CC BY
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UDK - 914-919
DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_76_22
Embergenov N.J., PhD Associate Professor Karakalpak State University Uzbekistan, Nukus Joldasov A.S.
Assistant teacher Karakalpak State University Uzbekistan, Nukus Oteuliev M.O., Doctoral Candidate Karakalpak State University Uzbekistan, Nukus
SOME ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF LIVESTOCK SECTORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract. This article analyzes the development and territorial organization of the livestock sector in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The article deals with the past and present state of livestock. The most favorable areas for livestock breeding in Karakalpakstan are listed.
Keywords: landfund, resource, pasture, territorial organization, intensive, employment, melioration.
At present, great attention is paid in our country to the uninterrupted supply of cheap and high-quality food products to the population. The development of the livestock sector in the region is an important factor in the consistent solution of these issues. For this reason, Presidential Resolution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4243, March 18, 2019) "On measures for further development and support of the livestock industry" and (No. 4576, January 29, 2020) "On additional measures of the state support for the livestock industry" adopted by the Government in recent years are among them. The main content and essence of these resolutions is to further develop the livestock sector in the country, to provide the population with cheap and quality livestock products, to attract foreign investment in the cultivation and processing of import-substituting, export-oriented, marketable and competitive food products and to support entrepreneurship [1,2].
The Republic of Karakalpakstan is characterized by unique natural conditions and resources. In this case, the land resources can be recognized separately. The total land fund of the republic is 16.1 million hectares, including 419.5 thousand hectares of arable land; hayfields 68 thousand ha; pastures are 4640 thousand ha [4]. It is known that the rational use of land resources depends on a number of factors. Currently, water resources are major problem in the
region. This, in turn, requires structural changes in the agricultural sector. Taking into account the rich historical experience of the population it is necessary to reduce the number of water-intensive crops in agriculture, increase the number of forage crops that require less water, as well as the region, which is specialized in the livestock sector. In this regard, Presidential Resolution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4512, November 7, 2019) "On measures to accelerate the development of the livestock industries in the Republic of Karakalpakstan" was adopted. This decision was made especially for the Republic of Karakalpakstan, where the specialization of livestock in Bozatau, Muynak, Takhtakupir and Kungrad districts in the north of the country is recognized as one of the most important issues to be addressed today. It is necessary to scientifically study the available resources and factors in the implementation of these issues [3].
The Republic of Karakalpakstan is one of the regions of the country with great potential for the development of livestock, occupying 48.5% of the pasture fund. The total volume of agricultural production in Karakalpakstan in 2019 amounted to 8108.4 billion UZS and the share of the livestock sector was 48.6%. The analysis of statistical data shows that the number of livestock in Karakalpakstan has been growing in recent years. For example, in 1990 the number of large horned cattle in all categories of farms of the republic increased from 373.2 thousand in 2019 to 1109.5 thousand. The number of sheep and goats increased from 530.0 thousand to 1135.0 thousand, respectively, and the number of yearlings (horse) increased from 13.8 thousand to 24.4 thousand.
It should be noted that of the existing 1109.5 thousand heads of large horned cattle, 52.3 thousand heads (4.7%) belong to farms, 1048.3 thousand heads (94.5%) belong to dehkan farms and 9 thousand heads (0.8%) belong to agricultural enterprises. This indicator is 122 thousand heads (10.7%), 996.2 thousand heads (87.8%)and 16.5 thousand heads, respectively, in sheep and goats
[5].
In 2019, meat production (live weight) in Karakalpakstan amounted to 106.9 thousand tons (including 3.0% on farms, 96.4% on dehkan farms and 0.6% on agricultural enterprises). Milk production amounted to 386.3 thousand tons (of which 5.0%; 94.2% and 0.7%, respectively). According to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency, in 1992 the cattle population in Kazakhstan was 9.5 million head and this number fell all the way to below 4 million head by 1999. Since that time there has been a gradual recovery and at the beginning of 2011 there were 6.2 million head [6].
According to these data, the main role in livestock is played by dehkan farms, and the share of farms is very low. This, in turn, creates specific difficulties to collect statistics on livestock production. As well as used for processing livestock products grown on farms and agricultural enterprises. Therefore, in order to enlarge small dehkan farms and gradually transform them into farms, it is expedient to develop a special state program to support them, allocate land and allocate soft loans. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of livestock,
the improvement of their breed, an increase in the volume of production from them. Processing of these livestock products will lead to the provision of quality food to the population, increase the employment rate and increase the gross domestic product.
Regular irrigation of existing pastures and increasing the productivity of natural pastures in Karakalpakstan is one of the main tasks for further development of the livestock sector. This is because the utilization rate of desert pasture resources is currently low. For example, in the northern regions of the country, the use of natural pastures is 57%, while in the southern regions it is only 35%. In recent years, the productivity of natural pastures on the banks of the Amudarya has declined. In the delta, the volume and quality of agricultural products included in the crop rotation system are also declining. Pastures have a serious impact on vegetation cover and productivity due to the negative impact on the natural grasslands as a result of wind movement of salts and toxic dust accumulated in the Aral Sea impact zone. This process leads to the development of livestock in the region, a decrease in the production of products from them, and in turn the import of these products or an increase in prices.
In 2019, about 96-100 thousand hectares of arable land were used for agriculture in the southern districts of the republic, while in the northern and central districts it was 155-170 thousand hectares. This is equivalent to 14-17 percent of the land suitable for irrigated agriculture. This means that even in irrigated agricultural areas, there are many reserves for agricultural use. Due to the scarcity of water resources, these lands have not been used in agriculture for many years.
At present, 87.6 thousand hectares of cotton and 102.5 thousand hectares of grain are planted in all categories of farms of the country. These crops also produce large amounts of fodder for livestock. Irrigation of pastures for intensive development of livestock in Karakalpakstan and territorial placement, specialization and selection of livestock in accordance with the natural and economic geographical features of the region will lay the foundation for the future development of this sector.
In order to develop the livestock sector in Karakalpakstan in conditions of water scarcity, it is expedient to implement the following measures:
• based on hydromodules of agricultural crops on irrigated lands and the implementation of their planned irrigation;
• selection of scientifically based types of agricultural crops depending on the mechanical composition of the soil;
• ensuring the uninterrupted operation of drainage wells and relying on expert advice in salt washing;
• it is advisable to follow agricultural crop rotation schemes.
The implementation of these measures will allow the development of irrigation and land reclamation systems in Karakalpakstan, the proper
organization of land reclamation to alleviate environmental problems that adversely affect the food reserves of livestock and increase the efficiency of production.
Reference:
1. Presidential Resolution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4243, March 18,
2019) "On measures for further development and support of the livestock industry"
2. Presidential Resolution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4576, January 29,
2020) "On additional measures of the state support for the livestock industry"
3. Presidential Resolution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (No. 4512, November 7, 2019) "On measures to accelerate the development of the livestock industries in the Republic of Karakalpakstan"
4. Soliev A. Qarshiboeva L. Theoretical and practical issues of economic geography. Tashkent - 1999. (in Uzbek)
5. Umarov E. Economic and social geography of Karakalpakstan. Nukus - 2011. (in Karakalpak)
6. S. Tazhibaev, K. Musabekov, A. Yesbolova, S. Ibraimova, A.Mergenbayeva , Z. Sabdenova, M. Seidahmetov. Issues in the development of the livestock sector in Kazakhstan. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143 (2014), pp. 610-614
