CC BY
5UDC 611.811; 004.81
Alexander Sergey Tomashuk DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2023-27186-44-72
SOME INFORMATION ABOUT A STRUCTURE OF PARTS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Abstract.
Today, the development of knowledge and the improvement of technologies in such a discipline as artificial intelligence (AI), in the field of technical sciences, is relevant. This is the third work, which, as before, describes the known information about the structure and principle of work of the central nervous system (CNS) of a living organism, such as human. The purpose of the general study is to improve the technology of AI, which is based on the structure and principle of work of the CNS of a living organism, for humanoid robots (HR). The purpose of this study is to form knowledge regarding the structure of the human brain (HB) parts. To achieve this purpose, a search and analysis of known information was carried out; also, graphic illustrations, that describe the connections between separate nerve cells of separate parts of the HB, were formed. Briefly, information is provided regarding the parts of the CNS in which the process of generating new cells occurs. In addition, the work describes the distribution of basic substances - mainly neurotransmitters, within the CNS; and also, according to known information, expressions for calculating the quantities of separate elements and components - nerve cells, mini-columns and oth., the CNS, have been derived for practical implementation in future works. In-depth knowledge of the structure ofparts HB and the principle of work of the CNS will allow, for future work, to improve the technology of AI of HR.
Keywords: central nervous system, neocortex, layer, nerve cells, artificial intelligence, humanoid robot.
1. Introduction.
Today, there is a need to improve artificial intelligence (AI) technology.
A series of works [1, 2], including this one, provide a description of the structure and operation of the central nervous system (CNS) of a living organism such as a person. This information, along with information, that will be found later, will help in improving the AI model and developing software that will demonstrate the functioning of the CNS, in some approximation to the ideal.
Unfortunately, although there is quite a lot of information regarding the work of the CNS, it has not been fully studied. In this regard, the author of the manuscript has repeatedly proposed and will continue to propose a number of hypotheses, that need proof and cannot be accepted by specialists, who work in the field of medical science, without them, regarding the functioning of the CNS. In most cases, hypotheses, that were formed by the author on the basis of his own experience, which was obtained while studying information, that relates to the fields of technical and medical sciences, are specified in the text of the work, as those, that require proof.
This work, incompletely, provides information regarding the structure of parts of the brain (B) and connections between cells - those nerve (NC) and glial cells (GC), that are located inside one smallest component (such as, for example, mini-column or micro-column) of a separate part, and also, accordingly, those, that located are in the components of different plots of this separate part and components of different parts of the CNS.
2. General information regarding connections in the CNS.
2.1. General information regarding connections between plots of parts, in the CNS.
As stated above in the text, the anatomy and physiology of the CSN have not been fully studied. Because of this, there is a problem, that consists in the lack of information - for example, the permissible range of the number of cells - NC and GC, in separate layers of the smallest component of the part and each of the parts, is unknown; the types of cells and their exact location in some parts (for example, the nucleus of the hypothalamus) are unknown, however, the substances and receptors, that they possess, are known; and etc.
As previously - in work [1], in this work, to a greater extent, accent will be placed on the system of connections of cells from the ventral stream of visual information. In addition, using the case, the author should request the attention of readers to the scheme, which was, as an illustration, shown in work [1], where it is necessary to replace the link, which is designated as Brodmann area (BA) 28, which corresponds to the medial entorhinal cortex, with Brodmann area 34, which corresponds to the dorsal entorhinal cortex. From the works [3, 4], it is known, that there is a small number of connections between BA 28 and the perirhinal cortex - BA 35 and 36, compared to BA 34.
Table 1 provides information regarding the titles and their abbreviations, parts and plots of object of the CNS, as well as the location of a certain plot, relative to an imaginary point, which is defined as the center of the object.
Based on the known information, that was obtained from works [1, 2, 5-164], as well as, that which was proposed as a hypothesis, in the form of a table, a list of connections between areas (also, sub-parts) of the cortex of the hemispheres (HC) of the B (or, BHC), as well as, between the areas of the CH of the B and the parts of the B. By information, that was proposed as a hypothesis, and, that, obviously, needs to be verified, author mean such information, that in the works, that
«©©yLOlMUM-JOUTMaL» #27(186), 2023 / MEDICAL SCIENCES_45_
were found during the search process, was presented in information, that was obtained from the same works, less quantity ("in detail") and to this was defined as that describes, in more detail, the structure of separate plots which is "not fully represented." Table 2 presents the of some parts. result. Further, in the text, Figure 1, based on known
Table 1.
Titles, and their abbreviations, of the parts and plots of the CNS objects.
Name object Abbreviation
Left L
Right R
Superior S, s
Inferior I, i
Anterior A, a
Posterior P, p
Supra Su
Retro Re
Caudal c
Rostral r
Lateral L, l
Medial M, m
Dorsal D, d
Ventral V, v
Ipsilateral IpL
Contralateral CoL
Bilateral BiL
Magnocellular M (Ret)
Parvocellular P (Ret)
Koniocellular K (Ret)
Brodmann area BA
Bone marrow BoMa
Brainstem BrSt
Midbrain MiBr
Medulla oblongata MeOb
Metencephalon Mt
Frontal lobe FrLo
Occipital lobe OcLo
Parietal lobe PaLo
Temporal lobe TeLo
Superior frontal gyrus SuFrGy
Middle frontal gyrus MiFrGy
Orbitofrontal cortex OrFrCo
Prefrontal cortex PreFrCo
Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex DLPreFrCo
Retrosplenial cortex ReSpCo
Cingulate cortex CiCo
Anterior cingulate cortex ACiCo
Medial temporal gyrus MeTeGy
Postcentral gyrus PostCeGy
Corpus callosium CoCa
Primary visual cortex V1
Secondary visual cortex V2
Association visual cortex V3, V3A, V3B, V4, V5, V6, V6A, V7 (v, d)
Lateral occipital areas LO-1, LO-2, LO-3
Ventral occipital area VO-1, VO-2
Anterior inferior temporal area AIT
Central inferior temporal area CIT
Posterior inferior temporal area PIT
Dorsal perirhinal cortex DPrC
Ventral perirhinal cortex VPrC
Entorhinal cortex ErC
Lateral entorhinal cortex LErC
Medial entorhinal cortex MErC
Hippocampus Hc
Hippocampus subiculum HcSub
Hippocampus cornu ammonis (1-3 (4)) Hc (CA1-CA3 (CA4))
Hippocampus dentate gyrus HcDG
Indusium griseum InGr
Claustrum Cl
Septal nuclei SeN
Lateral septal nucleus LSeN
Medial septal nucleus MSeN
Septum pellucidum SePe
Paraterminal gyrus PaTeG
Diagonal band of Brock BrDiBa
Ventral limb of the diagonal band nucleus of Brock BrDiBaNVLi
Horizontal limb of the diagonal band nucleus of Brock BrDiBaNHLi
Amygdala (nuclei) Am (mAm)
Amygdala basolateral nucleus AmBLN (AmPBLN)
Amygdala basomedial nucleus AmBMN
Amygdalo-piriform transition area Am-PiTrAr
Periamygdaloid area PerAm
Epithalamus EpiTh
Habenular nuclei HbN
Thalamus Th
Thalamus sensory association nuclei ThSAN
Thalamus lateral geniculate nucleus ThLGN (DLGN, VLGN)
Thalamus reticular nucleus ThRtN
Thalamus midline nuclei ThMdLnN
Thalamus reuniens nuclues ThReuN
Thalamus rhomboid nucleus ThRhN
Thalamus paraventricular nucleus ThPaVeN
Thalamus paratenial nucleus ThPaTeN
Thalamus intralaminar nuclei ThILN (ThPILN)
Thalamus pulvinar nuclei ThPulN
Thalamus inferior pulvinar nucleus ThIPulN
Thalamus lateral pulvinar nucleus ThLPulN
Thalamus lateral posterior nucleus ThLPN
Thalamus paracentral nucleus ThPaCN
Thalamus central lateral nucleus ThCLN
Thalamus central medial nucleus ThCMN
Thalamus parafascicular nucleus ThPaFsN
Thalamus lateral nuclei ThLN
Thalamus lateral dorsal nucleus ThLDN
Thalamus medial geniculate nucleus ThMGN (dMGN)
Thalamus interanteromedial nucleus ThIAMN
Thalamus anterior nuclei ThAN
Thalamus anterior medial nucleus ThAMN
Thalamus anterior ventral nucleus ThAVN
Thalamus anterior dorsal nucleus ThADN
Thalamus ventral anterior nucleus ThVAN
Thalamus ventral posteromedial nucleus ThVPMN
Hypothalamus Ht (dHt)
Hypothalamus ventromedial nucleus HtVMN
Hypothalamus posterior nucleus HtPN
Hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus HtPaVeN
Hypothalamus mammillary nucleus HtMaN (HtLMaN, HtMMaN)
Hypothalamus supramammillary nucleus HtSuMaN
Hypothalamus retromammillary nucleus HtReMaN
Hypothalamus premammillary nucleus HtPreMaN
Hypothalamus tuberal nucleus HtTuN
Hypothalamus tuberomammillary nucleus HtTuMaN
Hypothalamus preoptic nuclei HtPreOpN
Pineal gland (epiphysis) PnGl
Pituitary gland (hypophysis) PtGl
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) APtGl
Posterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) PPtGl
Ventricular zone VeZo
Basal nuclei BaN
Meynert basal nucleus MeBaN
Corpus striatum CoSt (dCoSt, vCoSt)
Caudate nucleus CaN
Putamen Pu
Nucleus accumbens NAc
Olfactory tubercle OlTu
Globus Pallidus GlPa (lGlPa, mGlPa)
External part of globus pallidus ExGlPa
Internal part of globus pallidus InGlPa
Substancia nigra SuNi
Pars reticulata substancia nigra PaReSuNi
Pars compacta substancia nigra PaCoSuNi
Subthalamic nucleus SubThN
Corpora quadrigemina superior colliculus CoQuSuCo
Corpora quadrigemina inferior colliculus CoQuInCo
Parabigeminal nucleus PaBiN
Pretectal nuclei PreTcN
Pretectal nucleus of the optic tract NOT
Pretectal olivary (pretectal) nucleus OPN
Pretectal anterior (pretectal) nucleus APN
Pretectal posterior (pretectal) nucleus PPN
Trapezoid body (nuclei) TrBo
Olfactory bulb OlB
Anterior olfactory nucleus AOlN
Reticular formation ReFo
Raphe nuclei RaN
Caudal raphe nucleus cRaN
Dorsal raphe nucleus dRaN
Median raphe nucleus mRaN
Locus coeruleus LoCo
Mesopontine tegmentum MePoTg
Tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus TgPePoN
Tegmental laterodorsal nucleus TgLDN
Ventral tegmental area TgVAr
Periaqueductal gray PeGr
Periaqueductal gray supraoculomotor nucleus PeGrSOM
Red nucleus ReN
Postrema area PoAr
Inferior olivary complex IOlCo
Inferior olivary nucleus IOlN
Pons Po
Ventrolateral pons vlPo
Pontine reticular nucleus PoReN
Parabrachial nuclei PaBrN
Cerebellum Ce
Cerebellum nuclei CeN
Cerebellum dentate nucleus CeDeN
Cerebellum interposed nuclei CeInN
Cerebellum fastigial nucleus CeFaN
Cranial nerves CrNe
Vestibular nuclei VsN
Superior vestibular nucleus SVsN
Medial vestibular nucleus MVsN
Pararubral nucleus PaRbN
Retrorubral nucleus ReRbN
Mesencephalic nucleus (CrNe) MsN
Abducens nuclei AbN
Medullary nucleus MdN
Retina Ret
Dorsal root ganglia DRoG
Zona Incerta Zoln
Accessory optical system AcOpSy
Accessory optical system lateral terminal nucleus AcOpSyLTrN
Table 2.
Projection of NC with each other between the BHC BA, and between the BHC BA and B parts.
BHC BA Afferents from the BHC BA Afferents from the B parts Efferents to the BHC BA Efferents to the B parts
BA 17 (V1d) BA 5; 7; 17 (V1v); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3d, V4d, V5); 36 Ce* (L) [13]; Am; Th (LGN, SAN); CoQuSuCo; Cl BA 4; 5; 7; 10; 17 (V1v); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3d, V4d, V5, V6); 27; 39 (L); 46 Ce* (L); Cl; Th (vLGN, dLGN, SAN, PulN, RtN); CoSt; CoQuSuCo
BA 17 (V1v) BA 4 (L); 5 (R); 7 (R); 17 (V1d); 18 (V2v); 19 (V3v, V4v); 20 (CIT, AIT); 36; 41; 42 Am; Th (dLGN, SAN); Cl BA 4 (L); 5 (R); 7 (R); 9 (R); 10 (R); 11; 17 (V1d); 18 (V2v) (R); 19 (V3v, V4v); 20 (CIT, AIT); 21 (21d); 27; 39 (L); 41; 42; 47 (R) Ce* (L); Cl; Th (dLGN, SAN, RtN);
BA 18 (V2d) BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2v); 19 (V3d, V4d, V5) Ce*; CoQuSuCo; Am; Th (dLGN, RtN, SAN); Cl BA 5 (R); 7 (R); 8 (R); 17 (V1d); 18 (V2v); 19 (V3d, V3A, V4d, V5, V6, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3); 23 (L); 31 (R); 36; 37 Ce*; CoQuSuCo; Cl; Th (dLGN, RtN, PulN, SAN); CoSt
BA 18 (V2v) BA 17 (V1v); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3v, V4v); 22 (L); 37 Am; Th (dLGN, SAN); Cl BA 11; 17 (V1v); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3v, V4v, V8); 21; 22 (L); 27; 36; 37 (L); 44 (L); 45 (L); 47 HcSub; Cl; Th (dLGN, SAN, RtN); CoSt
BA 19 (V3d) BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d) (R); 19 (V3v, V3A, V4d, V5, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) Ce*; Am; Th (LGN, SAN); CoQuSuCo; Cl BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d) (R); 19 (V3v, V3A, V3B, V4d, V5); 30 (L); 32 (L) Ce*; CoQuSuCo; Cl; Th (LGN, SAN, PulN)
BA 19 (V3v) BA 17 (V1v); 18 (V2v) (R); 19 (V3d, V4v); 20 (CIT, AIT); 37 Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 11 (R); 17 (V1v); 18 (V2v) (R); 19 (V3d, V3A, V4v); 20 (CIT, AIT); 21; 30 (L); 32 (L); 37; 47 (R) Cl; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V3A) BA 19 (V3d, V3B, V4, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V3d, V3B, V4d, V5, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3 (R)); 27 (R); 30 (R); 37 (PIT) CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V3B) BA 19 (V3d, V3A, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V3A, V4d, V5, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V4d) BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d); BA 19 (V3d, V3A, V3B, V4v, V5, V6, V6Ad, V6Av, V7, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) Am; CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3d, V3A, V4v, V5, V6, V6Ad, V6Av, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V4v) BA 17 (V1v); 18 (V2v); 19 (V3v, V4d, V8); 37 Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 17 (V1v); 18 (V2v); 19 (V3v, V3A, V4d, V8, VO-1, VO-2); 37 Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V5(d)) BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3d, V3A, V3B, V4d, V7, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) Am; Th (LGN, IPulN, LPulN); CoQuSuCo; Cl BA 8; 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d); 19 (V3d, V4d, V6); 41; 42 (L) CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V6(d)) BA 17 (V1d); 18 (V2d); 19 (V4d, V5, V7) Am; CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V4d (L), V6Av, V6Ad, V7, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3 (R)); 27 (R); 37 CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V6Ad) BA 19 (V4d, V6, V6Av) Am; CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V4d, V6Av, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3); 37 CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V6Av) BA 19 (V4d, V6, V6Ad) Am; CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V4d, V6Ad, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3) CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V7(d)) BA 19 (V6) Am; CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V4d, V5, V6, LO-1, LO-2, LO-3); 27 (R); 30; 37 CoQuSuCo; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (V8(v)) BA 18 (V2v); 19 (V4v, VO-1, VO-2) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V4v, VO-1, VO-2) Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (LO-1(d)) BA 18 (V2d); 19 (V3A, V3B, V4d, V6, V6Ad, V6Av, V7, LO-2, LO-3) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V3d, V3A, V3B, V4d, V5, LO-2, LO-3) Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (LO-2(d)) BA 18 (V2d); 19 (V3A, V3B, V4d, V6, V6Ad, V6Av, V7, LO-1, LO-3) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V3d, V3A, V3B, V4d, V5, LO-1, LO-3) Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (LO-3(d)) BA 18 (V2d); 19 (V3A, V3B, V4d, V6, V6Ad, V6Av, V7, LO-1, LO-2) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V3d, V3A, V3B, V4d, V5, LO-1, LO-2) Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (VO-1(v)) BA 19 (V4v, V8, VO-2) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V8, VO-2); 37 Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 19 (VO-2(v)) BA 19 (V4v, V8, VO-1) Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 19 (V8, VO-1); 37 Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 37 (PIT) BA 18 (V2d, V2v); 19 (V3v, V4v, VO-1, VO-2); 20 (CIT, AIT); 21; 22; 32; Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 18 (V2v); 6; 7; 9 (L); 19 (V3v, V4v); 20 (CIT, AIT); 21; 22; 31; 32; 39; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
44; 45; 46 (L); 47 44; 45; 46 (L); 47
BA 20 (CIT) BA 17 (V1v); 19 (V3v); 37; Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 11; 17 (V1v); 19 (V3v); 27; 36; 37 Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 20 (AIT) BA 17 (V1v); 19 (V3v); 37 Am; Th (LGN, SAN); Cl BA 11; 17 (V1v); 19 (V3v); 27; 36; 37 Am [14]; Th (LGN, SAN, RtN)
BA 21 BA 1-3; 5; 7; 13; 17 (V2v); 18 (V2v); 19 (V3v); 22; 31; 35; 36; 37; 38 (R); 41 Th; Cl BA 1-3; 4; 8; 9; 13; 22; 31; 36; 37; 38 (R); 39; 40; 44; 45; 46; 47 Pu; Th; Hc
BA 22 BA 1-3; 10; 13; 18 (V2v) (L); 21; 35; 36; 37; 41; 42; 52 Th; Cl BA 1-3; 6; 9; 10; 13; 18 (V2v) (L); 21; 30; 31; 35; 36; 37; 40; 44; 45; 46; 47; 52 Th
BA 36 (VPrC) BA 5; 7; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 18 (V2); 20 (CIT, AIT); 21; 22; 23; 25; 34; 35; 39; 40; 41; 42; 48; 49; 51 GlPa; OlB; Am; RaN; Th (ReuN, RhN, pILN, dMGN, IAMN, AMN, AVN, VPMN); Ht (VMN, TuN, PN); Hc (Sub, CA1); Cl BA 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17 (V1); 21; 22; 27; 28; 34; 35; 42; 48; 49 SuNi; CoSt (CaN); RaN; Am; Th (ReuN, VPMN); Hc
BA 35 (DPrC) BA 1-3; 4-10; 11; 12; 1316; 7; 22; 23; 27; 28; 34; 36; 39; 40; 41; 48; 49; 51 GlPa; OlB; Am; PerAm; Th (ReuN, RhN, IAMN, AVN, pILN, dMGN, BA 9; 10; 11; 12; 13-16; 21; 22; 27; 34; 36; 48; 49 SuNi; CoSt (CaN) RaN; Am; Am-Pi-TrAr; Th (ReuN, VPMN); Hc
VPMN); Ht (PN, VMN, TuN); Hc (Sub, CA1); Cl
BA 28 (MErC) BA 1-3; 5; 7; 9; 10; 11; 12; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 36; 39; 40; 44; 45; 46; 48; 49; 51 MSeN, Hc (Sub, CA1, CA3), Th (AN (AD, AM, AV), ReuN), TgVAr, Cl, Am, OlB BA 11; 12; 27; 34; 35; 48; 49; 51 Hc (Sub, CA1, CA2, CA3, DG); BaN; Am; OlB; TgVAr
BA 34 (LErC) BA 1-3; 5; 7; 11; 28; 35; 36; 39; 40; 49; 51 Cl; OlB; Am; TgVAr; Hc (Sub, CA1) BA 11; 12; 13-16; 28; 35; 36; 51 Hc (Sub, CA1, CA2, CA3, DG)
BA 27 (preSub) BA 18; 19; 20; 28; 29; 30; 35; 36; 49 Hc (Sub, CA1); Th (AN (AD, AV), LDN, ReuN); BrDiBa; Cl; LoCo; RaN; SePe BA 28; 29; 30; 35; 36 Cl; ThADN; HcSub; HtLMaN
BA 48 (postSub) BA 14; 26; 28; 29; 30; 35; 36 Hc (Sub, CA1); Th (VAN, ADN, LDN); Cl BA 26; 28; 29; 30; 35; 36 HcSub; Th (VAN, ADN, LDN)
BA 49 (paraSub) BA 28; 35; 36 Hc (Sub, CA1); Th (AN (ADN), ReuN); BrDiBa; Cl; LoCo; RaN BA 27; 28, 34; 35; 36 Hc (Sub, CA1, DG); Th (ADN, ReuN); HtMMaN; AmBLN
where * - as is known from the work [13], there is no "direct" connection between the NC of the BHC and the NC of the cerebellum; the link, through which the signal passes between the BHC and the cerebellum, is the thalamus; title of the plots, that are indirectly mentioned in the texts of works, the CNS parts, are marked in yellow; title of the plots, information about which, perhaps, or indirectly, was present in the text, but requires verification, the CNS parts, are marked in red.
2.2. General information regarding the structure of the CNS parts.
From the work [15], that the BHC, over its entire area, consists of hyper-columns, and those of mini-columns, in which there are several layers - in an amount from 1 to 6, cells - NC, GC and endothelial cells; at the same time, NCs interact with other NCs inside each of the layers, inside the mini-column, as well as, with those NCs, that are located outside of it. From the work [16], it is known, that, usually, the number of NCs, that are located inside the mini-columns of the associative areas of macaques BHC can be in the range of 60-100 units; and inside the mini-columns of striate (primary sensory) areas, the number of NKs can be approximately 2-3 times greater. In work [17], the term "microcolumn" is described, which is understood as such a column, that is part of a plot of the superior temporal cortex of humans and primates, and contains approximately 11 NCs. In the works [15, 18], information is provided regarding the number of NCs within each layer of the 6 layers of the mini-column of the primary visual area of primates BHC. Briefly, information regarding the structure of the BHC was given in [1, 2], and, in more detail, described in this work.
From the works [19, 20], information is known regarding the organization of most NCs inside the BHC mini-columns. These works describe the distinctive
features of the organization of cells in the primary sensory cortex from the associative sensory cortex.
In the works [21, 22], the structure of the parahip-pocampal cortex - the presence of 5-6 layers in the cortex of the presubiculum (BA 27), parasubiculum (BA 49), BA 28 and 34 BHC, is described. Based on known information, it can be assumed, that the postsubicular cortex (BA 48) may also consist of 6 layers. In the works [23-25], also, the presence of 6 layers in the en-torhinal cortex, is indicated.
On the contrary, in a number of other works [26, 27], information is provided, that contradicts the information, that was found, regarding the number of layers in plots of the BHC, which correspond to BA 27 and BA 49. In these works, the presence of 1-3 layers, is indicated.
For further work on the formation of a scheme of connections between the NCs of the CNS, an option was chosen, that describes 6 layers in the areas of the parahippocampal cortex of the B.
The hippocampus consists of 3 parts - the subicu-lum (Sub), the cornu ammonium, which in turn consists of areas CA1, CA2, CA3 (also, CA4 [28]), and the dentate gyrus (DG); Moreover, each part and region consists of a different number of layers - from 3 (or 1, if we take into account the presence of the CA4 region [28]) to 6.
Information regarding the number of layers for the remaining B parts is contained in [1].
2.3. Neurogenesis and cell migration.
The works [165-170] describe information regarding neurogenesis and cell migration within the CNS. For the following B parts, the following sources are given where the generation of future NC and GC occurs:
• For BHC, the sources are the lateral ventricles and basal ganglia (nuclei) [167]. Initially, future inter-neurons migrate on either side of the initial and terminal cortical layers; after which, they reach the required location [165]. Future projection NC begin their movement, which begins from the lower layers. Future radial glia migrate in the same direction;
• For the hypothalamus - there are arcuate and ventromedial, mediobasal nuclei of the hypothalamus [168];
• For the hippocampus, the source is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus;
• For the cerebellum, the sources are the rhombic lip, where future granule cells are generated; the ventricular zone, where future Purkinje cells and interneu-rons are generated [170];
• For the cerebellar nuclei, the sources are the rhombic lip, the ventricular zone [170];
• For the olfactory bulb, the source is the subven-tricular zone (lateral ventricles) [171].
In addition, the possibility of generation of future NCs in nuclei (nerve ganglia) and tumors, where there is a large accumulation of NC and GC, both in the CNS and in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), cannot be excluded. For example, in work [172], neurogenesis is described, the source of which is the sensory ganglia that are located in the PNS. In addition, the work [173] provides information regarding neurogenesis, the source of which is cancer tumors, that were located in the prostate gland. This may lead to the assumption, that any of the nuclei and tumors are capable of generating new cells.
On the contrary, as described in some works, including in [174], there is an opinion, that in adulthood the organism, including such, as a person, in some parts - for example, the BHC, no new NC are added. However, the same work indicated, that, nevertheless, new
NC were added, as a response to a disease such as stroke.
The work [175] describes an effect, that expresses the relationship between a decrease in sleep duration and, as a response to this, a decrease in the number of future NC, which, initially, having the structure of stem cells, undergo mitosis within the hippocampus dentate gyrus. This effect can be achieved not by a spontaneous, one-time change in the sleep/wake pattern, but by changing this pattern over a longer period.
Also, in work [175], it is indicated that the organism's experience of stress, or a disease such as depression, also, leads to a decrease in proliferation and neurogenesis.
In work [176], it is indicated, that some activities of the organism can resume proliferation and neurogenesis, and some - can reduce it.
2.4. Distribution of substances within the CNS.
Table 3 provides information regarding substances - neurotransmitters and modulators, and individual parts (some plots of parts), as sources, of the CNS, in which these substances are generated and secreted. Information about the functions - the effect on the organism, of substances is contained in [1, 177].
Table 4 provides information regarding some basic parameters of substance receptors - neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and their distribution in the CNS, as well as, in some objects (also, plots of the PNS parts) with which the NC of the CNS are connected.
Tables 3 and 4 provide information, primarily, regarding known neurotransmitters, found in the CNS. In addition to these substances, there are others - mainly neuropeptides, which perform the function of signal modulation; and which will not be discussed in this work.
Also, in addition, there are substances - particles (molecules) such as agonists and antagonists, the function of which is signal modulation - signal transmission according to standard conditions - the requirements of a specific receptor for a specific neurotransmitter, and blocking or changing its physical parameters, respectively. In this work, this is not considered; however, in the future, in work on the formation of a general model, it is envisaged.
52_MEDICAL SCIENCES / «COLLOMUM-JOUrMaL» #27(186), 2023
Table 3.
Divisions of the CNS, that generate and use specific substances.
Substance Object, in which substances is An object, into which substance is trans-
generated ferred
Glutamate Most parts [178] Most parts
GABA Most parts [179] Most parts
Aspartate IOlN [177] Ce, CeN [180]
Glycine BrSt, SpCo [181] BHC, MeOb, Hc, Am, BaN, SuNi, Po, SpCo [182]
dCoSt (CaN, Pu) [182] ExGlPa, InGlPa, PaReSuNi, PaCoSuNi [177]
Acetylcholine TgPePoN (MePoTg) [183] TgVAr (25%), SuNi, Po [183]; Th [183, 184]
TgLDN (MePoTg) TgVAr, Po [183]; Th [183, 184]
MeBaN [185] BHC [185]; ThRtN [184]; Am [186]
MSeN BHC, Hc [185]
BrDiBaNVLi Hc [186]
BrDiBaNHLi OlB [186]
Norepinephrine LoCo [187]; Po [188] FrLo, CiCo (limbic cortex), MiBr, Ce [187]; Ht, Th [188]
Dopamine PaCoSuNi [189] BaN (CoSt [182]) [187]
TgVAr NAc [187]; DLPreFrCo, BA 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33 [187]
Ht Ht (locally) [177]
Serotonin dRaN, mRaN [190] FrLo, CiCo (limbic system), BaN, Ht [187]
cRaN SpCo [190]
Histamine HtTuMaN [191] BHC, BrSt, Th, CoSt, HtPreOpN [192]
Table 4.
Some basic parameters of receptors for specific substances and their location in the CNS and in some ob__jerts, with which CNS NC are connected._
Substance Object, in Substance Type of Type An object, into which substance is
which sub- receptor signal of transferred
stances is generated transmission signal
Glutamate Most parts NMDA I [20] + BHC [20]; almost, all CNS parts [193]
AMPA I + BHC (outer layer) [20, 194]; MiBr, LSeN, Hc, BaN, Am, Ce, Th [194]
kainate I + BHC [20]; almost, all CNS parts [195]
mGluRi M + BHC [20]; Ce, SuFrGy, MeTeGy, PostCeGy, OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, mGlPa, lGlPa, Po, SVsN, CrNe II, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), TgVAr, Am, Ht, Hc (CA1-CA3), PaReSuNi, PaCoSuNi ThLN, SubThN, IOlCo, SpCo (C1), skin, blood vessels (inner part), blood, stem cell [196]
mGluR2 M + CiCo, ACiCo, SuFrGy, MeTeGy, PostCeGy, PaLo, SVsN, CrNe V, CrNe X (i), ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, Po, TgVAr, lGlPa, SubThN, PaCoSuNi, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Am, Ce, Hc (CA1-CA3), Ht, PtGl, APtGl, SpCo (C1), Ret, BoMa, eyelids conjunctiva, nasal membrane olfactory segment, tongue upper surface, salivary gland, oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, skin, muscle,
adipose tissue, blood vessels (inner part), vein, blood [197]
mGluRs M + SuFrGy, MiFrGy, MeTeGy, Post-CeGy, FrLo (R), PaLo, OcLo, MeOb, CrNe II, CrNe X (i, d), SVsN, CiCo, ACiCo, OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, Hc (CA1), SubThN, IOlCo, PaReSuNi, PaCoSuNi, TgVAr, mGlPa, lGlPa, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Am, Ce, PtGl, APtGl, Ht, ThLN, Ret, SpCo (C1), nasal mucosa, buccal mucosa, skin, blood vessels (inner part), blood [198]
mGluR4 M + FrLo (R), TeLo, SuFrGy, MiFrGy, CiCo, ACiCo, MiBr, CrNe X (d), BA 9, 10, 17, Hc (CA1-CA3), ThLN, Ce, SuNi, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Po, Ht, Am, APtGl, SpCo (C1), adipose tissue, nasal mucosa, oral mucosa, minor salivary gland, muscle, skin, blood [199]
mGluRs M + SuFrGy, MiFrGy, MeTeGy, Post-CeGy, CiCo, ACiCo, SVsN, CrNe X (i, d), OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, HcCA1, mGlPa, lGlPa, TgVAr, PaReSuNi, PaCoSuNi, Ht, Am, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Po, ThLN, SubThN, IOlCo, Ce (R), PtGl, APtGl, SpCo (C1), nasal mucosa, blood vessels (inner part), artery, blood [200]
mGluR6 M + FrLo (R), SuFrGy, ACiCo, BA 9, 10, 17, SuNi, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Ce, Am, APtGl, Ht, Hc (CA1-CA3), SpCo (C1), Ret, eyeballs, nasal membrane olfactory segment, nasal mucosa, minor salivary gland, smooth muscle tissue, skin, lymphatic system [201]
mGluRv M + FrLo (R), SuFrGy, MeTeGy, Post-CeGy, CiCo, ACiCo, BrSt, Mt, SVsN, OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, ThLN, SubThN, HcCA1, Am, Ht, SuNi, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), PtGl, SpCo (C1), nasal membrane olfactory segment, oral mucosa, buccal mucosa, salivary gland, adipose tissue, smooth muscle tissue, skin, blood vessels (inner part), blood [202]
mGluRs M + FrLo (R), PaLo, SuFrGy, Post-CeGy, CiCo, ACiCo, MeOb, BrSt, Mt, CrNe X (i), CrNe II, SVsN, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, HcCA1, Po, PaReSuNi, PaCoSuNi, ThLN, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Ce, Am, SuNi, Ht, APtGl, Ret, SpCo (C1), nasal membrane olfactory segment, nasal mucosa, buccal mucosa, adipose tissue, muscle, blood [203]
GABA Most parts GABAa I (and, BHC [20]; most parts [205]
+ [204])
GABAb M - BHC [20]; MiBr, Hc, Th, BaN, Ht, Ret [205]
GABAc I - CoQuSuCo, Ce, Hc, Ret [206]; AmLN [207]
Aspartate InOl [177] NMDA I [208] BHC [209]; Ce, CeN [180]; Hc [210]; Th [211]; PPtGl [212]; BrSt, rSpCo [213]
AMPA [210] Ht [212]
Kainite [214] Ht [212]
mGluR: [209] M Ht [209]
Glycine BrSt, SpCo [181]; CaN, Pu [182] a1 I [215] [181] BrSt [216, 217]; SpCo (C1) [216218]; PreFrCo, CiCo, ACiCo, Ht, SuNi, Ce, CoSt (Pu, NAc) [218]
a2 I BrSt (as a heteromeric receptor) [216]; SpCo (C1) [216, 219]; FrLo (R), SuFrGy, CiCo, ACiCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, Ht, Am, Ce, CoSt (NAc, Pu, CaN), SuNi, Hc (CA1-CA3), PtGl, APtGl, olfactory lobe, blood [219]
a3 I Ht [220, 221]; SpCo (C1 (dorsal horn)) [181, 221]; BrSt (as a heteromeric receptor) [216]; BA 9, 10, 17, CiCo, ACiCo, FrLo (R), SuFrGy, Hc (CA1-CA3), Am, SuNi, PtGl, APtGl, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), Ce, nasal membrane olfactory segment, blood [221]
ß I BrSt (as a heteromeric receptor) [216]; SpCo (C1) [216, 222]; OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, ACiCo, MiFrGy, SuFrGy, MeT-eGy, FrLo, PostCeGy, Ce, SVsN, PaCoSuNi, PaReSuNi, Ht, Hc (CA1-CA3), CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), TgVAr, mGlPa, lGlPa, ThLN, Sub-ThN, CrNe V, CrNe X (i, d), APtGl, Ret, IOlCo, nasal mucosa (OlTu), minor salivary gland, blood vessels (aorta), blood [222]
Acetylcholine MeBaN [185, 223]; TgPe-PoN, TgLDN (MePoTg) [183, 185]; BrDiBaNVLi, BrDiBaNHLi [186] M1 M [20] + BHC [20, 224]; CoSt [225, 226]; BA 27, Hc (Sub, CA1) [227]
M2 M [228] BHC [20]; BA 27, Hc (Sub, CA1) [227]; SpCo [229]; Th [230]
M3 M + BHC [20]; CoSt [225]; Ht [229]
M4 - Hc, SuNi [224]; CoSt [225]; SpCo [229]; BHC, Th [231]
M5 Hc, SuNi [224]; TgVAr [229]; blood vessels (endothelial cell) [230]
N2 I [20] + BHC [20]; BaN [228]; HcSub [229]; LoCo [232]
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) LoCo [164, 187]; Po [188] a1A [233] M [20] + [233, 234] BHC, Ce, Hc, blood vessels [233]; Th [235]; MiBr, Ht, HcDG, Am, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), SpCo [236]
a1B M + BHC, BrSt, blood vessels [233]; Th [235]; MiBr, Ce, Hc, Am, dCoSt (CaN, Pu), SpCo [236]; Ht [237]
aiD M + BHC, aorta, coronary artery, platelet [233]; Th [235]; Hc (CA1-CA3) [233, 236]; OlB [236]
a2A M [20] [233, 234] BHC [20]; LoCo, BrSt, SpCo, platelet [233]; Th [235]; MiBr, Ht, Hc, Ce, SeN [238]
a2B M Blood vessels [233]; PreFrCo [236]; Th, Ce, Hc, olfactory system [238]
a2c M BHC, BaN, Ce, Hc [233]; MiBr, Th, Am, SuNi, TgVAr, DRoG, olfactory system [238]
ß1 M + [233, 234] GlPa, dCoSt (CaN, Pu), vCoSt [225]; BHC, BrSt, skeletal muscles [233]; Ht [239]; ReFo, VsN, TrB, AbN, MdN, AOlN, LSeN, ThRtN, vlPo, CeN, PnGl, oculomotor complex, SpCo [240]; Hc, MeBaN, Ce, blood vessels [241]
ß2 M [233, 234] GlPa, dCoSt (CaN, Pu), vCoSt [225]; BHC, skeletal muscles, blood vessels [233]; Ht [239]; BA 51, Hc, OlB, Ce [240]; PreFrCo, MeBaN, blood vessels [241]; FrLo, PaLo, OcLo, ReSpCo, MiBr, Th, Am, OlTu, MSeN [242]
Dopamine TgVAr [164]; Ht, SuNi [177] D1 M [20] + BHC [20]; Th, Ht, Hc, Ce, Am, vCoSt (NAc, OlTu), SuNi [243]
D2 M - Ht, SuNi, Am, TgVAr, vCoSt (NAc, OlTu) [243]
D3 M - Ce, PaCoSuNi, TgVAr, vCoSt (NAc, OlTu) [243]
D4 M - BHC, Hc, Am, CoSt [243]
D5 M + ErC, BA 10, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, Ht, HcDG, SuNi [243]
Serotonin RaN [177] 5-HT1A [244] M [245] - ErC, Hc, Am, SeN, Ht, RaN [244]
5-HTid a M - ErC, Hc, Am, SeN, Ht, RaN [244]
5-HTiad ß M - SuNi, CoQuSuCo [244]
5-HT1E M - FrLo, CaN, Am, GlPa [246]
5-HT1F M - BHC, CoSt, Hc, OlB [244]
5-HT2A M + BHC, Cl, vCoSt (NAc, OlTu) [244]
5-HT2B M + FrLo, dHt, mAm, Ce [247]
5-HT2C M + BHC, Ht, SeN, SuNi, GlPa, SpCo, choroid plexus [244]
5-HT3 I + [248] ErC, Hc, Am, NAc, SoTr, CrNe V, CrNe X (d), PoAr, SpCo [244]
5-HT4 M + Hc, CoSt, (OlTu), SuNi [244]; BaN, Am [249]
5-HT5A M - BHC, Hc, Th, Ht, HbN (EpiTh), Ce, SpCo [250]
5-HT6 M + BHC, NAc, Am [251]; Hc (CA1, CA3, DG), OlTu [252]
5-HT7 M + BHC, SeN, Th, Ht, Am, CoQuSuCo [244]
Histamine HtTuMaN [191] H1 [192] M + FrLo (R), SuFrGy, MeTeGy, Post-CeGy, CiCo, ACiCo, MiBr, Mt, OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, Hc (CA1-CA3), Ht, Ce, Am, CoSt (NAc, CaN, Pu), SuNi, APtGl, VeZo (embryo), SpCo (C1), eyelids conjunctiva, coronary artery, nasal
mucosa olfactory segment, nasopharyngeal epithelium, oral cavity, oral epithelium, gingival (gum) epithelium, minor salivary gland, choroid plexus epithelium, subcutaneous adipose tissue, smooth muscle tissue, skeletal muscles, vein, blood [253]
H2 M + SuFrGy, PostCeGy, ACiCo, Mt, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, Ht, Hc (CA1-CA3), Ce (R), Am, CoSt (Pu, CaN, NAc), SuNi, APtGl, Ret, VeZo (embryo), SpCo (C1), nasal mucosa, nasal membrane olfactory segment, oral mucosa, minor salivary gland, stem cell, BoMa cell, eyelids conjunctiva, skeletal muscles, smooth muscle tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, skin, coronary artery, blood [254]
Нз M FrLo (R), SuFrGy, PostCeGy, ACiCo, MiBr, BrSt, Mt, OrFrCo, ErC, BA 9, 10, 17, 23, 46, Ht, Hc (CA1-CA3), Ce, TgVAr, CoSt (CaN, Pu, NAc), lGlPa, PaCoSuNi, Am, Po, PtGl, APtGl, ThLN, Sub-ThN, SVsN, SpCo (C1), cameratype eye, eyelids conjunctiva, CrNe X (inferior), gum, subcutaneous adipose tissue, skin, vein, blood [255]
where I - ionotropic type of signal transmission; M - metabotropic.
3. Detailed information regarding connections in the CNS.
3.1. Calculation of the quantities of elements in the CNS parts.
For the practical implementation of the general model, according to some general, known information, the numbers of separate elements - neurons, interneu-rons and GC, were calculated for each of the layers of the mini-column of a separate plot of some BHC part.
The arithmetic average value of the number of NCs, that is contained in a mini-column, was calculated using the following formulas
N
_ yn
= L 1 = 0
Nm„
and
N
_ vn
= L i=0
Nm„
(1)
(2)
where NM . and NM - the arithmetic average
Mmin Mmax °
values of the minimum and maximum, respectively, quantities of NC, that is contained in the mini-column; NM . and NM - the minimum and maximum, re-
Mmin Mmax '
spectively, quantities, from a certain known range, of NC in the mini-column; i - iteration number; n -known ranges number;
NMa_=(NMmax+NMmax)/2, (3)
where NMq - the arithmetic average value, which can be used only for information purposes, the number of NC, that is contained in the mini-column;
_ NMvi = NMkMvi, (4)
where NMV1 - the arithmetic average value of the number of NCs, that is contained in a mini-column, of such a primary sensory area, as the visual - V1; NM -the number of NCs, that is contained in a mini-column. Depending on the requirements, NM, also, take the values NM . , NM , NM or oth.; kM,,~ a coefficient,
Mmin> Mmax' Mq 7 MV1 '
that has a known tolerance of values - (2 ... 3), according to works [15, 16], which expresses the relationship between the values of the quantities of NC, that is contained in the mini-column, which, in the first case, belong to plots of the areas, which perform the function of subsequent information processing, and, in the second, primary information processing, which is performed, in this case, in area V1.
For calculations, information was taken from works [15, 16, 256, 257]. The result was the following
values: NM
N
= 80, N
= 105, NM„ = 92.5 and
MV1
= (185 ...277.5) « 231 units; in this case, in expression (4), the value NM was taken as the value NMg.
The number of separate elements for each of the layers of a separate mini-column of a certain plot of a certain BHC area was calculated in relation to the separate values, which are given in [15].
So, for example, an expression, that describes obtaining the value of the total number of interneurons from the total number of NCs, that are located inside
n
n
one mini-column, which is located in a separate plot of a separate area of the BHC, can have the following form
(5)
N,
MV1,
NMV1kiNV1,
where kINv1 - a coefficient, that shows the difference in the ratio of the numbers of interneurons to NC for the required area of a particular plot of the B; where
ft
INvi
= 0.2, according to works [15, 258].
The expression, that describes obtaining the value of the number of all GCs, that are contained in the mini-column of the BHC gray matter area plot, has the following form
Gmvigm where kr.
NMvikGcViCM,
(6)
- a coefficient, that shows the relationship between the values of the quantities of GC and NC, that is contained in one plot of gray matter
area; and, ft,
GCVi
1.2, which follows from [259].
In addition, according to the results of [260], the
values of the parameters NM and k,
iCCV1,
can be dif-
ferent in some different plots, that belong to the same area (for example, V1).
Using the following expressions, one can determine the values of the quantities of GCs of each type -oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia, in the gray matter of the some area.
Gr
G,
MV1,
kr.
JAMv
GMV1GMkGcA
and
Gf, which k,
G
1GM
MV1-
kr.
••V1GM
ocOV1GM, -ocAV1CM and ft.
(7)
(8) (9)
ft
GCM,
V1GM
- a co-
efficients, that describe the differences in the quantities of each type of GC in the overall composition, for a plot of the BHC gray matter area..
Also, the expressions, that are applicable for calculating the values of the quantities of separate elements, that are found in the white matter, which does not contain NC, of one plot of a separate area, have the following form
GmV1WM & NMv1kGCV1CM(kWMV1
-1), (10)
and, respectively,
G,
°M
V1WM
JAM.
V1WM
JMM.
V1WM
GMV1WMkCCov '' GMV1WMkccAv '' GMV1WMkGCM
and
V1WM
(11) (12) (13)
where kWMvi - that describes the difference - as a ratio, the value of the sum of two quantities of GC - in gray and white matter, compared to GC - in gray mat-
ter; k,
GC0
V1WM
ft
gca
V1WM
and k,
GCM.
V1WM
- a coeffi-
"MV1r,
GMV1GMkEGM and
(14)
■JMV1V
GMV1WMkEwM,
where kEGM and kEwM
(15)
- a coefficients, which show the differences between the values of the numbers of endothelial cells and GC - in the gray and white matter, respectively; in this case, according to work [259],
ft
EGM
30/70 & 0.43 and k
eGM
10/90 & 0.11.
Due to the lack of required information, in some calculations, some known values were used for separate parameters, such as
GCOv GCav
& ft,
LGM NeCOQM
& ftr.
GC0 GCA
NeCoaM
GCM,
V1GM
ft,
GCM.
0.75, 0.2 and » 0.05,
where the abbreviation "NeCo" means "neocortex", and the values for each of the parameters are obtained from the works [259, 261]; and
* kr.
1WM
GCq
CNSWM
ft
WM "CNSWM
& ft
GCMV1WM ~ GCmCNSwm
0.67,
s 0.23 and - 0.1,
where, for each of the parameters, the values are obtained from [259]; moreover, approximately,, 2, according to [259].
ftWMV1 & ftWM
The calculation results are as follows: N,
MV1,
46, GMv^
1V'V1GM
55.4, GK
277, G,
°M
V1GM
208, G.
'AM.
V1GM
JMMv
14, G,
MV1u
277, G,
oM
185, G,
'Am,
V1WM
64, G,
MM.
V1WM
28, E,
MV1,
V1WM
119
cients, that describe the differences in the quantities of each type of GC in the overall composition, for a plot of the BHC white matter area.
According to work [259], expressions, that allow one to obtain the numbers of endothelial cells - in the gray and white matter, of the CNS, have the following form
and EM,„ * 30 units, which are contained in a mini-
column of some part of V1 area (gray and white matter) of the BHC.
To calculate the number of mini-columns, that is contained in V1 area (as well as any other area), you can use the following expression.
QmVI * Nv1/NmVI , (16)
where QMv^ - is the number of mini-columns, that are in V1 area; NV1 - the number of all NCs, that are in V1 area.
To calculate the number of hyper-columns in V1 area (as well as any other area), can use the following expression.
Qhv1 * QmvJQmHvi , (17)
where QHvi - is the number of hyper-columns, which is located in V1 area; Qmh - is the arithmetic average value, from the permissible range, of the number of mini-columns, that contained in one hyper-column, - in V1 area.
From works [16, 262], the values NV1 = 140 • 106 and Qmh * 70 were taken for calculations. The result was the following values: QMvi * 610 • 103 mini-columns and Qhv1 * 8.7 • 103 hyper-columns; in this case, in expression (16), the value of NMvi was equal to NMyi * 231 units.
3.2. Scheme of cell connections in the CNS.
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
GM
WM
WM
Figure 1 shows the structure of separate plots of some parts of the CNS, as well as a scheme of the connections of NC, that are located within their structure. Illustrations of plots of the BHC areas, also, provide information regarding the number of separate elements -neurons, interneurons and GC, for each of the layers of the mini-column.
Figures 1 and 2, that follow in the text, do not show all the information, but only, what is known. In addition, the number of connections in synapses between cells does not allow them to be illustrated. Also, the figure does not show the full information about location of the GCs, that have close contact with each of the NCs, also including those, that are axon sheath (myelinated axon) cells; and blood vessels, which are, also.
in close contact and communicate with GCs to exchange information. Extracellular fluid, as an element, is not shown in the figure.
In the future, for practical implementation, conditions will be accepted, under which connections between the dendrites and body of one cell and the axon collaterals of other cells will be established, if they are within one layer or sub-layer of the mini-column; and will be established, but with some degree of probability, if they are located in some larger area - for example, within 2-3 layers or sub-layers, which depends on the types of cells - for example, pyramidal or granular type.
^fc Cone cell (L type) o .1
^ Cone cell (M type) ^^ Pyramidal cell
^^ Cone cell (S type) Granular cell
^^ Rod cell Multipolar cell
Horizontal cell f^ Martinotti cell
^^ Muller cell (glial O Axo-axonic (GA&A)
Astrocyte cell (glia) HIPP (SABA)
Bipolar ("On" type) cell Mossy (Glut.)
Bipolar ("Off type) cell ^^ Lugaro (<5A8A/Glyc.)
^^ Bipolar cell Purfcinje (GABA)
(f^j) Amacrine cell Golgi (GABA/Glyc.)
Ganglion (parvocelluFar type) cell stellate (GABA/Glut.)
Q Ganglion (magnocellular type] cell Unipolar brush (Glut )
Ganglion (konioceiiuiar "On" type) cell ^^ Unknown (pre-motor)
Ganglion (koniocellular "Off" type) cell Q Unknown type of iwun
o
I
I
1 Dendrites; process (glis)
Figure 1. Scheme of connections between NCs, that contained in the structure of gray matter in areas of some
parts of the CNS,
a
where a is the designation of separate elements of the system and their title; b-n - schemes, that describe the structure of plots of some BHC areas: b - BA 17 (V1d), c - BA 17 (V1v), d - BA 18 (V2d), e - BA 18 (V2v), f- BA 19 (V3d), g - BA 19 (V3v), h - BA 35 (DPrC), i - BA 36 (VPrC), j - BA 34 (LErC), k - BA 28 (MErC), l - BA 49 (ParaSub), m - BA 48 (PostSub), n - BA 27 (PreSub); o-s - schemes, that describe the structure of plots of hippocampus areas: o - HcSub, p - HcCA1, q - HcCA2, r - HcCA3, s - HcDG; t-x - schemes, that describe the structure ofplots of areas of some other parts of the CNS: t - Ret, u - CoQuSuCo, v - ThDLGN, w - ThVLGN, x - Ce;
also, in relation to the titles ofplots of the CNS parts, that highlighted in different colors: the titles of areas (parts), that are mentioned, indirectly or directly, in works and/or connection with which may be carried out from another layer or type of cell, this plot, are highlighted in yellow; the titles of areas (parts), with which there may be a connection, but information regarding this needs to be verified, are highlighted in red.
Figure 1. Scheme of connections between NCs, that contained in the structure of gray matter in areas of some
parts of the CNS (continue).
Figure 1. Scheme of connections between NCs, that contained in the structure of gray matter in areas of some
parts of the CNS (continue).
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Figure 1. Scheme of connections between NCs, that contained in the structure of gray matter in areas of some
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Figure 1. Scheme of connections between NCs, that contained in the structure of gray matter in areas of some
parts of the CNS (continue).
3.4. Design pattern! for connections between
cells within the BHC area.
Figure 2 shows a scheme, which described the design pattern for connections between cells within the
some BHC areas. Most of the information to form this is taken from [20]. This pattern can be used to form a general AI model.
Figure 2. Scheme of the design pattern for cell connections within an some neocortex area, where the title of the part, whose location information should be checked, is highlighted in yellow.
x
4. Conclusions. well-known information was provided regarding the
Some of the known information regarding the structures of some parts of the CNS. anatomy of the human B has been analyzed. Detailed,
The main problem in developing a model, that describes the anatomy and physiology of a living organism, AI, is the lack of information. Unfortunately, today, it is not possible to eliminate this problem; but, with the introduction of third-party hypotheses, that are aimed at eliminating it, it will lead to: the formation of a model, that will differ from the ideal one, but with a principle of operation similar to the original; to new hypotheses and experiments, which may make it possible to obtain the required result in the future.
In future works, attempts will be made to form a general model, that is based on known information and hypotheses, AI and software development, that describes a given model or part of a model.
Unfortunately, today, most computer technology is not capable of fully ensuring the operation of such an AI model. Therefore, the prototype of this model must be designed taking into account the scarcity of computer resources; at the same time, the volume, that will describe only a separate small part of the model, information will be less, than the required (ideal) volume; which is a consequence of the fact, that the possibilities, regarding of work, of such a model will be smaller.
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