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19fully formed. The occurrence of burnout syndrome directly depended on the way of life and the use of techniques to deal with stress factors. A characteristic psychological portrait of nursing staff in a pandemic was formed. It is noted that fear for oneself and one's family, the material component, a change in the schedule, the emergence of new duties, the use of personal protective equipment, the monotony of life are the main sources of emotional burnout, which is consistent with the data of other studies [1]. 57% of all respondents had phases of emotional burnout that are in the process of formation or have already been fully formed. The occurrence of burnout syndrome directly depended on the way of life and the use of techniques to deal with stress factors. A characteristic psychological portrait of nursing staff in a pandemic was formed. It is noted that fear for oneself and one's family, the material component, a change in the schedule, the emergence of new duties, the use of personal protective equipment, the monotony of life are the main sources of emotional burnout, which is consistent with the data of other studies [1]. The occurrence of burnout syndrome directly depended on the way of life and the use of techniques to deal with stress factors. A characteristic psychological portrait of nursing staff in a pandemic was formed. It is noted that fear for oneself and one's family, the material component, a change in the schedule, the emergence of new duties, the use of personal protective equipment, the monotony of life are the main sources of emotional burnout, which
is consistent with the data of other studies [1]. The occurrence of burnout syndrome directly depended on the way of life and the use of techniques to deal with stress factors. A characteristic psychological portrait of nursing staff in a pandemic was formed. It is noted that fear for oneself and one's family, the material component, a change in the schedule, the emergence of new duties, the use of personal protective equipment, the monotony of life are the main sources of emotional burnout, which is consistent with the data of other studies [1].
Conclusion. Signs of emotional burnout were detected in 57% of nursing staff providing care to a patient with coronavirus infection, in 11.1% this reached a pronounced degree. In these medical institutions, it is necessary to carry out measures for psychological relief, provide personnel with protective equipment, reduce the level of physical discomfort associated with the use of personal protective equipment and lack of sleep, and actively conduct a collegial discussion of the organization of work. The quality of support from relatives, colleagues and administration contributes to the preservation of the sense of importance of their profession and self-respect for themselves as a professional among medical personnel.
Bibliography.
1. Matyushkina, E.Ya. Occupational stress and professional burnout in medical workers / E.Ya. Matyushkina, A.P. Roy, A.A. Rakhmanin, A.B. Khol-mogorova // Modern foreign psychology. - 2020. - No. 2. -S. 39-49 p.
UDC: 611.813.1
Alexander Sergey Tomashuk DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2022-20143-33-45 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTIC AREAS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
Abstract.
This is the second "review" article in a series of works that describe the main goal of the research - the formation of an artificial intelligence model that describes the design and operation of the central nervous system of a living organism, such as a human.
In this work, known information is given regarding the structure and a complete list of all, or, in a larger number, functions that are known, on today, areas - Brodmann areas, the human cerebral cortex. In addition, known information about systems is given - namely, the sequences of Brodmann areas in the signal transmission procedure, in which unique information streams pass, which formed by the receptors of individual sensory systems.
Keywords: brain, central nervous system, cortex, Brodmann areas, dorsal stream, ventral stream, human.
1. Introduction.
In the first work [1], the main goal of the study was presented - the improvement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which is based on known information about the design and operation of the central nervous system (CNS) of a living organism, such as a human. At the same time, the most important advantage of the model that is formed on the basis of these materials is that, in it, imitation, in some respect to the truth, of "real" mental processes, which are based on some input data, will allow predicting the future state of the organism (including diseases) and conduct an experiment to select methods and/or means to worsen it (in the future, to conduct research to restore the original data) or improve (its restoration and improvement).
The problem of this study (with regard to this work) is that, on today, there is no work - a review study that describes the structure and functions of the areas of the cerebral cortex (CC) of the brain, which would include the entire list of these areas - Brodmann areas (BA), and a complete list of all, or most, functions that have become known, on today.
The purpose of the research is the need to describe the structure and functions of the areas of the CC of the human brain, in accordance with the known information, on today.
To achieve the purpose of the research, which was set, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: from information sources, to search and analyse information.
2. Results.
2.1. General information on Brodmann areas.
According to Brodmann's research, based on the distinctive elements of the internal structure, the CC of living organisms was divided into 52 areas [2]. On today, 43-52 areas have been found in human CC by various researchers using experiments and analysis of the results [3].
Depending on the location, the structure of the CC contains several layers - from 1 to 6, nerve cells and fibers [1]. Each area has a certain number of layers. Some of the areas, such as those of the insular cortex, are divided into sub-areas, where each may have a different number of layers than the others.
The sources [4-6] indicate that some of the areas, and possibly all areas, are multisensory areas, to a greater extent, with one dominant system, the internal structure and functions of the cortex of which provide the relationship between two or more sensory and/or motor and/or cognitive systems.
2.2. Known information regarding the structure and functions of the human CC areas.
Table 1 presents known information - location, structure, relationships, functions and features, about all 52 BA.
Table 1.
The structure and functions of parts of a human brain CC, in accordance with the map of the BA.
№ Name and functions Structure and features
1 Primary somatosensory cortex, S1, which consists from BA 1-3 [7]. Processing of somatosensory information. In conjunction with M1, control of motor functions [8]. In conjunction with other sensory systems, control of the general state of the central nervous system. Location in postcentral gyrus. Consists of 6 layers (neocortex). S1 has internal connections. S1 (primarily BA 3) receives input from thalamus (Th) (including thalamus pulvinar nuclei (ThPulN)) (glutamate), nuclei raphes (RaN) (serotonin), and locus coeruleus (LoC) (norepinephrine) [9]. BA 1, together with BA 3b, receive skin-tactile input data [10]; receive a signal from the medial lemniscus through Th ventralis posterior lateralis caudalis nucleus (ThVPLcN) [11]. S1 has a connection with BA 4 (M1), 5 (SA1), 17 (V1), 41 (Te1) [8]; c 21 [12]. In S1, the location of the sub-regions (not to be confused with 3a and 3b), that receive and exchange information from the nerve cells of body parts, have the following form: contralateral (towards to side), in order, from toes to mouth, upper hemisphere to lower, respectively [1]. The sub-regions are not proportional to the areas of the body parts.
2 See information for area 1. See information for area 1. Together with BA 3a, receive proprioceptive inputs (including "sixth sense") [10]; receives a signal from the spinothalamic tract via ThVPLcN [11].
3 See information for area 1. See information for area 1.
4 Primary motor cortex, M1 [13]. Processing of motor information. Location in precentral gyrus. Consists of 5 layers (layer IV is missing [11]) (mesocortex). M1 receives information from S1, as well as from the cerebellum (Ce) through the Th ventral lateral nucleus (ThVLN) and from the nuclei basales (BaN) through the Th ventral anterior nucleus (ThVAN) [13]; from Ce through the nucleus ventralis lateralis caudalis of Th (ThVLcN) and nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis of Th (ThVPLoN) [11]. M1 transmits signals to the pons (Po), medulla oblongata, and red nucleus (ReN) [11]. Layer V contains Betz nerve cells (10% of nerve cells in M1), which send signals, contralaterally, to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and, further, to the motor neurons of the spinal cord (SpC) ventral horns [1, 13]. In addition, M1 has projections on corpus striatum (CoS), hypothalamus (Ht), BaN; BA 21 [12]; 32 (DACG) [14]. In M1, the arrangement of the sub-regions [13] corresponds to the arrangement of the areas in S1.
5 Somatosensory association area, SA1 [8]. Processing of somatosensory information. Location in postcentral gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). SA1 transmits signals to BA 6 and 7 (ASA) [8, 15]; receives information from the Th lateral posterior nucleus (ThLPN/pulvinar) [11]; has a connection with BA 21 [12]; 23 (VPCG) [16]. Basically, the input data is information that is obtained from the areas of the hands and fingers [15].
6 Pre-motor, PMC, supplementary motor cortex, SMA, and pre-supplementary motor cortex, pre-SMA [8, 17, 18]. Processing of motor information [17]; planning of coordinated movements. Location in precentral gyrus. Consists from 5 layers (layer IV is missing) (mesocortex). SMA and PMC are interconnected. SMA receives a signal from BaN (globus pallidus (GP), substantia nigra (SsN)) through the Th nucleus ventralis lateralis oralis (ThVLoN), as well as from the posterolateral parvocellular division of Th (ThPLPcDN) [19]; PMC - from Ce caudal dentate nucleus (CeDN, CeDcN) through Th nucleus X (ThXN) [11]. OB 6 receives information, most probably, from OB 5 and 7; transmits a signal to M1, reticular formation (ReF), and SpC [20]; has connections with DACG [14]; 37 [21]; 40 (SmG or SA2) (left hemisphere) [22]. SMA additionally contains a supplementary eye field (SEF) [23].
7 Visual-motor coordination and addition somatosensory association area, ASA [24, 8]. Search for objects in space [24]; participation in the control of movements coordination (captures) [25]. Location in superior parietal cortex, precuneus. Consists from sub-areas - 7a, 7b, 7m [3, 26]. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). There are no ganglion cells in layer V [24]. BA 7 sends a signal to BA 29 and 30 (RsC) [27]; has connect with BA 21 [12]; DACG [14]; VPCG [16, 26]; 37 (right hemisphere) [21], 39 (AG) [28]. A system, that consists of visual information and proprioception, which allows you to correlate objects that are in the environment and in contact with body parts [24].
8 Frontal eye fields, FEF [11]. Participates in the control of the position of the eyes and observation of the object using the visual system [29, 30]; in planning complex movements; in the management of uncertainty [29]. Location in posterior end of the middle frontal gyrus (or anterior wall of the precentral sulcus) [30]. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). FEF receives information from BA 7 [31], 21 and 34; AG [28]; parietal eye field (PEF), SEF, prefrontal cortex (PFC), central Th nuclei (cTh), SsN pars reticulata, superior colliculus (SuC), CeDN [30]. FEF send signal to the nucleus caudatus (CaN), putamen (Pu), subTh nucleus, SuC, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, and omnipause neurons in the RaN interpositus; has a connection with DACG [14]. Layer V contains ganglion cells [29].
9 Prefrontal association cortex, PFC [32]. Processing of sensory and motor information; participates in the planning, organization and regulation (for example, controls inhibition in M1 [33]) of motility [34]. Control of attention and working memory [35]. Location in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 9 and 12 receive information from SA1 and BA 7 [35, 36]; BA 9 receives the signal, most probably, from BA 21, 22; possibly, from BA 14, 43, 51; from BA 37 (left hemisphere) [21]; from Th mediodorsal nucleus (ThMDN); sends a signal to RsC [27]; feedback, with M1 [33]; hippocampus (Hc) and amygdala (Am) [36]. The PFC is interconnected; has a connection with DACG [14]. Layer V consists of two sublayers, Va and Vb, with Va containing ganglion cells, while Vb is mostly absent. The control of verbal and spatial working memory, to a greater extent, occurs in the left hemisphere; visual - in the right [34].
10 Prefrontal association cortex, PFC [32]. In the thought process, by switching between actions that were not been performed, it performs their multi-threaded execution - in working with working memory [37]. Location in frontopolar, rostrolateral or anterior prefrontal cortex (FPPFC, RLPFC, aPFC). Consists from 3 sub-areas - 10p, 10m, 10r [37]. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 10 has feedbacks with the associative cortex of different types, its connection with BA 22 (Te3 [38]) through capsula extrema [37]; internal cortico-cortical connection with BA 8, 11, 12, 24, 32, 45-47 [38]; external cortico-cortical connection with 13, 14, 22-24, 27, 30-32, Am BaN; sends a signal to the basal ganglia through subcortical bundles, dorso- and CoS ventromedial CaN; connection with ThMDN, Th ventral anterior and Th intralaminar nuclei (ThVAN, ThILN); Ht and periaque-ductal gray (PaG).
11 Orbitofrontal cortex, OFC [39, 40]. Location in orbitofrontal cortex. Consists from sub-areas - 11m, 11l [42].
Processing of emotions and worth [41]; participates in decision making and memory transformation processes [39]. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 11 receives information from BA 13-16, 20 (AIT, CIT), 40 (SmG, SA2) and 43 (GC, SA2), 51 ((pre)PC or OlC [43, 44]) [40]; sends a signal to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), CaN, ventral Pu and the mesen-cephalon area - PaG and ventral tegmental area; has feedback with 28 (VErC) and 34 (DErC), 35 and 36 (PrC); Ht and Am (basolateral part, intercalated cells and central nucleus (BLAm, IAm, cAm)). OFC is related to BA 25 (sgACC) [45]; VPCG, Am, Hc and Ht [46]; sends a signal to CoS; receives information from ThMDN via parvocel-lular and magnocellular cells [46].
12 Orbitofrontal cortex, OFC [40]. Participation in decision making; work with long-term memory (memories) [46]. Location in orbitofrontal cortex. Consists from 4 sub-areas - 12m, 12l, 12r, 12s [42]. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). OFC has internal connections.
13 Insular cortex, IC [47, 48]. Homeostasis control [48, 49]. Location in orbitofrontal cortex, posterior insular cortex. Consists from 4 sub-areas - 13a, 13b, 13m, 13l [47]. 13a consists from 3 layers (agranular) (archicortex); 13b, 13m and 13l - from 4-5 layers (dysgranular) (mesocortex). IC has internal connections; has a connection with sgACC [45]; BA 13 has feedback with SA2; receives signals from Th ventral posterior nuclei (ThVPN); transmits a signal to the dorsal part of the lateral Am and cAm [48].
14 Insular cortex, IC [50]. Association cortex for smell and autonomic nervous system (ANS); homeostasis control [51]. Location in ventromedial prefrontal cortex, insular cortex. Consists from 3 sub-areas - 14m, 14r, 14c [52]. Consists from 4-5 layers (layer IV is missing) (mesocortex). BA 14 has connection with OlC [50]; ThMDN [42]; receives a signal from Te1 (and BA 42 (Te2)) [51]; connection with PrC, Ht (posterior lateral Ht [53]), Am, PaG, Hc [51].
15 Insular cortex, IC. Emotion processing; homeo-stasis and immune system control [48]. Location in anterior temporal lobe, insular cortex [54]. Consists from 4-5 layers (layer IV is missing) (mesocortex). BA 15 has connection with claustrum (Cl) [54]; Th medial ventral nucleus (ThMVN) [48]; feedback, with cAm; carotid sinus nerve [54]. BA 15 and 16 has connection with the GC, as part of the GC.
16 Insular cortex, IC. Participation in the processing of emotions, as emotional intelligence [48, 49]; smells. Location in anterior insular cortex [55]. Consists from 3 layers (agranular) (archicortex). BA 16 has a connection with Cl [55]; ThMVN [48]; feedback, with cAm.
17 Primary visual cortex, V1 [56]. Primary image processing; object boundary detection. Location in posterior occipital cortex. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). V1 has feedback with BA 18 (V2); Th lateral geniculate nucleus (ThLGN) and inferior colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina (CQIC); sends a signal to BA 27 (preSUB) [57]; has a connection with BA 21 [12].
18 Secondary visual cortex, V2, h visual association cortex [56]. Handling errors in the binocular system; "rough" recognition of objects on the image. Location in occipital cortex. Consists from 2 sub-areas - 18v h 18d. Consists from 6 areas (neocortex). V2 has feedback with ThPulN, ThLGN and CQIC; sends a signal to preSUB (OB 27) [57]; has a connection with OB 21 [12].
19 Third visual cortex, V3 [56]; visual association cortex, V4-V6. Location in anterior occipital cortex. Consists from some sub-areas - V3v, V3d, V4v h V4d. Consists from 6 areas (neocortex).
Image representation; "medium difficult" recognition of objects (object forms); motion definition. BA 19 receives a signal from V1 and V2; sends a signal to RsC (BA 30) [58]; 37 (FG, PIT) [21]; from V5 to Te2 (left hemisphere) [59]; has a feedback with ThLGN [60]; CQIC; Te1 (left hemisphere) [59]; has a connection with BA 21 [12].
20 Anterior и central inferotem-poral cortex, AIT и CIT [61]. "Complex" objects recognition on the image [60]; recognition and reproduction of the language (as, language association area) [21]. Location in ventral temporal cortex. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). AIT has internal connection with CIT. The CIT receives information from the PIT [20]. AIT sends a signal to PrC (OB 36) [62, 63]; preSUB [57]. Almost, exclusively, it consists of granular cells [64].
21 Middle temporal gyrus, MTG. "Complex" recognition of "known" objects on the image [12, 65]; acoustic information processing [66]. Location in middle temporal gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 21, together, with BA 22 (VSTG), for the dominant hemisphere, it constitute the Wernicke area (WeA). BA 21 has connection with IC, FG, Te1 [12]; SA2, AG, BA 31, 44-47; 38 (right hemisphere) [67]; Hp, Pu, Th.
22 Ventral superior temporal gyrus, VSTG; auditory association cortex, Te3 и Te4. "Complex" objects recognition on the image, and speech on the sound. Location in ventral area of the superior temporal gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). VSTG sends signal to RsC; has a connection with FG [59]; BA 38 (right hemisphere) [67]; Te1 and Te2 [68]; 52 [69].
23 Ventral posterior cingulate gyrus, VPCG. Participation in control of the cognitive system; general information processing [26, 16]. Location in medial ventral posterior cingulate gyrus. Consists from 4 sub-areas - 23a, 23b, 23c, 23d [70], 23a, 23b, 23c consists from 6 layers (neocortex); 23d - from 4-5 layers (layer IV is missing) (mesocortex). VPCG has an inverse connection with PrC and VErC [16, 69]; has a connection with BA 31 (DPCG) and BA 24 (VACG) [16, 26]; Th anterior and lateral nuclei (ThAN and ThLN) [16], CaN; Hc (CA3 [71]) [25].
24 Ventral anterior cingulate gy-rus, VACG. Processing of emotional information [14]; participation in the work of the ANS. Location in medial ventral anterior cingulate gyrus. Consists from 4 sub-areas - 24a, 24b, 24c, 24d [72]. Consists from 4-5 layers (mesocortex) [70]. ACG has an internal connection [14, 73]; VACG sends information to RsC (BA 29) [58]; has a connection with BA 15, 16, Am, Ht, NAc, Hc [14].
25 Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, sgACC, или subgen-ual prefrontal cortex, sPFC [45, 74]; visceromotor cortex, VMC [75]. Depression control [45, 74]; VNS control [75]. Location in part of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Consists from 3 layers (archicortex) [74]. sgACC transmits a signal to the solitary tract nucleus (STN), vagus dorsal motor nucleus (VDMN), Am [75]; has connection with Ht, Hc, and indusium griseum (IG) [75]. sgACC contains a large amount of serotonin [45].
26 Ectosplenial cortex, EsC [58]. Perhaps, involved in the information processing that comes from the vision system; and smell [76]. Location in retrosplenial cortex. Consists from 1 layer (paleocortex) [77, 613 p.]. BA 26 receives information from Hc subiculum (HcSUB) [58]; from IG [78]; most probably, has a feedback with BA 29 and 30 (RsC).
27 Pre-subiculum, preSUB [57]. Participates in the memory formation; head movement in relation to the body. Location in rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus, pHcG. Consists from 1 layer (paleocortex) [79]. preSUB receives information from RsC (visual information from BA 30), PrC (BA 35), HcSUB, Cl, Th lateral dorsal nucleus (ThLDN); sends a signal to VErC, Ht lateral mammillary nucleus (HtLMN); has a feedback with Th anterior dorsal nucleus (ThADN) [57]; RsC [27].
28 Ventral entorhinal cortex, VErC [80]. Participates in the information integration of different types; in the memory formation, including spatial. Location in medial middle temporal lobe, pHcG. Consists from 3-4 layers (archicortex). VErC has an internal connection with BA 34 (DErC); receives information from PrC, PFC, Hc [80]; transmits a signal to Hc dentate gyrus (HcDG), Hc (CA3); has a feedback with Hc (CA1), HcSUB [63]. ErC (VErC) has a feedback with BA 49 (paraSUB) [81, 82].
29 Retrosplenial cortex, RsC [58]. Involved in emotional processing and proprioception [27]. Location in retrosplenial cortex. Consists from sub-areas - 29a, 29b, 29c, 29d [58] Consists from 4 layers (mesocortex). BA 29 receives information from HcSUB RsC has internal connection; RsC receives information from BA 7, 31 [27]; THAN; ThADN [80]; from Th nuclei introlaminar, laterodorsal (ThILN, ThLDN) and ThLPN [58], Cl, diagonal band, LoC, RaN and lateral Ht; transmits signal to ThAN, ACG and Po.
30 Retrosplenial cortex, RsC [58]. Together with the visual system, it is involved in the processing of information that comes from the environment [27, 58]. Location in retrosplenial cortex. Consists from 3 layers (agranular) (archicortex) [58]. BA 30 connections has been described above, in the text.
31 Dorsal posterior cingulate gyrus, DPCG. Participation in work with memory [83]; in the cognitive system control [84]; in the distribution of attention priority [85]; in speech processing [86]. Location in medial dorsal posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus. Consists from 4-5 layers (mesocortex) [16]. DPCG has connection, most probably, with AG, SmG, BA 1-6, 9, 20, 22, 30, 37, 44-47 [84]; 9, 22, 37 [84, 87]; Th dorsal nucleus (ThDN) [87]; Hc [26].
32 Dorsal anterior cingulate gy-rus, DACG. Cognitive information processing [14]; participates in decision making (including initiative) [21, 88]. Location in dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus. Consists from 4 sub-areas - 32p, 32s, 32v, 32d [89]. 32d, 32p consists from 6 layers (disgranular) (neocortex); 32v consists from 4-5 layers (mesocortex). DACG has connection with BA 37, cAm, lateral Ht, PaG, parabrachial nucleus [89]; NAc [73].
33 Pregenual anterior cingulate gyrus, PgACG Participation in the soma-tosensory information processing and information that describes emotions [73]. Location in part of the anterior cingulate gyrus. Consists from 4-5 layers (mesocortex). PgACG has connection, most probably, with S1, SA1, SA2 (BA 43); BA 15, 16; 24, 32 (right hemisphere); ThAN (ThAVN); NAc, Am (left hemisphere) [73].
34 Dorsal entorhinal cortex, DErC [80]. Participates in work with memory; combining information. Location in superior temporal lobe, pHcG. Consists from 3-4 layers (archicortex). DErC has an internal connection with VErC; feedback with PrC, HcSUB, Hc (CA1); transmits signal to HcDG, Hc (CA3) [63].
35 Dorsal perirhinal cortex, DPrC [90]. Participates, as an interface, in the memory formation. Location in medial temporal lobe, pHcG. Consists from sub-areas - 35d, 35v. Consists from 4-5 layers (layer IV is missing) (agranular) (mesocortex). DPrC receives the signal, most probably, from SA1, VPCG, AG, SmG, Te1, BA 7 [63]; transmits the signal, most probably, to MTG, VSTG; has feedback with IC, OlC; probably, with BA 1-12.
36 Ventral perirhinal cortex, VPrC [90]. Location in medial temporal lobe, pHcG. Consists from sub-areas - 36c, 36d, 36r.
Participates, as an interface, in the memory formation. Consists from 6 layers (dysgranular) (neocortex). VPrC receives a signal from BA 20, Te1, and, most probably, from VPCG [63]; transmits the signal, most probably, to MTG, VSTG; has feedback with IC, AG, Te2-Te4, OlC; most probably, with SA1, SmG, BA 7; 14 and 25 [91]. PrC receives a signal from GP, olfactory bulb (OlB) [63]; transmits a signal in SsN, CoS, CaN; has feedback with Th, Am and Hc.
37 Fusiform gyrus, FG; posterior inferotemporal cortex, PIT; или fusiform face area. "Complex" objects recognition on the image; understanding and reproduction of language [21]. Location in posterior temporal cortex. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). FG has connection with BA 32 [21]; 46 (left hemisphere); 44, 45 and 47 (eBrA)).
38 Temporopolar area, TpA [67]. Participation in speech recognition and reproduction; emotional processing (right hemisphere). Location in polar part of the temporal gyrus. Consists from 3 layers (archicortex). TpA has connection with IC, BrA and Am (right hemisphere) [67]; pHcG; probably, with SmG and BA 10.
39 Angular gyrus, AG [28]. Participation in speech recognition and formation (left hemisphere) [28, 92]; in the visual information processing [28]; in the somatosensory information processing (right hemisphere) [93]. Location in angular gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). AG consists in the extended WeA (eWeA). AG has connection with BA 9 [92]; SmG, BrA, pHcG, BA 8 [28]; CaN, Hc; most probably, with BA 37 [28].
40 Supramarginal gyrus, SmG; somatosensory association cortex, SA2. Participation in semantic information processing (speech) [92]; recognition of conditions that are based on somatosensory information; control over emotions (ego) (right hemisphere) [94]. Location in supramarginal gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 40 and 43 consists in the SA2. SmG has connection with eBrA [92]; SA2; most probably, with SA1.
41 Primary auditory cortex, Te1 [68]. Auditory information preprocessing. Location in superior temporal gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). Te1 sends a signal to Te2; has a feedback with Th medial geniculate nucleus (ThMGN); inferior colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina (CQIC); has connection with BA 47 [59].
42 Second auditory cortex, Te2 [68]. Auditory information processing. Location in superior temporal gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). Te2 has feedback with ThMGN; CQIC.
43 Primary gustatory cortex, GC; somatosensory association cortex, SA2. Participation in the recognition of conditions that based on somatosensory information. Location in subcentral area of the parietal lobe. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex) [3]. BA 43 receives information from the Th ventral posterior medial nucleus (ThVPMN) [95]; most probably, with BrA, BA 24 [96].
44 Pars opercularis, Pop [97]. Involved in auditory recognition and speech production. Location in opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus. Consists from sub-areas - 44d, 44v. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 44 and 45, for the dominant hemisphere, consist in the Broca's area (BrA); together with BA 47 constitute extended BrA (eBrA). BrA and eBrA have an internal connection.
45 Pars triangularis, PTr [97]. Involved in speech recognition and reproduction. Location in triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus. Consists from sub-areas - 45a, 45p. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BrA and eBrA connections has been described above, in the text.
46 Middle frontal area, MFA; Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC. See BA 9; participation in speech processing in order to extract information [98]. Location in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 46 has connection with VMPFC; most probably, with BA 9, 11, 12, 14, 22, 23, 25, 31, 47 [91]; ThMDN.
47 Pars orbitalis, POr [96]. Participation in the auditory information recognition and speech formation (left hemisphere) [41, 99]; emotions. Location in orbitofrontal gyrus. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 47 connections has been described above, in the text.
48 Retrosubicular area, retSUB; postsubicular, postSUB (dorsal preSUB) [100, 170 c.; 101]. Participation in the work of the head direction (navigation) [102]. Location in retrosubicular area, pHcG. Consists from 3 layers (archicortex) [103]. postSUB receives information from Hc, ThVAN, ThLDN [104]; most probably, from IC (example, BA 14); sends a signal to VErC [103]; most probably, to EsC [104]; has a feedback with ThADN, ThLDN, RsC [101].
49 Parasubiculum, paraSUB. Participation in the work of memory formation [105]; navigation; head directions. Location in pHcG. Consists from 1 layer (paleocortex) [79]. paraSUB sends a signal to preSUB (contralateral) [81], lateral dorsal part of the Ht (medial) mammillary nucleus; receives information from Cl, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus reuniens, LoC, RaN; has feedback with ThADN; has a connection with Hc (CA1), BLAm [81].
50 Unnamed [3] Functions unknown. Location, most probably, in orbitofrontal cortex, insular cortex [3]. Consists from 6 layers (neocortex). BA 50, most probably, has a connection with IC (example, BA 13).
51 Piriform cortex; primary olfactory cortex, OlC [44]. Participates in the processing of information that comes from the olfactory system. Location in (pre) piriform cortex. Consists from 4 sub-areas - 51a, 51b, 51c, 51d [3]. Consists from 3 layers (archicortex) [75]. BA 51 receives information from OlB, olfactory tubercle (OlT), NAc, Am; transmits signal to IC, Hc, Cl, Pu; has a connection with Ht; ErC [44]; BA 24, 25, 32, 40, 44, 47 [106]; IC, CaN, Th, ReN; probably, with BA 27, 32, 38.
52 Parainsular area, paraIA. Most probably, homeostasis control; ANS work. Location in parainsular area. Consists from 4-5 layers (mesocortex) [3]. BA 52 has feedback with PrC, ErC, OlC [107]; Ht, Am; has a connection, most probably, with Te1-Te4 [108]; BA 14, 25, 45.
*connections satisfy the system in which the dominant hemisphere of brain is the left hemisphere.
2.3. Information stream of the brain CC.
In the brain CC, two main information streams are distinguished, the source of which is the receptor of the sensory system, and the receiver - the system of work
with memory (storage, reproduction) and the system of preliminary planning of the motor system activity, and are defined as ventral and dorsal streams (or "pathways"), respectively.
Basically, connection and interaction of both Table 2 presents the known information about sys-
streams occurs in the PFC [109] - obviously, in BA 9, tems - groups of BA, in which pass of information sep-10 and 46. arate streams, the source of which is each of the sensory
systems - visual [1], auditory [109, 110], somatosensory [111, 112], olfactory [113], taste [114].
Table 2.
Systems, in which pass information streams, of the human brain CC.
Type of information Type of information stream Brodmann areas
Visual Ventral 17, 18, 19, 37, 20, 21, 22
Dorsal 17, 18, 19, 39, 7
Auditory Ventral 41, 42, 22, 21, 47; 41, 42, 22, 38, 47; 41, 42, 22, 37, 47; 41, 42, 22, 21, 45; 41, 42, 22, 38, 45; 41, 42, 22, 37, 45; 41, 42, 14*
Dorsal 41, 42, 22, 38, 44, 6; 41, 42, 22, 39, 40
Somatosensory Ventral 3b, 1, 40, 15, 16; 3a, 2, 40, 13
Dorsal 3b, 1, 40, 7; 3a, 2, 40, 7
Olfactory Ventral 51, 38, 44; 51, 37, 47; 51, 14*
Dorsal 51, 14, 40*; 51, 37, 47, 25, 32*; 51, 37, 47, 25, 24*
Taste Ventral 43, 11, 12*; 43, 15, 16*
Dorsal 43, 40, 3*; 43, 11, 12, 33*
*hypothesis - own proposal, which, of course, needs to be proved, which is based on known information, as an assumption, about the inclusion of a selected set of CC areas in the system.
3. Conclusions.
In the work, described the structure and functions of separate areas of the human brain CC, as well as information streams, which include some separate sets of areas that provide the requirement for a full-fledged brain function.
In the future, the information, that was received, will be used to improve AI technology.
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Юсупова Заринахон Шухратовна
студентка
Ташкентского Педиатрического Медицинского Института г. Ташкент.
Научный руководитель: Каратаева Л.А.
доцент кафедры патологической анатомии Ташкентского Педиатрического Медицинского Института г. Ташкент.
АНАЛИЗ МОРФОЛОГИИ ОНКОЛОГИИ ПОДЖЕЛУДОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ
Yusupova Zarinakhon Shukhratovna
student
Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent.
Scientific adviser: Karataeva L.A.
Associate Professor, Department of Pathological Anatomy Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute, Tashkent.
ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF PANCREAS ONCOLOGY
Abstract:
Our work includes data from a literature review on aspects of the study ofpancreatic pathologies, which are important for physicians, as well as the study of this problem remains an open question for oncologists and endo-crinologists.
Аннотация:
В нашей работе включены данные литературного обзора по аспектам изучения патологий поджелудочной железы, которые имеют важное значение у медиков, а также изучения этой проблемы в остается открытым вопросом у онкологов и эндокринологов.
Key words: aspect, analysis, oncology, complications, pancreas.
Ключевые слова: аспект, анализ, онкология, осложнения, поджелудочная железа.
Поджелудочная железа человека представляет собой удлинённо дольчатый паренхиматозный орган серовато-розоватого оттенка, который расположен в брюшной полости позади желудка, тесно примыкая к двенадцатиперстной кишке. Орган залегает в верхнем отделе на задней стенке полости живота в забрюшинном пространстве, располагаясь поперечно на уровне тел I—II поясничных позвонков. Длина железы взрослого человека — 14— 22 см, ширина — 3—9 см (в области головки), толщина — 2—3 см. Масса органа — около 70—80 г. По строению это сложная альвеолярно-трубча-тая железа. С поверхности орган покрыт тонкой соединительнотканной капсулой. Основное вещество разделено на дольки, меж которых залегают соединительнотканные тяжи, заключающие выводные протоки, сосуды, нервы, а также нервные ганглии и
пластинчатые тела. У человека она обладает внешнесекреторной и внутреннесекреторной функциями. Внешнесекреторная функция органа реализуется выделением панкреатического сока, содержащего пищеварительные ферменты. Производя гормоны, поджелудочная железа принимает важное участие в регуляции углеводного, жирового и белкового обмена. Поджелудочная железа расположена забрюшинно, лежит позади желудка на задней брюшной стенке в эпигастральной области, заходя своей левой частью в левое подреберье. От желудка её отделяет сальниковая сумка. Сзади прилежит к нижней полой вене, левой почечной вене и аорте[20].
Поджелудочная железа делится на головку (лат. caput pancreatis), с крючковидным отростком (лат. processus uncinatus), на тело (лат. corpus
