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8Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, (E)ISSN:2181-1784
educational, natural and social sciences www.oriens.uz
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7 3(9), September, 2023
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCIES OF WAYS OF WORD FORMATION
IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
Raxmonova Matluba Janzakovna
Senior teacher of department "Foreign languages" The Tashkent Institute of Chemistry Technology, Uzbekistan.
ABSTRACT
This article focuses on the linguistic features of word formation in English and Uzbek languages. Word formation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. Word formation is the process that serves to enrich the content of the language dictionary on a regular basis. There are some similarities and differences between word formation system of Uzbek and English. In the article we tried to study some ways of word formation and to clarify the theme we presented a lot examples.
Key words and phrases: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation, sound interchange, stress interchange, lexical units, synchronic, diachronic.
ANNOTATSIYA
Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o'zbek tillarida so'z yasalishining lingvistik xususiyatlariga e'tibor qaratilgan. So 'z yasalishi tilda mavjud bo 'lgan materialdan ma'lum strukturaviy-semantik formula va qoliplarga ko'ra yangi so'z yasash jarayonidir. So'z yasash - bu til lug'atining mazmunini muntazam boyitib borishga xizmat qiluvchi jarayon. O'zbek va ingliz tillarining so'zyasalish tizimlari o'rtasida o'xshashlik va farqlar mavjud. Maqolada biz so'z yasashning ba'zi usullarini o'rganishga harakat qildik va mavzuni ochib berish uchun ko'plab misollar keltirdik.
Tayanch so'z va iboralar: affiksatsiya, kompozitsiya, konversiya, qisqartma, tovush almashinuvi, urg'u almashinuvi, leksikbirliklar, sinxronik, diaxronik.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье основное внимание уделяется лингвистическим особенностям словообразования в английском и узбекском языках. Словообразование - это процесс создания новых слов из имеющегося в языке материала по определенным структурным и смысловым формулам и закономерностям. Словообразование - это процесс, служащий для регулярного обогащения содержания языкового словаря. Между системами словообразования узбекского и английского языков имеются некоторые сходства и различия. В статье мы попытались изучить некоторые способы словообразования и для пояснения темы привели множество примеров.
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Ключевые слова и фразы: аффиксация, композиция, конверсия, аббревиатура, звукозамена, смена ударений, лексические единицы, синхронические, диахронические.
INTRODUCTION
Word building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary. There are four main ways of word building in modern English, as well as in Uzbek too: affixation, composition, conversion, abbreviation. There are also secondary ways of word building: sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back formation.
Word formation is that branch of the science of language which the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units, i.e. words. (H.Marchand.) The term "word formation" is applied to the process by which new words are formed by adding prefixes and suffixes or both to a root — form already in existence. (J.A. Sheard). Thus, word formation is the creation of new words from the elements existing in the language. Every language has its own structural patterns of word formation. Words like « writer», «worker», «teacher», «manager» "yozuvchi", "ishchi", "o'qituvchi", and many others follow the structural pattern of word formation « V + er» in English and "V+ chi" in Uzbek.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Word-formation may be studied synchronically and diachronically. With regard to compounding, prefixing and suffixing word formation proceeds either on a native or on a foreign basis of coining. The term native basis of coining means that a derivative must be analysable as consisting of two independent morphemes (in the event of a compound as rainbow) or of a combination of independent and dependent morpheme (in the case of prefixal and suffixal derivatives as un-just, boy-hood).
Two principal approaches are applied in the science of language: the synchronic and the diachronic one. With regard to word formation the synchronic linguist would study the present day system of formation words types while the scholar of the diachronic school would write the history of word formation.
Thus, synchronically we study those of word formation which characterize the present-day English and Uzbek linguistic systems, while diachronically we investigate the history of word formation. The synchronic type of word formation does not always coincide with the historical system of word formation. For example: The words childhood, kingdom were
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compound words: hood OE had (state, rank), dom OE dom condemn. But synchronically they are considered as derived words because "-dom ",
"-hood" became affixes. The words "return" and "turn" historically had semantic relations and "return " was considered as a word derived from "turn". But synchronically these words have no semantic relations and we can't say that "return " is derived from "turn ".
Synchronically the most important and the most productive ways of word formation are: affixation, conversion, word-composition. Besides them there are other types of word formation such as: shortening, sound interchange, blending, back-formation etc. In the course of the historical development of a language the productivity of this or that way of word formation changes.
For example, sound interchange (blood — bleed, strike — stroke) was a productive way of word formation in old English and it is an important subject-matter for a diachronic study of the English language. Sound interchange has lost its productivity in Modern English and no new words can be formed by means of sound interchange. Affixation on the contrary was productive in Old English and is still one of the most productive ways of word formation in Modern English.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. In English affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation. In Uzbek they are called as "so'z yasovchi old qo'shimchalar" and "so'z yasovchi ort qo 'shimchalar".
A suffix is a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech or a different word class:
In English In Uzbek
A prefix is a derivational morpheme standing before the root and modifying meaning, cf. hearten-dishearten. It is only with verbs and statives that a prefix may serve to distinguish one part of speech from another, like in earth n — unearth v, sleep n — asleep (stative).
Teacher
o'qituvchi bulutli kengaymoq qisqacha
Cloudy
Widen
Shortly
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, (E)ISSN:2181-1784
educational, natural and social sciences www.oriens.uz
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7 3(9), September, 2023
In English In Uzbek
Disagree norozi
Uncomfortable noqulay
non-stop beto'xtov
interlocutor hamsuhbat
Compounding or word-composition is one of the most productive types of word-formation in modern English. Modern English is very rich in compound words. Compound words are made by joining two or more stems. In the Uzbek language, word composition is also one of the most productive way of forming new words. When comparing these two languages, it was discovered that they had the most similarities. There are several models of wordcomposition in both languages.
Noun+noun:
In English In Uzbek
pencil-case ko'zoynak
Adjective+noun:
In English In Uzbek
Blackboard oqqush
Numeral+ noun:
In English In Uzbek
two-faced qirqquloq
Noun+ verb:
In English In Uzbek
ice-breaker muzyorar
Conversion, one of the principal ways of forming words in Modern
English and Uzbek is highly productive in replenishing the English and Uzbek word-stock with new words. The term "conversion", which some linguists find inadequate, refers to the numerous cases of phonetic identity of word-forms, primarily the so-called initial forms, of two words belonging to different parts of speech. As a rule we deal with root words, although there are exceptions. This phenomenon may be illustrated by the following cases: work - to work, love - to love, brief - to brief;
In Uzbek: kasal adj. - kasal noun.
The shortening of words consists in substituting a part for a whole. The process of shortening is not confined only to words, many word groups also become shortened in the process of communication. Therefore, the term
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"shortening of words" is to be regarded as conventional, as it involves the shortening of both words and word-groups. Abbreviation is peculiar to nouns:
Distinction should be made between shortening of words in written speech and in the sphere of oral intercourse. Shortening of words in written speech results in graphical abbreviations which are , in fact, signs representing words and word groups of high frequency of occurrence in various spheres of human activity, note, for instance, RD for Road and St for Street in addresses on envelopes and in letters.As a general rule, lexical abbreviations first make their appearance in written speech, mostly in newspaper style and in the style of scientific prose, and gradually find their way into the sphere of oral intercourse.
Sound-interchange is the gradation of sounds occupying one and the same place in the sound-form of one and the same morpheme in various cases of its occurrence. Both sound- and stress-interchange may be regarded as ways of forming words only diachronically because in Modern English not a single word can be by changing the root-vowel of a word or by shifting the place of the stress: to sing-song, to live-life, to breathe-breath, etc. it also distinguishes between different word-forms, e.g. man-men, wife-wives, to know-knew, to leave-left, etc.
In Uzbek it is called the phonetic way of word formation: ko 'r-ko 'z; bo 'y-bo 'z.
Many English verbs of Latin-French origin are distinguished from the corresponding nouns by the position of stress. Here are some well-known examples of such pairs of words for stress-interchange: export n - to ex'port v; import n - to im'port v; 'conduct n - to con'ductv;present n - to pre'sentv ; 'contrast n - to con'trast v. 'frequent adj. - to fre'quent v , 'absent adj. - to ab'sent v. etc.
Stress -interchange does not exist in Uzbek.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, the ways of word formation in English are as follows: affixation (suffixation and prefixation), word composition, conversion, abbreviation, clipping, back-formation, sound-interchange, stress-interchange. In Uzbek there are all these ways of word formation but stress-
In English
In Uzbek
AQSH avtoyo'l
USA Exam
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interchange is not met in original Uzbek words and they differ from one another in their statistic peculiarities.
REFERENCES
1. Asher R. E., The encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Pergamon Press, 1994.
2. I.V.Arnold. The English word. M, 1986.
3. O. Muminov. Lexicology of the English language. Tashkent, 2008.
4. A. Rahimov, N. Turniyozov. O'zbek tili (ma'ruzalar matni). Samarqand, 2006.
5. Abduazizov A.A. Tilshunoslik nazariyasiga kirish. -T.: Sharq, 2010. -175b.
6. Bauer, L. (1983), "English word-formation". Cambridge University Press Plag, I.(2003), "Word-formation in English". http://www.translationdirectory.com/article37.htm
