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HISTORICAL SCIENCES
SOURCE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE IRON AGE RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE LOWER AMUDARYA AND SARYKAMYSH BASINS Kurbanov M.O. (Republic of Uzbekistan) Email: [email protected]
Kurbanov Muzaffar Otakhonovich - Researcher, HISTORY DEPARTMENT, HISTORY FACULTY, URGENCH STATE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article examines the sources of history of the Iron Age in rural communities in the Khorezm oasis, on the Sarykamysh basin. Moreover, it gives clear image of the settlements, such as Odoytepa, Kushkala, Khumbuztepa, Butentou, Kangkaqala and Dingilja. Furthermore, the historical objects related to the lifestyle of the Iron Age people, including bottles, arrows and pots are also clarified in this article. The information obtained from sources describing these places' topography, construction and defense system is also provided.
Keywords: M.G. Vorobeva, D.Durdiev, V.N.Pilipko, E.B.Bijanov, G.K.Khodjaniyazov, Khorezm, Sarykamysh, Odoydepa, Kushkala, Khumbuztepa, Butentou, Kangkaqala, Dingilja.
ИСТОЧНИК ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ИСТОРИИ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ СЕЛЬСКИХ ОБЩИН В НИЖНЕМ БАССЕЙНЕ АМУДАРЬИ И САРЫКАМЫША Курбанов М.О. (Республика Узбекистан)
Курбанов Музаффар Отахонович - исследователь, исторический отдел, исторический факультет, Ургенчский государственный университет, г. Ургенч, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются источники истории железного века в сельских общинах Хорезмского оазиса, в Сарыкамыш. Кроме того, он дает четкое представление о населенных пунктах, таких как Одойдепа, Кушкала, Хумбузтепа, Бутенту, Канкакала и Дингилжа. Кроме того, в этой статье также разъясняются исторические объекты, связанные с образом жизни людей железного века, в том числе бутылки, стрелы и горшки. Информация, полученная из источников, описывающих топографию этих мест, систему строительства и обороны, также предоставляется.
Ключевые слова: М.Г. Воробьева, Д. Дурдиев, В.Н. Пилипко, Е. Биджанов, Г.К. Ходжаниязов, Хорезм, Сарыкамыш, Одойдепа, Кушкала, Хумбузтепа, Бутенту, Канкакала, Дингилжа.
It is important to remember that as a result of extensive research by archaeological expedition workers in the basins of the Lower Amudarya and Sarykamysh in the 50-80s of the 20th century, the sources of the socio-economic and ethno-cultural relations that surrounded the Iron Age society were obtained.
According to historical data, as a result of the excavating activities in Dingilja, built by farmer people in the southeastern part of the Yonboshqala hill in the South Akchadarya basin, sources describing its topography, construction and defense system history have been obtained. In particular, the residential area is rectangular, with a size of 60.9x48 m. The four sides of the monument are surrounded by a non-corridor defensive wall, 2-2.4 m thick.
Archaeological research has revealed that the cultural life in the settlement was of two historical periods. During the first construction period, the dwelling was surrounded by a fenced wall. During this period, several rectangular and square houses were built. More than 30 apartments were built during the second construction period. During this period, raw square bricks were used on the rooms and the defense wall (45x43x44-40x12, 43x40-39x11cm). To the east there is a "Big House" (size 34x14m) separated from other apartments. In the southern part of the Big House, a large brick pond (13.5-9m) were explored in a large courtyard. Different types of ceramics, pottery objects and several two-leaf arcs of bronze were drawn from the rooms (Figure 1-2).
Fig. 1. Earthenware
Fig. 2. Bronze bow arrows
From the beginning of the fifth to the fourth century BC, cultural life continued in Dingilja. 53 small residential settlements have been discovered around Dingilja [4]. Archaeological sources
from the settlements indicate that the population in the southeastern part of the Akchadarya basin was concentrated during the late stages of the Iron Age.
As a result of excavations in the village of Odoytepa, built in the late 1970s in the southern part of Khorezm oasis at the height of the Amu Darya River's left bank, sources indicating that its planned structure was square, surrounded by rectangular brick walls and the monument dating to the IX-VIII centuries have been obtained. It should be noted that due to archaeological excavations in Kushkala, which is located in the same geographical area as Odoytepa, archeological sources have been obtained that reflect its square structure and the history of the defense system [9].
As a result of excavations conducted by M.Mambetullaev, S.Bolelov and S.Baratov at the Khumbuztepa monument at the height of Tashsaka, at the foot of the Amu Darya, house rooms, church, pieces of the pottery, different shaped statues were found (Figure 3-4).
Fig. 3. Earthenware statues
Fig. 4. Earthenware dishes
They also concluded that the monument dates back to the Early Iron Age, based on scientific analysis of various ceramics [1, 2, 8].
As a result of excavations in residential estates built by people at an altitude near the shores of Tunidarya in the southwestern part of Sarykamysh, archeological sources dating back to the early Iron Age have been obtained. In particular, historical data indicate that the Kangka-2 settlement, built by noble people on the Kangkala hill at the foot of the Tunidarya coast, was able to obtain sources that reflect the history of the Bronze Age [6]. As a result of excavations by B.I.Vaynberg, in the southwestern Sarykamysh basin, Kuyisay-2, it was found out that basement houses with planned structure and earthenware were built in the 7th century BC[3]. It was discovered that it belongs to the 7th century. According to archeological researches, as a result of excavations in Yonbash-7 in the Akchadarya basin, on the right bank of the Amudarya and Yakkaparson-2 in the south-eastern part, sources that explain the level of socio-economic and ethnocultural relations in the society in the 9th-8th centuries BC were obtained[5, 7].
Thus, the aforementioned comments allow us to arrive at the following conclusions:
- The sources covering the history of the 9th-8th centuries BC are obtained from Odoytepa.
- Humbuztepa's sources explain the processes that took place in the first half of the 7th century BC.
- There are sources, indicating the location, planning and construction of houses of Yonbosh-7 on the right bank of the Amudarya river and Kuyisay-2 on the south-west of the Sarykamysh, in the first half of the IX-VII centuries.
- The sources of the end of the 7th - the first half of the 6th century were taken from the cultural layers of the monuments of Kushkala, Kangka-2 and Butentou.
- In the second half of the 6th century, the cultural life of the people of Butentou, Kang'ka-2, Odoytepa, Kushkala was over owing to the conquest of Ahamony dynasty.
- In the first half of the fifth century the sources on the history of the Dingilja cultural and economic center on the right bank of the Amu Darya were obtained.
- It should be noted that archaeological sources show a sharp difference in the quantitative and qualitative differences in the construction of settlements built in the 9th and the 5th centuries.
References / Список литературы
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