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ANALYSIS OF LEXEMES FROM PERSIAN AFFIXES IN HINDI
Ismatullaeva Mutabar Khushvakt kizi
Master of the department "Languages of South and Southeast Asia" at
Tashkent state university of oriental studies Research advisor: candidate of phil. sciences. Nurmatov S.S.(PhD)
+998909351045
ABSTRACT
The article provides general information on the linguistics of affixes, the scientific and theoretical views of Russian and Uzbek Indian scholars on Persian affixes in Hindi, as well as the research of Indian linguists on this topic. In the course of covering the article, the scientific and theoretical views of many Indian scholars have been studied, and the theories of some of them have been cited as examples. Several examples of Persian affixes in Hindi have been given, and grammatical models have been developed based on them.
Keywords: affixes, Persian affixes, Dakxini languages, affixal method, word formation system.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье представлены общие сведения о лингвистике аффиксов, научно-теоретические взгляды российских и узбекских индийских ученых на персидские аффиксы в языке хинди, а также исследования индийских лингвистов по этой теме. В ходе освещения статьи были изучены научно-теоретические взгляды многих индийских ученых, в качестве примеров приведены теории некоторых из них. Приведено несколько примеров персидских аффиксов на хинди, и на их основе разработаны грамматические модели.
Ключевые слова: аффиксы, персидские аффиксы, дакчинские языки, аффиксальный метод, система словообразования.
INTRODUCTION
Affixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base. Diachronically, the English word affix was first used as a verb and has its origin in Latin: affixus, past participle of the verb affigere, ad- 'to' + Agere 'to'fix'. Affixation falls in the scope of Morphology where bound morphemes are either roots or affixes. Prefixes (affixes that precede the root) and suffixes (affixes that follow the root) are the most common types of affixes cross-linguistically. Affixes mark derivational(-er in teach-er) and inflectional (-s in teacher-s) changes, and affixation is the most common strategy that human languages
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employ for derivation of new words and word forms. However, languages vary in the ways they express the same semantics, and if in English the noun biolog-ist is derived from biology through the addition of the suffix -ist, in Russian (and other Slavic languages) the same derivation does not involve the addition of an affix but subtraction of form: biolog-ija 'biology' ^ biolog 'biologist'. Most languages make an extensive use of affixes (most European, African, Australian, and Amerindian languages are of this type),whereas others (e.g., Vietnamese), hardly do. In languages that use affixes, there is a general preference for suffixes over prefixes1.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
In English there are about 25 prefixes which can transfer words to а different
л
part of speech. E.g. - head (п) - behead (v), bus(n) - debus(v), brown (adj) -embrown(v), title(n) entitle(v), war(n). - prewar (adj). If it is so we can say that there is no functional difference between suffixes and prefixes. Besides there are linguists who treat prefixes as a part of word-composition. They think that a prefix has the same function as the first component of a compound word. Other linguists consider prefixes as derivational affixes which differ essentially from root - morphemes and stems. From the point of view of their origin affixes may be native and borrowed. The suffixes -ness, -ish, -dom, -ful, -less, -ship and prefixes be-, mis-, un-, fore-, etc are of native origin. But the affixes -able, -ment, -ation, -ism, -ist, re-, anti-, dis-, etc are of borrowed origin. They came from the Greek, Latin and French languages. Many of the suffixes and prefixes of native origin were independent words. In the course of time they have lost their independence and turned into derivational affixes .
The role of A.S. Barkhudarov is very important among linguists who have done extensive research on the use of Persian affixes in Hindi. A.S. Barkhudarov in his work " Cn0B006pa30BaH^ в хинди " focuses on the method of affixation of word formation in Hindi. The difference between this scholar's research on affixes and our scientific work is that the scholar has given only general information. In his research on word formation in Dakhini, Professor O.N. Shomatov also focused on the Iranian suffixes widely used in Dakhini and studied their peculiarities4.
In V.M. Beskrovny's two-volume "Хинди - русский onoBapb" singled out words made with Persian affixes, as well as affixes that served to enrich the vocabulary of the Indian language. On the subject of word formation in Hindi, Z.M.
1 Affixation (Oxford Bibliographies in Linguistics, version 2014). Stela Manova. p.1.
2 Мешков Д. «^0B006p030BaHHe современного ангаийского языка» M, 1976 p. 346.
3 KapamyK П.М. «Слoвooбpaзoвaниe ангаийского языка» M, 1977 p. 283
4 Шаматов А.Н. Kлaccичecкий дакхини (Южный хиндустяни XVII в.). -М.: Hay^ 1974.
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Dimshits describes the method of affixation as follows: "Affixation is a method of productive morphological word formation in Hindi". He explains the difference in the type of making:
1. Suffixation is the main affixal method in the Hindi word formation system. It is divided into two: root- suffixation in which the word does not change, for example: a) з^м - powerful , -"power"), farming -"field");
b) root- suffixation in which phonetic changes occur in words, for example: ^ETT -thief (^E - "theft"), - childhood (#ET - "small"), - childhood,
youth (^W^T - "child, young, child"), i^l/l - player - "game"), ^ftfTto -historical (^f^W - history);
2. Prefixation, for example: ^ЩТЧ - unaware (ШЧ - "knowledge"), -homeless (ЧГ - "home");
3. Prefixal-suffixal or a mixed word-formation method, based on the use of both suffixes and prefixes, for example: - shameless (TT^ - "shame"), ^^чч, -irrelevant (^ - "communication"), ^ГЧЧПЧ" - among cities (ЧЧГ - "city");
4. Infixation, internal inflection, a method characterized by the shortening, lengthening, or exchange of vowels (and sometimes consonants) in base words. An example of this type is the construction of transitive verbs from intransitive verbs:
- to share ^ ЗТЕЧТ - divide ; f%TWT- to walk ^ - to take a walk; faw - to get wet ^ f^4T - wet; - to be free ^ #?ЧТ - to free. 5"
An uzbek linguist professor O. N. Shomatov writes, "The Arab-Persian conquests began in the first centuries of the second millennium AD with Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran, as well as with the Arab conquest of Sindh and Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. 'Secret consists of units assimilated during the course of historical relations6.
Hindi hybrid words derived from Persian have a special place in the historical context of Hindi. From the 12th to the 13th century, Persian and Turkish influenced the languages and dialects of northwestern India for several hundred years. The main reason for this was the emergence of Muslim states in northern India.
According to the Russian Indian scholar V.M. Beskrovniy, the role of Persian words in the formation of the Hindi language is important. According to him, a new hybrid word was formed as a result of the addition of special affixes to Persian words
5Шаматов А.Н. Классический дакхини (Южный хиндустани XVII в.). -М.: Наука, 1974. 195.b.
6Annotated dictionary of the Uzbek language. T II. -T.: " National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan " State Scientific
Publishing House, 2006. -B. 119
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or special Persian elements to Hindi words in the vocabulary of Hindi. In his two-volume Indo-Russian Dictionary, V.M. Beskrovniy singled out lexical units made up of Persian affixes, as well as affixes that served to enrich the vocabulary of the Hindi language.
Professor O.N. Shomatov in his research on word formation in Dakhini, Shomatov also focuses on the Iranian suffixes widely used in Dakhini and classifies them as follows.
For example:
1. [-1] ~ The suffix is a productive suffix in classical dakhini. Also participates in the formation of nouns and adjectives.
a) Artificial words - abstract nouns are often formed from adjectives that are etymologically specific to the Arabic + Persian languages. There are about 30 such words.
*[^Tt] ~ without holidays W oppressed, crushed \\per.
*[*RdiHI$] ~ wealth W [*RdiHI]~wise\\arab
Nouns derived from Arabic + Persian can also serve as a basis for such words.
* [^fft] ~ patience W patience \\arab.
~ friendship
friend \\per.
This suffix is productive because it can make abstract nouns from artificial words. It is made on the basis of the following template.
[noun (name) root + verb base + suffix [|]
* [d^KiTl] ~racketeering W [d4T3TT]~ biased \\ arab+per.
* [st-d^lTl] ~ to own W owner, master
Words based on the following formula are rare:
[ preffix or preffixoid + noun (name) basis + suffix [|] ~ uneducated/ rude
b) Compound words are formed from etymologically specific words of Persian + Arabic languages.
For example:
*[H^HI^l] ~ noticeable ^ emotion, sensitivity
[-3TT] The suffix is now productive. A noun makes an adjective or a noun through a phrase:
For example:
7 Шаматов А.Н. Kлaccичecкий дакхини (Южный хиндустяни XVII в.). -М.: Hay^ 1974. -С. 80.
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[W^T^TT] ~ be aware [M«K] ~ leader
2. [-^t] The suffix noun is a noun from adjectives. Originally, this suffix is
a variant of the Persian suffix [-1].
In classical dakhini, this morpheme becomes an independent word-forming unit. Because it affects the bases of nouns (nouns) on the one hand, and can be combined with the bases of Indian words on the other hand, it is also widely used in the
o
construction of hybrid words.
~ sadness ^ [hTtT^"]~ sad \\ per. ~ teaching ^ teacher \\arab.
In this regard, we also refer to the scientific and theoretical views of one of the Russian Indian scholars AS Barkhudarov. In his Slovoobrazovanie v hindi, the scholar also focuses on Persian affixes in his research on the use of affixes in Hindi. The scholar classifies Persian suffixes into Hindi as follows:
1. Pure suffixes
2. [-^TT] The suffix makes a noun meaning "ownership" (a person's name based on occupation, type of activity, social status) and adjectives. The scope of this suffix is expanding in Hindi, and even though it is one of the most productive suffixes in Persian, it is much more common in Hindi.9
• The suffix [-dara] is often added to Hindi words:
• [WH^TT] - thorny; covered with thorns
• [WHF3TT] - laundry, covered with laundry
The works of Indian linguists who have conducted scientific and theoretical research on the use of affixes in Hindi have also been studied in detail. Among them are the works of Indian linguists Dhirendra Varma, V. Prasad, Kamtaprasad Guru, Ramrajpal Dwivedi (Hindi Vyakarnik Shabdkosh (A Glossary of Hindi Grammar)) and others.
Masalan, Ramrajpal Dwivedi o'zining "Hindi Vyakarnik Shabdkosh" (A Glossary of Hindi Grammer) ya'ni "Hindiy tilining grammatik terminlari" nomli asarida ham preffiks hamda suffiks terminlariga ham ta'rif berib o'tgan.
Masalan: "Ramrajpal Dvivedi "Preffiks" terminini "htm^'', " Suffiks " terminini esa "^hm^ " hamda "wc^" deb nomlaydi. Ammo ba'zi bir hind tilshunos olimlar
8 Шаматов А.Н. Классический дакхини (Южный хиндустани XVII в.). -М.: Наука, 1974. -С. 86.
9 O'sha asar. - b. 111.
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"^WT' atamasini ko'proq umumiy ma'noni anglatuvchi "affiks" ma'nosida ishlatganlar" 10 For example, Ramrajpal Dwivedi in his Glossary of Hindi Grammar describes both prefixes and suffixes.
For example, Ramrajpal Dvivedi calls the term "prefix" " si^i " and the term "^wi ". However, some Indian linguists have used the term " w-^V" to mean "wcmV", which has a more general meaning.
In addition to the above, another Indian linguist, Kamtaprasad Guru, has also conducted research on the use of affixes in Hindi. The scholar classifies the Persian affixes used in Hindi as follows:
• The suffix creates the name of the executor of the activity (action):
• [STT] "to know" - [STTT] "educated"
[^T] suffiksi hozirgi zamon sifatdoshini yasaydi, masalan : [3^] "to ask" - [S<^H] "questioner" [—^3] "paste" - [-UMH] "adhesive"
suffix . Creates the name of the activity (action) executor, e.g.:
[—TTT] - in Hindi is added to the verb "to choose", and these suffixes [—iT^i] form the word "choose".
[W] suffix. Makes an abstract horse, e.g.:
• [^T] "to strive" - [^rf^T] "striving"
• [TM] "to complain" - [tT%3T] "complaining"
• [|] suffix makes an abstract noun. For example :
[T^T] "to leave" - [T^dTl] "leave" Persian affixes that have changed during the process of adaptation to Hindi: This model focuses only on changes in the structure of affixes in the process of adaptation to Hindi. Contains the following affixes. a. Affixes that change to only one sound:
[fTf] "to be free" - [fTfT] "released'
[f^] "to do" - [ff^T] "doer
"to live" - [f^T] "liver"
Hindi
Persian
10
ST. W^W flMt ff^t TT^ftTT ^ WTR. -f^l"., 2000
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-3TT daar -dor
-3TH baan -bon
-^T^" gaah -goh
-^TT kaar -kor, gar (korgar)
- ^t-dd, tdd istan, stan -iston
-^TT zaar -zor
-3TH daan -don
-^T^" baaz -boz
bardaar -bardor
-^H khan -xon
--HM saaz -soz
-Hl^l naama -nome11
Persian affixes
A significantly large group of Persian affixes modify adjectives, verbs, nouns and adverbs. They decorate Hindi-Urdu speech with a variety of phonemes used by Hindi and Urdu poets and writers. There is a large list and some examples are as follows. Urdu words are in angle brackets "<—>" with the English meanings underneath.
Suffix words
1. it: < fa'^iV <
(alive)- life, (servant) service
2. tft < itff < ^tff >
itf hot)-heat, ^ (soft)-softness
3. iTT < madadgar>< khidmatgaar> f^diK (help)-helper, -(service)-
4. ^T: < R^T >< TT"t ^^T >
(carrier) f^" (heart)- lover(message) = messenger
5. ^R" or ^Td : < ^IWi>< +N^H> (driver)(Garden) -gardener(coach driver)
6. ^ < >< >
11 To'rayev S. "Linguistic analysis of lexical units made of Persian affixes in Hindi." Tashkent 2016. p. 53.
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(wealth)= wealthy (wisdom) = wise= wealth thy
7. — : < dtW —i > < WW—1 > (drum)= drummer(treasure)= treasurer
8. ^f < gfaf ><
(small drum) (eyes= eye glasses)
9. ^TT : < HT^TTT > <zaanaana> (year=yearly)(lady= for ladies)
10. tw, tr^": < tw, bakhabar>< tr^" Berahem> (without) (with information) (without kindness)
11. IT: < <H^i1n> <TRfr> (with or full) (colorful) (salt=saltish)
1. TTf :< WldTTI f>< sharamnak> Zubayda, [14.02.2022 8:20]
(with or full) (danger = dangerous) (shame=shameful) Now we can see some examples of Persian prefixes:
1. ts : < >< t^^Td > (bad) (character) (looks ugly)
2. Wt : < Itgd" >< Wt^Td > (good) (beautiful) (has a good character)
3. fR-: < fWtT >< f^TfW > (less) (weak) (unwise)
In summary, the twins, Persian-Arabic made significant contributions towards Modern Urdu/Hindi, enriching the vocabulary with diverse senses, meanings, phonemes, and words, impacted the grammar also. Besides this linguistic hybridization, the plentiful literature of the twins also had a major impact on the
1 9
literature of Urdu/Hindi. CONCLUSION
Affixal word formation refers to the formation of a new word using the affixes that exist in a particular language - the addition of minimal elements of the language to the base.We have observed that the word formation of a noun phrase includes the following lexical-semantic groups of nouns. These are abstract names, personal names, specific place names, and subject names.
The - -I suffix, which is considered to be the most productive of the abstract horse-forming suffixes, joins the stem, adjective, and verb stem to form a horse. An
12Abdul Jamil Khan. The politics of language. Urdu / Hindi: An artificial Divide. Algora Publishing New York. 2006.
p. 149
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analysis of horses formed with the suffix f showed that most of them were words made up of personal names. Depending on their meaning, they can be divided into the following types: , property, names that mean characters.
The most productive of the suffixes that make up a person's name is [dashtan] Nearly 46 Persian affixes and affixoids were involved in the construction of names. The main contributors are suffixes, which are the most effective suffixes in the construction of nouns in Hindi.
REFERENCES
1. Affixation (Oxford Bibliographies in Linguistics, version 2014). Stela Manova.
2. Мешков Д. «Словооброзование современного английского языка» M, 1976 р. 346.
3. Карашук П.М. «Словообразование английского языка» M, 1977 p. 283
4. Шаматов А.Н. Классический дакхини (Южный хиндустани XVII в.). -М.: Наука, 1974.
5. Шаматов А.Н. Классический дакхини (Южный хиндустани XVII в.). -М.: Наука, 1974. 195.b.
6. Annotated dictionary of the Uzbek language. T II. -T.: " National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan " State Scientific Publishing House, 2006. -B. 119
7. Abdul Jamil Khan. The politics of language. Urdu / Hindi: An artificial Divide. Algora Publishing New York. 2006. p. 149
8. Шаматов А.Н. Классический дакхини (Южный хиндустани XVII в.). -М.: Наука, 1974. -C. 80.1 To'rayev S. "Linguistic analysis of lexical units made of Persian affixes in Hindi." Tashkent 2016. p. 53.
9. To'rayev S. "Linguistic analysis of lexical units made of Persian affixes in Hindi." Tashkent 2016. p. 53.
10. Abdul Jamil Khan. The politics of language. Urdu / Hindi: An artificial Divide. Algora Publishing New York. 2006. p. 149
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