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12ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
SOURCE STUDIES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE CITIES OF KHOREZM IN THE IV-XV CENTURIES Allanazarov S^.
life
Allanazarov Sirojbek Bekchan ugli - Student, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, HISTORY FACULTY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article talks about the political history of medieval Khorezm and the conditions under which medieval cities arose, the political historical process in Central Asia in the X-XV centuries and its role in the emergence of Khorezm cities.
Keywords: urban planning, Culture, Archaeological Research, cities, resources, fortifications.
DOI: 10.24411/2412-8236-2021-10502
Not only the East, but also the Khorezm region, one of the first cultural centers of mankind in general, has its own unique ancient and rich culture. In addition to describing and describing the heroes who built their lives for the freedom and independence of the people of Khorezm and who have gone to all the world-wise, this paradise is a place where the socio-economic life of the land, the material culture that it created, the villages of the city, and the history of Khorezm, as well as, they also speak with interest about the trade relations that led the army with the Peoples. But these sources can't give complete information about the economic history of Khorezm, the history of the establishment of the first cities, Trade Centers. Only monuments found in archaeological excavations and in the process of these excavations, the remains of material and spiritual culture can give detailed information about this. Archaeological research conducted in the territory of Khorezm during the period of the saline regime, more precisely, from 1937 year to 1991 year and after independence, shows that this territory was much more economically developed than before, with its own size, the art of work, which fascinated the person with cities, castles, palaces, irrigation and other structures.
Famous archaeologist and ethnographer S.P. Tolstov, a strict concept was created about the development of the ancient and medieval cities of Khorezm, in which Broad and problematic issues were raised, which included all important aspects of its development [1].
On top of this, these studies were often viewed as an aspect specific not only to Khorezm but also to the origin and development of all Central Asian cities, as they were carried out based on archaeological materials and approached in terms of the structure of the cities. But the large number of materials collected as a result of archaeological research conducted in the regions of Central Asia in the next decades has led to a new approach to this problem and now a deeper study. As a result of this research work, there was also an opportunity to evaluate some of the results of the study of these cities from today's perspective, taking into account the hypotheses on a number of problems of Khorezm urban development that exist in the literature. In addition, interesting information about these cities was added to the
previously available information in the following years. This information was obtained as a result of excavations conducted in medieval cities - Ardakhushmitan, Khiva, Sadvar and Jagirbent, as well as in ancient Tuproqqa'la, reports have already been made about this in the press. It should be noted that the subject of this dissertation is not a complete description of the results of the study of Khorezm cities (given the limited scope of the study, this is not possible), but rather the ways in which Khorezm trade cities are formed and the issues related to historical topography belonging to their typological structure. This case, first of all, is explained by the fact that in written sources there is no complete information and large open spaces of monuments, any information concerning the sphere of socio-economic content of urbanistic processes is approximate. In such cases, as is known, even the typological classification of archaeological monuments, from within them the comparison of this or that monument to the city-fortress will have a conditional character.
It is also a known fact from the very beginning that historical topography can serve as an excellent source in the study of many important issues of Urban Development. Khorezm archaeological-ethnographic expedition, studied the dynamics of irrigation networks of the country B.V. Andrianov and Y.E. Nerazik's work on the theme "Сельское жилище в Хорезме (I-XIV вв.)." became the basis for this research [2, 3].
In 1937, the members of the Archaeological and ethnographic expedition of Khorezm began the consistent research on the study of the ancient history of Khorezm and the life of its medieval trade centers. As a result of the war, the expedition activity was somewhat complicated, but the research was continued. As a result, it was determined that in the cities of Khorezm in the Middle Ages there were large markets, trade stalls, caravanserais [4].
In 1947, members of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition began to study Shemakhaqal'a, one of the largest trade centers. The atryad guide N.N. Vakturskaya, the products of the craft workshops, which existed in the city in the Middle Ages, played an important role in trade relations [6]. Most of the cities of Khorezm are located on large caravan roads, these roads pass through the South, Khorasan, Jurjon and Movarounnahr through the central regions of the country on the right and macro coasts of Amu darya. Part of the cities arose on the outskirts of the country, on the territory where the inhabitants of the region engaged in agriculture and the settlers in the steppes entered into mutual relations.
Three regions of Khorezm urbanization can be distinguished:
1) the Central Amudarya districts, archaeological research here shows that in one place the population punks that have existed for many centuries have grown to a greater extent;
2) the lower reaches of the Amudarya - the urban settlements here appeared much later, after the VII-IX centuries, and flourished at the beginning of the XII-XIII centuries;
3) the north-western and western suburbs of the country, the northern Davdon and the Daryalik, where some cities existed at different times, but their flowering dates back to the end of the XIII-XIV century, that is, the period when these districts were part of the Juji goverment. At that time, new commercial addresses of the urban type appeared here, or old addresses to many levels [7].
The history of Khorezm's economic and cultural relations with the peoples of the world begins, of course, from the history of shopping centers. Indeed, as a result of archaeological research, it has already been proved that the roots of such relations go back to the Neolithic period Kelteminar culture. The fact that Khorezm trade centers, more precisely, cities appeared much later, in the first quarter of the first millennium BC, was also confirmed by archaeological data. But with the advent of Trade Centers, economic and cultural ties have been finalized, attracting more and more nations and states to their influence. In particular, the fact that the ornaments found in the Kelteminar culture of the Neolithic period are made only from shells that fly in the Red Sea, Persian and Arab straits, and the ornaments found in the regions of the Volga, Sibir and Kazakhstan are made only from shells that fly only in the Amudarya indicates that the ties have taken a much larger territory.
In the history of our country is a tale of mysterious events waiting for their solution. In particular, many aspects of the Great Silk Road, which have had a positive impact on the
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prosperity of the world science and Culture, on the composition of the Centers of craftsman ship and industry, on the establishment of political, economic and cultural ties with the state, and even on the construction of modern rail and road networks, remain puzzled. From now on, it is necessary to carry out further historical and geographical research on the scale of our country on the basis of a single program. To do this, it is necessary to organize special scientific expeditions to the networks of the Great Silk Road, passing through ancient archaeological monuments, ancient manuscripts and books in the process of research, toponymic, archaeological finds and evidence, inscriptions carved into stones, drawings and patterns, fertile use of legend, fairy tales, narratives, etc., which have reached so far. Undoubtedly, it is extremely important to conduct a thorough analysis of reliable data obtained from such sources and create generalizations. So, in the course of studying the history of Khorezm shopping centers, it is necessary to conduct research on the general Great Silk Road without its own, and in the course of studying the history of the Great Silk Road to the networks, for example, to conduct research on the example of Khorezm shopping centers.
References
1. TolstovS.P. Ancient Khorezm. M., 1948. Р. 270-275; 283.
2. Andrianov B. V. Ancient irrigation systems of the Aral Sea region (In connection with the emergence and development of irrigated agriculture). M., 1969.
3. Nerazik E.E. Rural dwelling in Khorezm (I-XIV centuries). From the history of home and family. Archaeological and ethnographic essays. // Vol. 9. M., 1976.
4. Vakturskaya N.N. Excavations of the Urgench settlement in 1952 // Vol. II. M.: "Science", 1958.
5. Tolstov S.P. Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1947 // IAN USSR. SIF. № 2. M., 1947. S. 182-192.
6. Vakturskaya N.N. About excavations in 1948 at the medieval settlement of Shemakhakala // Vol. 1. M., 1952. Pp. 173-192.
7. Nerazik E.E. On the problem of the development of the cities of Khorezm. // In the book; Culture and art of ancient Khorezm. M.: "Science", 1981. P. 220.
