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HISTORICAL SCIENCES
Matyaqubov Toyirjon Sultanbayevich Student of the Faculty of History, Urgench State University, Uzbekistan
DOI: 10.24411/2520-6990-2020-11872 THE IMPORTANCE OF CASTLES IN THE SOCIO - ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF KHOREZM IN
THE PERIOD OF AFRIGHTS
Abstract.
In this article, the cities, castles, settlements that existed in the territory of the first Middle Ages Khorezm were studied on the basis of the sources studied by their historian scientists. The article also covers the socioeconomic life of Khorezm during this period.
Keywords: Ark, Burgutqal'a,Kat, Norinjon, Sho'roxon, Teshikqal'a, Kumboskanqal'a, Kuyuqqal'a, Kavatqal'a, Tukqal'a, Katqal'a, Amudarya,Khiva, Xazorasp, Katqal'a, Voengan, Olmaotishgan 1,2, Kichik kalajik, Dargon, Sadvar, Davkaskan, Zamaxshar, Shoxsanam, Mizdaxkon.
INTRODUCTION
By the end of the IV century, the Kushan state was completely collapsed due to the attack of the tribes called xionids, khidis, eftalis. On its tributaries, the state of the eftalis is formed.
In the history of the peoples of Central Asia, the eftalian period is characterized by the fact that the slavery relations go away and feudal relations go into shape. This process is reflected in the information provided by archaeological excavations carried out in the Khorezm Oasis. During the eftalis, Khorezm was a sovereign state and was ruled by the afrigid dynasty. The capital of the state of Africans was the city of Kat (now Beruni). In the year of 305 ad, he built a royal castle in the part of the city of Afrig Kat, which was one of the descendants of the siyavushids, called the highest Al-fir. From this date, Afrig began a new year's account and founded the afrig dynasty.
MAIN PART
During the reign of Africans, significant changes take place in socio - economic life in Khorezm. Near the former feudal fortifications, cities, city -fortifications begin to appear. We can see this on the example of an eagle in the Khorezm Oasis. In the burgutkale region, there is a large number of fortifications, which are located separately at a distance of 200-300 meters from each other. On the inside of some fortifications appear crutches. The peasant population of the Khorezm Oasis thus merged into a large patriarchal family in residential areas and settled. Catholics headed patriarchal families, who, when the enemy was in danger, gave themselves to the Duchies and defended themselves. Khorezm ko§k-villages, which existed in the early Middle Ages, were a group of 8-13 people and were located along the channel lines, and each group had one large and solid Lake. And the Houses of ordinary peasants were built in the middle of the arable land. Families and their residential rooms, which are located in the west of the Kirghiz canal in the territory of the yakkaparsang fostering social inequality of the population, have been studied by archaeologists. As a result, it turned out that in the huts on the outside of the ko§ik, the population dependent on the owner of the ko§ik lived "Kadivars". In the VI-VII centuries, the peasant oxen, who lived in
the fortified foothills, became more political and economic. Local agro-nests were referred to as" peasants". Usually with this word the free part of the land population is understood. The main part of the population of Khorezm was engaged in farming.
Cities are the center of feudal property, and the surrounding lands are also feodalga owned. The governor of Shahristan and the surrounding lands sat in the Ark. Ark was considered the center of Shahriston. Shahristans were considered not only political, but also a center of trade and khunarism.
In the regions of Central Asia, the first historical process that took place in the Middle Ages and the life that reigned in the Centers and cities of the rural type of population, which formed its content, was studied by dividing it into two historical stages. At the first stage, it was observed that as a result of the attack of cattle-breeding tribes on Central Asia, the activity of the cultural and economic centers, which were developed earlier, reached its end. Especially this situation was noticeable in the north of Khorezm, in the West Sogd.
In fact, the nomadic tribes grew up, and there was a process of strife with the local population. In the Khorezm Oasis, the state of the Africans, which existed in this historical period, carried out construction work in the cities of the ancient times, without giving the eotibor to build new cities. Settlements in the form of "Ko§k, "" Kule, "" "Kur," ""Kur", "Kur", which have a solid defense system in the villages close to the cities have raised Kadir. (About 100 such fences were built around the Eagle, the distance between them was 100200 m). Since the VIII century, the development of cultural life in the cities of the Khorezm Oasis has taken place. During this period, the irrigation peasant fields were expanded, the ancient irrigation canals were restored and its length continued. (Kaltaminor, Charmanyap, Govxor, Dovdon and others). The need for crafting items has increased. Trade composed of prosperity. And this in turn led to the fact that inside the cities there were towns where people with a special profession live and brought to the market the products of craftsmanship, which they developed themselves. If the prosperity of craftsmanship, trade and other economic activities in medieval cities was found Ham, large-scale cities of the Khorezm time was not built,
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such cities became very little in construction (Kat 200 ha, Dargon 50 ha, Mizdaxkon 50 ha). Khazarasp 18 ha, Voengan 17 ha, Ichankal 26 ha, Kattakaloa 8,5 ha were the majority of the cities in the small and medium khajm.
In the VI-VIII centuries BC, in the right saxilage of the Amudarya, cultural life continued in the cities of Nurinjan, Shurukhan, Teshikkal, Burgutkal, Kumboskankal, Kuyukkal, Kavatkal, Tukkal, Katkal, Khiva, Khazorasp, Katkal, Voengan, Almaotish 1,2, small kelajik, Dargon, Sadvar, Davkaskan, Zamakhshar, Shakhsanam, Mizdakhkan the bill of lading.
In some cities, the population grows, as a result of which the population did not fit into the interior of the city, at the same time the craftsmanship, trade became more extensive. The role of cities in foreign trade has increased. As a result, the perimeter of some cities was assimilated, and people with a certain profession were located, and neighborhoods were formed. Those who lived in these neighborhoods were connected with the city market. The addresses at which people appeared around the city were not previously surrounded by a defensive wall. Such an assimilated territory around the city received the name" Rabod". As a result, the cities that existed in the Middle Ages consisted of three parts, that is, the parts of the City "Ark", the part that was fortified by the alokhi, the inner city "and the" suburb of the city".
There is no rabod in Khiva, Khazarasp, Dargon, Sadvar, Jigarband, Davkaskan, Gurganch, Mizdakhkon in the left-hand corner of Amudarya, where there is a Katkala rabod in the right-hand corner of amudarya, there is no rabod in the cities of Khiva, Khazarasp, Dargon, Sadvar, Jigarband, Davkaskan, Gurganch, Mizdakhkon. Even around mizdahkon in the XI-XIII centuries of our era, 12 thousand "Ko§k" were built. These data prove the conduct of economic cultural relations between the city and the village.
Khiva reached 250 in the Middle Ages, it consisted of the ark, the inner part of the city, Dishankal, the old people say, also had Rabod in Hazarasp. According to the results of archaeological research conducted on the southern and western borders of Tashkent, Ustrushana, Zarafshan Oasis, the results of the military attack of the settlers are not noticeable. Even in settlements (restored in antiquity) there is a continuation of economic activity of the population. This process continued in Fergana and Surkhandarya regions. Movarounnakhr played an important role in the development of the territory, which was formerly called Turon. The geographical feature was evident in the Khorezm Oasis. Here in the cultural and economic centers, where the activity of irrigation facilities continues, the population density takes place, food works are carried out, and in the nearby villages 27 m in length with magnificent walls and tires in Square and rectangular form, "puppies", "strongholds" with 20 m in width are built, such perfect structures with a height of 8-10 m do not
As a result of extensive archaeological research in the Khorezm Oasis, numerous cities and villages dating
back to the early Middle Ages were recorded, all of which were found to have an excellent defense system.
Cities of the era of the first Middle Ages:
Toprakkal'a-keeping the economic cultural life crisis in the IV - V centuries BC, the only continued cultural life in its arch part, repair work on city walls and constellations or conducted nationally, as a result of which the elements lost their ability to complete the defense. Only repair or nationally conducted halos works in the ark part. Cultural life in the EIS of the century revived again, X-XIII House-joyous, the buildings of which were built firmly in the centuries BC VI in the city.
Kat(Kas)-is located on the territory of the Right Bank of the Amudarya, in the south-western part of the city of Beruni. The city is planned in a rectangular form, the preserved area-to 44. In the south-west corner of the castle is the ark. The city has four gates. The city was struck by a defensive wall, and its remains were preserved in the western and southern Tama. The length of the Western Wall is 62 m. South 712 m. North and east wall 660 m. The wall is fastened with semicircular constellations, the distance between them is 33 m. The growth of the zodiac from the wall to the side is 6 m. wall thickness 3.5 m. in the middle of the southern wall lies a gate, its width is 14 m. Past the trench of 50-60m in width near the City defense wall. The water of the city of Amudarya washed it slowly, as a result of which its territory became jealous. A. in 1937 year on the monument.I.Terenojkin conducted archaeological excavations. In 1963, Yu.P.Manilov continued archaeological excavations in the Kat fortress, as a result of which he found archaeological materials of the IX-XIII centuries[1]. The height of the construction of walls and congresses was 7-8m, the thickness of the upper part was 2-3m, mainly cotton was used. The zodiac sign is connected with the causeway, and on the side it was a hanging sign, and the inhabitants performed the function of living. The first information about the monument are three in the works of At-Tabari, Istakhri, IbnKhawkal, Al-Muqani, Beruni. The Arab geographer and traveler Al-Muqsiyy said: "KasniShahristan was also mentioned. On the eastern side of the amudarya. In it, the mosque of cameo is located in the middle of the market, and the mosque is built by placing wooden columns on a black stone that comes along the man. The city is rich in prosperous alimu-fazilga, the population is dark, there is plenty of food, the city is rich in archi-tectur and the elderly. This is the command-Mahal to search for their owners from Iraq.They make a wonderful which is also flattering.This situation is also noted by others " - notes. Al-Balazuri in his book "Kitabul-Futuh"(The Book of Fatah) gives such a description to the city of Khorezm: "Khorezm consists of 3 parts, they are surrounded by ditches. El Fir is the most fortified part of the city. Between the parts of the city of there is a large pile that feeds them with water during the siege. In the work "IbnHurdudbek" book ul-masolikva-l-ma-molik", along with Khorezm, also showed the city of Kat. More extensive information about the city of Khorezm in Istakhri's work threeraydi" the capital of Khorezm is located in the north of OKs, the main city of the country is called Khorezmin the language of Cote
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mural. However, it was destroyed by the Oks, and the people seized space behind it. The river again came closer to the fortress. There is also an probably of irradiation of the fortress. The mosque of cameo is behind the fortress. The khorezmshahPalace is next to the same mosque. The dungeon is located near the castle, wherein flows the Jardur canal from the middle of the city. It divides the market with the city into two parts. The across and the length of the city are close to 1/3 of the Persian. The gates in the ruined part of the city are destroyed. The rest was built at the bottom of the valley behind the destroyed part. Khorezm fruitful is a city rich in food. It is located on the West Bank of the Oks River, a 3-day road from Georgia. The author of the work"khudududul-alam "is the gate of Kos-Ghaz-Turk-ish property, Turkistan. The place where the commercial caravan accumulates from movaraunnakhr and Khazar, the population is gazing and fighting; the city was so rich that it would have bought in it blankets, clothes, carbs, wool, Yakh, ruhbin(dairy products) [2].
According to Abu-RayhanBeruni, " Afrig built his own castle on Al-Fir in the six hundred and sixteenth year of Alexander's history. Al-Fir was a fortress built of clay and raw brick on the outskirts of the city of Khorezm, which was built of three floors, which were located inside each other and did not stick together in height. On top of these fortresses there were castles of Kings. El Fir was visible from a distance of ten miles and more. Jayhun broke it down every year, demolished it and took it away, and there was no trace left of it in the Thousand and three hundred and five years of Alexander's history [3].
Yakkaparson-located in the oasis of Burgutkala. The correct angle is known in the form of 130X190m. The four sides of the early Middle Ages were imbued with circular shaped constellations that were struck by a defensive wall (12 zodiac). The monument is surrounded by a trench about 20 m wide. The inner circle of the fortress gate is reinforced by a defensive wall. The height of the defensive wall and the Zodiac is 5-8 m and has a foundation. In the center of the fortress, 5-6-room houses were studied.
Teshikkale is located 2 km south of Burgutkale, its size is 100X100m. The four sides of the chimney are surrounded by a wall, the height of which is 12-14m. There is no sign along the wall, but in the corner of the wall there is a circular sign, which in turn has tires. A large apartment built in the form of a rectangle was studied in the southern part of the monument. The height of its lower part is 6 m, the construction of the chimney, and then the construction of the wall from the raw brick was carried out. The outer side of the wall is decorated with not very large honeycombs, which look like "wafers". 1938-39 years S.Employees of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition led by Tolstov examined the monument and found out that it belonged to the VII-VIII centuries BC.
Originally A on ayozkale-II monument.I.Ter-enojkin provides information. N.Y.N.Y.Vakturskaya, M.G.Vorobgeva identified the monument as belonging to the V-VIII centuries BC. S.AndTolstov made a conclusion about the fact that Ayozkale-11 refers to the period of Kushan and the Africans. Eat it.Gulomov came
to the conclusion that there should be a military istex-kom,standing in the Fortress Ayozkal-2 Military coushins. No, it'snot.P.Manilov conducted archaeological excavations in ayozkal-2 in 1971 year, according to which Ayozkal-2 is located at an altitude of 30 m above the Earth's surface, it consists of two parts. Its main part is khajmi 36x65m. The north-eastern part of the monument is in a semi-circular form. The northern part was built in the right direction. The height of the wall in the circular part is 7-8m, the thickness of the lower part of the wall is 4.4-4.8 m. The four sides of the upper part of the wall were erected from an equal raw brick. Along the outer wall there is a pavement, its width is 2,2-2,4 m. The defensive wall is fastened with straight rectangular tires with two skirts, the distance between them is 1,7-2 m. It was concluded that it dates back to the VII-VIII centuries BC[4], concluding from the archaeological finds obtained from Ayozkale-2.
Kuyukkale - located 30 km north of the city of Chimboy. In 1956, the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition was inspected by the staff, the general structure, planning was considered. Kuyukkale dates back to the early Middle Ages and forms Theeksex of the Gerder culture. In 1961, archaeologists from Karakalpakstan conduct excavations. The monument is close to the Triangle in terms of planning, the total area is up to 27 ha. The structure of the monument is divided into 4 parts from the ground up, namely the northern, southern area, the eastern and Western arc. Its occurrence on the basis of the objects found in the monument is marked by the end of the VII century BC -VIII century. The defense system of the monument has not been studied. All sides of the monument are located in the open plain. From the point of view of defense, it is necessary that it is surrounded by a wall[5].
It is located in the north-western region of the Jampikkala-Beruni district. Planned groundbreaking triangular shape, total area 420X288m. Information about the monument X.Threeraydi in the work of Vam-beri. Later N.P.Barbet-de-Marni provides information about Jampikkal. In 1940, employees of the Khorezm archaeological - ethnographic expedition photographed the walls of his warehouse, collected the evidence, according to which the monument was identified as a gaoid in the XII-XIV centuries, the presence of an ancient wall in the lower part of the wall was determined. Archaeological excavations were carried out at the monument in 1971-73 years. The Bunda was drawn from its tarkhi and excavated in two places. In 1978-81 years, archaeological excavations continued in the southern part of the monument. The monument is surrounded by a two-row defensive wall from ancient times, the height of which is now preserved in the current vakt is 9m, the wall thickness in the lower part is 5,6-5,8 m, and in the upper part is 3,4-3,5 m. The Wall continued to be built from 1 m high pakhsadan, later mixed with raw materials and pakhsa. The defensive wall has been eaten several times. The wall in turn has a trapezium-shaped constellation, the distance between which is 70m. Horoscope width 4,8-7,25 m. The gate of the monument is located in the West and North. The gate is strengthened by a G-shaped wall, in which there
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is a semicircular constellation. Only the internal structure of one zodiac sign has been studied, its length is 4m, width is 1-1,6 m, height is 2,42 m. The construction of the monument and its defense system on the basis of utensils obtained as a result of archaeological research was carried out in the IV-VI century BC. It was concluded that the construction of his defense system was carried out in the IX-XI centuries BC, and life in Xivasr was prosperous. The history of the pirok kale defense system is not made a separate scientific-theoretical analysis[6].
Urgench (Gurgench) - is located in the territory of GokhnaUrgench District of Toshkhovuz region. His plan is not clear, the total area is up to 400 ha. The city is surrounded by a defensive wall. Preliminary information about the city is given in the works of arab tourists, geographers and Russian military, historians. the work of archaeological study of the city.N.Y.He took Vakturskaya, as a result of which he received items from the Khorezmshahs ' period. Unfortunately, the defense system of the city is not specifically studied. Obiter said that on the eve of the Mongolian attack, the city was the political center of the Khorezmshahs state. The city is surrounded by a high and thick wall and has 4 gates. Extensive repair work has been carried out on the walls and towers, their height is 7-8m. It is surrounded by a circular constellation[7].
There were also such ahoi settlements asZamaxshar(Zmuxshir),Shuraxon, KattaGuldursin, Qavatqal'a, Kaptarxona, Shemaxaqal'a, Shexrlik, Yar-bekirqal'a, Mizdahqan, Taxiriya-Rabot(Doya-Xotin), Ketmenchi, Bug'roxon.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the cultural life of the first Middle Ages in the right and macro areas of Amudarya continued. This historical process manifests itself in the solo socioeconomic and ethnographic relations that took place in the early medieval society of the Khorezm Oasis "ko§klar", built around Kumbosgankal, Burgutkal, Kuvatkal, Mizdakhkan and Khazorasp. Unfortunately, the monuments of the first Middle Ages (especially monuments in the Khorezm region) have not been studied extensively in archaeological terms.
References
1.Тереножкин А.И. Археологические разведки в Хорезме.- М., Наука, 1940.
2. Материалы по истории туркмен и Туркмении. М.-Л. Наука, 1941.
3. Абу РайхонБеруний.Кадимгихалклардан-колганёдгорликлар. Т№1.Тошкент, Фан, 1966.
4. Манылов Ю.П. Городише Аязкалъа-2-Уни-кальный памятник раннесредневекового Хо-резма.//Кн Археология Приаралья. Вып. 2, Т., Фан, 1984.
5. Неразик Е.Е., Рапопорт Ю.А. Куюккалъа.// МХЭ вып-1.-М.Наука, 1959. Турманов Ж. Куюкцалъаилкуртаасрёдгорлиги. Сб. История и материальная культура Каракалпакистан. Нукус, 2006.
6. Хожаниязов Б.К., КдирниязовМ-Ш., Доспа-нов О.Раскопки, ичелого квартира XII-XV вв. в западной частиДжампыккала. //Кн. Археология Приаралья. Т.,Фан. 1990.
7. Вактурская Н.Н. Раскопки городище Ургенч в 1952г.// ТХАЭЭ, Т.2 - М., Наука, 1958.
