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13HISTORICAL SCIENCES
SOME INFORMATION REGARDING THE HISTORY OF THE VILLAGES AND TOWNS OF THE
KHOREZMSHAKHS' PERIOD (XII- THE BEGINNING OF XIII CENTURIES)
Nurmamatov J.Q.
2nd year student of History Faculty at Urgench State University,Urgench
Abstract
In this paper general overview of the villages and towns of the Khorezmshakhs' state in XII and XIII centuries. It contains information based on archeological sources related to the origin of the villages and towns of Khorezmshakhs' period.
Keywords: Dumanqala, Katta Guldursun, Qavatqala, Janbiqala, Gaurqala, Darghan, TashqaFa-1.
In the 21st century, in the period of that, all aspects of society are embraced by web technologies and innovations, the spirit of time require a profound study of the historical roots of our national statehood and its socio-economic and ethnic-cultural factors. In particular, to enhance the historical thinking of the younger generation on the basis of covering the history of the Khorezmshakh-Anushtegins' state, which has left an indelible mark on the history of medieval Uzbek statehood, by generalizing archeological materials that combines those processes and the historical information contained in the written sources is of paramount importance in nurturing young generation with the sense of care for the unique rich treasure left by our ancestors and saving them for future generations.
In particular, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev said: "We must pay attention towards understanding our national identity, studying the ancient and rich history of our country ... instilling the invaluable legacy of our great thinkers and ancestors and the courage of the invincible commanders and our leaders into the consciousness of the youth, strengthening their sense of national pride"[1]. Based on the theoretical and comparative analysis of the data recorded in the history of Khorezmian statehood in XX century, one of the most important issues is the coverage of the history of villages and towns of the Anushtegins' period.
Indeed, history requires the coverage of Khorezm's domestic and foreign policy in XII and the beginning of XIII centuries. The results of the archaeological researches of the Khorezm expedition's staff in the towns and cities built on the right and left frontiers of the Amu Darya by native people, as well as the historical data recorded in the written sources in the X-XI centuries, proved the development of all spheres of the society in the political landscape of Khorezm during the time of the nomadic states.
According to the Arab geographers Al-Ishtakhriy, it is noteworthy that there were 26 villages and towns on the right and left bank of the Amu Darya, and according to Al-Muqaddasiy, ther were 33 villages and towns on that area. [2] In the research works of researchers S.P.Tolstov, Y.G.Gulomov, E.E.Nerazik, N.N.Vakturskaya, M.Mambetullayev, K.Dirniyazov, G.K.Khujaniyazov, Manilov, K.Sobirov, on the right
and left frontiers of the Amu Darya during the Great Khorezmshakhs' period, cultural and economic life has developed in villages and cities such as, particularly on the right bank of the Amu Darya: Dumanqala, Katta Guldursun, Qavatqala, Janbiqqala, Gaurqala (Sultan Uvais Mountains), NoibqaFa, BuronqaTa and on the left bank: TashqaTa-1, Meshekli, Jigarband, Hazorasp, Khiva, Voyangan, KatqaFa (Shovot), Olmaotishgan-2, Zarliqeshonbobo, Bugrokhon, Muzdakkon, She-makhaqala, Shekhrlik, Yorbakirqal'a, Shokhsanam, Vazir, Zamkhshar, and Buldimsoz. Some of them operated as centers of handicraft and trade.[3] In the X-XI centuries activities of ancient villages and towns continued (Katta Guldursun, Darghan, Khiva, Voyangan, KatqaFa (Shovot), Vazir, Zamakhshar, Kat (right bank) and others). These were centers of trade, crafts and ethnic-religious relations during the Great Khorezmshakhs-Anushtegins' state.
Gurganch occupied the leading position as the administrative, territorial, political, social and religious center of the Great Khorezmshakhs' state. According to archeological excavations, its area was 640 hectares. Its construction dates back to the IV Century BC, it was built by the people of Qirqmulla and, during the later historical period, the surrounding area was developed and its territory expanded during the period of the Great Khorezmshakhs' reign, and since that time the city's reputation in the international arena has grown and became one of the great and powerful cities of that time. There were more than 50 mahallas inside. Specialized craftsmen worked in the mahallas. Gurganch craftsmen have made a unique contribution to the development of commerce in the city through their unique products. According to historical legends survived in the people's culture, Gurganch was destroyed seven times, and restored 7 times. This process is in turn the proof of the hard work and ingenuity of the Khorezm people. There was an international caravan route that was very important for its time in Gurganch. It is advisable to record the following comments based on the aforementioned historical data [4].
According to historical data recorded in the above-mentioned scientific literature, in antique period (IV century BC and IV century AC), all the small, medium and large size buildings built by noble people on the right and left bank of the Amu Darya, were a material
basis for the development of early medieval cities. At the end of IV century and in the V century, the invasion of nomadic tribes from the northeast led to the end of cultural life in some of the cultural centers in Khorezm. After all, cultural and economic development continued in some population centers on the right and left bank of the Amu Darya. Although these towns and villages were destroyed by an external enemy attack, they were quickly restored as a result of the population's efforts.
At the end of the IX and early XIII centuries AC, the cultural life continued in the centers of the old population centers, and new centers were built at the same time. The works of Arab geographers and archeological studies confirmed the results of the creative work performed by the population on these dates. In the beginning of the XII-XIII centuries in the Khorezm oasis the development of various facets of the settled community, the transformation of the oasis into a prosperous land was connected with the centralized state activity. The international conditions created by the development, centralization and transformation of the state in the Khorezm region during the Khorezm era played an important role in the growth of rural and urban areas. From this point of view, it is worth remembering the opinions about Gurganch of Yakut, who came to Khorezm on the eve of the Mongol invasion: "I have never seen a better city with such wealth and beauty before. With its endless wealth, large population and its proximity, there may not have been a city like the main city of Khorezm". From the above, it is clear that the capital of the Khorezmshakhs' state, Gurganch, was able to compete with the famous cities of its time for its beauty, greatness and prosperity. Dargan, Jigarband, Hazorasp, in the south, and Khiva in the southwest of Khorezm region served as a military border.
The villages of Khanka, Gurlan, Mangit and Kiat were the centers of internal farming and made a significant contribution to the development of domestic trade. Located on the riverbank, Dargan, Jigarband, GaurqaTa (Sultan Uvays Mountain), Janbiqqal a, Shurakhan were situated on the international trade route. Sartarosh and Meshekli fortresseses and ToshqaFa served as a caravanserai. Although the power of the Great Khorezmshakhs' state was high, the contradictions that dominated the inner world led to its eternal destruction. While the Great Khorezmshakhs' centralized state gained prominent triumphs in the foreign policy, it is worth noting that the extreme frailties that surrounded its domestic policies led to its end in history.
Information based on archaeological researches shows that the population of the Great Khorezm city is
much wider on the left bank of the Amu Darya than that on the right bank of the Amu Darya. Historical evidence suggests that during the Great Khorezmshakhs' reign, there were a little number of settlements on the right bank of the Amu Darya and on the left bank there were much more cultural centers in the coastal areas served as cultural centers. The reason for this process was the high water supply in the Davdon and Daryalik tributaries of the Amu Draya. The northern tributary of the river -Daryalik was important for the city of the capital of the Great Khorezmshakhs' state to act as the main city of political, economic, cultural, military and religious relations.
Thus, based on the aforementioned historical data, we can conclude that since the second half of the VI century AD, the socio-economic and ethno-economic development of Khorezm society began and its development dates back to the Great Khorezmshakhs' period. On the eve of the political establishment of the Great Anushtegins' state, the nomadic states operated in Khorezm in various terms. The nomadic states had only established political power. Historical sites built by the population continued their cultural life and new dwellings were built [5]. During the period of the Great Khorezmshakhs' state the monuments of the middle and small size were of very high reputation. Most of the population lived in the villages, the activities of the rural population played an important role in the sustainable supply of cities with agricultural products. Reclamation of cultivated areas, economic, cultural and ethnic relations and the high level of urban culture were brought to the classical level during the Anushtegins' reign. Although historic times were unstable, it extended from the eastern part of Azerbaijan (Tabriz) to the Yettisu, in the north from Dashti Kipchak to the Persian Gulf.
REFERENCES:
1. Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoev to the Oliy Majlis on December 28, 2018.
2. Belenitsky A.M., Bentovich I.B., Bolshakov. Middleage cities of Central Asia, Moscow, Science, 1973. Page 172.
3. Tolstov S.P. Khorezm villages, Moscow, Science, 1948.
4. Tolstov S.P. About villages civilization of Khorezm. Po sledam drevnexorezmiyskoy civilization. Moscow, Science, 1908.
5. Sobirov.Q Defense structures of villages and towns of Khorezm. Tashkent "Fan" 2009.
