 2011 were more favorable for buckwheat and did not make an extreme impact on plant growth and development. Total rainfall at vegetation period was equal to 207.3 mm. that made up 77.4% from long-time average norm and average monthly temperature reached 18.9 Celsius degrees in comparison with long-time average figures 16.5 Celsius degrees.
Vegetation period in 2013 was more favorable for buckwheat: rainfall reached 324 mm. at vegetation period that was 3.4% more in comparison with their long-time average number. Nevertheless, weather conditions were extreme in some growth phases. So, generative period of plants (July and August) was characterized with significant reduction of rainfall proportion - by 44.3% of long-time average norm at an average air temperature 18.9 Celsius degrees.
Dry substance accumulation was studied when taking a plant samples in number of 10 plants per variety plot with further drying of wet weight at temperature 105 Celsius degrees in dry heat sterilization KBG-100/250. Replication was triple.
Vegetation experiment on drought resistance study of different buckwheat varieties was conducted according to methodological recommendations [6].
The experimental data were processed by means of modern computer programs using methodological recommendations of B.A. Dospehov [3].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The number of dry substance accumulated by above-ground parts of plants in different growth phases and weather conditions is an important criterion of efficiency and stability of productive process of the variety. The experimental data showed that in weather conditions of vegetation close to optimal (2011, 2013 years) buckwheat plants are able to accumulate 5.61 gr. of dry substance at the average. But in case of large drought its weight reduces more than 1.7 times (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Dry substance weight of buckwheat plants at different periods of research
It takes place because the adaptive abilities of buckwheat productional process are relatively low and they don’t increase significantly after selection. As a result modern varieties form greater weight of dry substance in favorable weather conditions. In extreme
weather conditions its weight reduces sharply reaching the level of ancestral forms. So, in 2010 drought year modern plant varieties of buckwheat formed dry weight of 3.41 g., which was 1,8 times less in comparison with more favorable on weather conditions years 2011 and 2013.That year the indicators of the plants did not differ much from their ancestors (Figure 2).
2010 year 2011 year 2013 year
Figure 2 - Dry weight of buckwheat varieties at different periods of selection in 2010, 2011, 2013 years, gr.
The results of the vegetative experiment also show low adaptive abilities of modern buckwheat varieties in productional process. According to the survey, reduction of soil moisture to 30% from its total moisture capacity in phase of seed filling leads to reduction of dry weight accumulation by 42% in comparison with optimal moisture conditions (control). The reduction of modern varieties reached 47%, the late variety - 39%, the local variety population - 32% (table 1).
Table 1 - Accumulation of dry substance in phase of buckwheat picking maturity in conditions
of different soil moisture*
Variety Dry weight of aboveground parts g/plant:
control Experiment
stem leaves inflorescence full weight stem leaves inflorescence Full weight
K-1709 - local 3.1 1.48 1.62 6.20 2.51 1.11 0.60 4.22
Bogatir - the late 3.12 1.47 1.68 6.27 1.96 0.89 0.96 3.81
Dozdik - new 4.4 1.72 1.90 8.02 2.42 0.72 0.90 4.04
Dikul - new 3.11 1.42 1,71 6.24 1.87 0.99 0.64 3.50
HCP05 0.43 0.37 0.21 0.87 0.38 0.17 0.13 0.53
*Control - 70% from PV; Experiment - 30% from PV.
Under the conditions of moisture deficit the efficiency of assimilate use when forming buckwheat generative parts falls sharply. In 2010 drought year harvest index was 16.2% that was 1.6 times less than in 2011-2013 years, more favorable in moisturization and temperature. As vegetative experiment shows, in the sharp moisture deficit the portion of dry substance used on inflorescence formation averaged 20%. At the same time that portion was 6% higher in optimal soil moisture. The reduction of assimilate efficiency on formation of generative parts became more evident with modern varieties but not with their ancestors (table 2).
Table 2 - Harvest index (%) of buckwheat varieties in different on weather conditions
years of research
Varieties Years of research Year averag e
2010 -drought 2011- moderate moisturization 2012 -optimal moisturizati on 2013 - close to optimal
Local (Orel)
K-406 13.1 22.2 21.9 15.2 18.1
K-1709 17.6 18.7 25.4 30.3 23.0
Average 15.3 20.4 23.6 22.7 20.5
Varieties of selection 1930-1950 year
Kalininskaya 12.6 19.9 23.9 14.1 17.6
Bogatir 2.7 23.7 31.0 20.6 25.0
Average 18.6 21.8 27.4 17.3 21.3
Modern varieties
Demetra 22.2 36.0 27.3 23.7 27.3
Dozdik 14.7 23.1 25.9 46.5 27.6
Dikul 14.6 32.8 25.7 11.6 21.2
Dizain 10.4 35.3 22.1 35.1 25.7
Average 15.5 31.8 25.2 29.2 25.4
Average on varieties 16.2 26.5 25.4 24.6 23.2
The largest stability of assimilate use efficiency in seed filling was found for the late variety Bogatir.
In such a way biosynthetic potential of buckwheat plants in productional process is rather high, and its adaptive abilities are developed weakly to provide stable productivity in extreme weather conditions. As a result of the selection biosynthesis abilities increase in favorable weather conditions and reduce in extreme ones. There is a sharp fall in efficiency of assimilate use when forming generative plant parts reaching the level of ancestor forms. On the one hand, it happens because buckwheat is open-pollinated warm weather-and-water loving crop which has high dependence of seed formation on external environment factors. On the other hand low efficiency of assimilate use is influenced by high conservatism of seed formation homeostasis itself which remains nearly the same after selection [9]. In this connection the latest attempts to put buckwheat plants to self pollination for the purpose of homeostasis increasing seem to be perspective [10]. From our point of view, more attention should be paid to increasing of activity and adaptivity of photosynthesis which provides formation more than 95% of plant dry substance.
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