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Section 1. Architecture
Inogomov Bakhtiyor, E-mail: baziz.journal@gmail.com
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS OF THE FORMATION OF MAHALLA OF A NEW TYPE
Abstract. This article illustrates socio-economic and formation importance of traditional microdistrics, such as mahalla, simultaneously regarding their new types.
Keywords: mahalla, reforms, microdistricts, implementation, multiple advantage, hakimiyat, morpho-types.
abolition of mahallas, as well as the establishment and change of its borders are carried out by local government bodies at the initiative of citizens' self-government bodies.
The list of powers of citizens 'assemblies of the mahalla includes measures for social protection and support for the inhabitants of mahallas, protection of public order, protection of the rights of ginsengs and children, increase in employment, etc. The mahalla organization has very great powers in the area of mahalla development management, among them:
- making a decision on the development of social infrastructure in the territory of mahalla:
- opening, reorganization and liquidation of small enterprises, hairdressing salons, workshops on repair and tailoring of footwear, workshops of folk crafts, etc.
- organization on a voluntary basis of works on improvement of the territory, construction, repair of roads, irrigation and utility networks, historical and cultural monuments, cemeteries, etc. using funds allocated by the state, as well as own funds, as well as contributions from residents of the mahallas;
- carrying out activities aimed at the economical use and reduction of losses of fuel, electric and thermal energy and water;
With the acquisition of independence of Uzbekistan, the mahalla (A special part of uzbek district like microdistricts) organization attaches great importance as an integral part of citizens' self-governing bodies. It was the mahalla that a number of plenipotentiary functions were transferred, including the system of social support for the population, the implementation of market reforms, the promotion of entrepreneurship, the increase in employment, the development of social infrastructure, the maintenance and improvement of residential development, etc.
The Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Citizens' Self-Government" (14.04.1999), in which it is determined that "the self-lgovernment of citizens is guaranteed by the Constitutions and laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan independent activity of citizens to solve local issues based on their interests, historical features of development, as well as national and spiritual values, local customs and traditions "(Article 1.).
The main principles of the activities of self-government bodies are democracy, publicity, social justice, humanism, independence in resolving issues of local importance, and self-government of citizens is carried out throughout the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Education, merger, division and
Section 1. Architecture
- implementation of public control over the use and protection of land in the relevant territory;
- assistance in exercising control over the work of trade and consumer enterprises;
- assistance in monitoring the sanitary and environmental condition of settlements, water sources, thermal protection of schools and other service establishments;
- implementation of public control over the observance of the rules ofbuilding and maintenance of yard and house territories;
- rendering assistance to citizens in the operation of the housing stock and ensuring its safety;
- The mahalla organizes and monitors, together with public utilities, the completeness and timeliness of payment by citizens of operating costs and utilities.
The financial basis for the activities of citizens' self-government bodies consists of own funds, budget funds allocated by government bodies, voluntary donations of legal entities and individuals, etc.
One of the important aspects of the activities of the mahalla is currently the issues of social protection of the population. It is this aspect that was the object of close attention of foreign researchers (E. Kuduel, S. Marsh) who note that such an approach gives positive results.
Uzbekistan has created a unique system that is the most effective way to solve the problem of targeted social protection of the population. It determines the families that really need social assistance, through the institution of citizens' self-government, recognized by and respected by all segments of the population, the mahallas, through the same mechanism, benefits are also given to families with children. The system has a multiple advantage: first, it relies on the existing and authoritative structure of the population. Secondly, it provides a transparent process of addressing the distribution of material assistance to those who really need it. Third, it is significantly less laborious and burdensome, both for decision makers and for families seeking help.
At present, the task is to raise the status of the mahalla, to increase the number of functions it performs. These measures should suggest.
A) strengthening the financial base of self-government bodies of citizens. It is not only about the use of budgetary funds aimed at social support of the population through these bodies, but also about enhancing the development of entrepreneurship, creating small enterprises and service facilities that allocate sponsorship funds for land improvement and various social programs of the mahalla. Self-government bodies should also make more active use of the small business support program currently operating in the republic;
B) the transfer of part of the authority from state bodies to local governments.
An example of the transfer of some powers from state bodies to self-government bodies is the creation of the Mahalla Posboni public formations to assist the internal affairs bodies in ensuring the protection of public order. In each mahalla, conciliation commissions were created from among aksakals, veterans, women and youth, representatives of culture and clergy for public educational influence on previously convicted persons, etc.
The extension of the official status of the mahalla to all types of residential development was a positive factor ensuring the effectiveness of the management of the territory and the expenditure of budget funds for social assistance, land improvement, etc. At the same time, it should not be forgotten that the modern mahalla is first and foremost an administrative unit in the city's governance structure, in contrast to the mahalla, the neighboring community, which is spontaneous. The size, boundaries, number of population of the administrative mahalla is established by regional hakimiyat with the aim of the most economical use of funds for the maintenance of the mahalla apparatus.
If the previously established boundaries of the historical mahalla were formed according to their features, then at the present time the boundaries of
the mahalla and assemblies are defined by purely administrative methods, not associating with some town-planning principles and the subordination of elements of social life.
Practically, many borders of the mahalla conflict with the trends of the master plan for the formation of planning areas on a natural-planning basis and transport and communication links, which adversely affect the implementation of the master plan.
Historical and town-planning factors correcting the assessment of the territory according to objective indicators occupied a special place. This includes the genesis of the environment and the inherent time of the formation of the planning structure of the building. All these factors in a certain way affect the way of life of the population in various morpho-types of buildings. In addition, in the current hierarchy of the urban development environment, the psychological aspect in the relationship of a person with the environment is important. In his relationship with the environment, a person conveys a certain organization to this environment, ranks on separate levels depending on the materiality and proximity of a person. This phenomenon is called personalization environment.
Thus, the personalization of the environment is:
- the basic formation of individual and group identity;
- a means of organizing social relationships;
- fixation of the territory, which gives a person the opportunity to determine his own activities in the implementation of this activity.
Studies have shown that the various structural levels of an urban village vary significantly in their social characteristics, in their behavior and communication, in public spaces. These features determine certain requirements for the functional - spatial organization of the structural elements of the village of different levels, each of which represents a certain socio-territorial integrity. From this position, it is possible to single out the levels relating to the mahalla. The first level is characterized as a neighbor since it is represented by primary housing, a group of residential buildings, a unified system of open spaces used by a permanent contingent - residents of this group of neighboring houses. The second level - administratively - public, presented to microdistricts, by a quarter or a gathering of citizens - by the primary units of the administrative structure of the city.
Thus, it is necessary to return the humane character and the cozy isolation of the inner yard courtyard space to the residential development. It is about introducing into the mass development of new residential areas a more precise structural differentiation and individual isolation of internal spaces, correlating them with real needs and the established forms of daily social activity of the population. In addition, the need to strengthen and highlight in the development ofthe primary level - Mahalla - the neighboring community, as the first step of the transition from its own residential cell to the vast space of the city is emphasized. A clearer structural differentiation will help to more successfully solve problems of a social nature, such as working with children and adolescents, protecting women's rights, organizing leisure activities, etc.
References:
1. Vilkovsky M. Sociology of architecture.- M. Russian Avant-garde Foundation.
2. Khachaturyants K. K. Fundamentals of social typology of housing.- Minsk. 1983.
3. Glazychev V. L. Socio-ecological interpretation of the urban environment.- M., 1984.
