28Innovative Technologies in Teaching Foreign Languages and Learner Assessment in Online Education
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SEMANTIC AND STRUCTURAL RELATIONS IN THE TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM OF "TOURISM"
Nodira Erkinboyevna Kuchkarova
2nd year master degree National University of Uzbekistan E-mail: nodirakuchkarova9@gmail .com
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to investigating semantic and structural peculiarities of tourism terminology. In the article, the study made it possible to identify typological features of the terminology of the tourism sector in Uzbek, and English, that is, to establish similarities and differences in the structure, semantics, sources of appearance and history of the formation and development of terms. The terminology system of the tourism sector is an internally organized collection of interconnected and interconnected units that have been formed for several centuries.
Keywords: terminology, tourism, research, lexico-semantic, structural, terminology system, interrelated and interconnected units, tourism terminology.
MAIN PART
General linguistics is divided into several groups, for instance lexicology, etymology, phraseology, terminology and so on. The terminology of any branch of knowledge is always in a state of quantitative and qualitative change: some terms are outdated and out of use, others arise and are introduced; changes the semantic scope of previously known terms; the values are redistributed. This suggests the activity of lexico semantic relations in terminology, which proceed somewhat differently from the literary language.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The work "General Terminology" indicates the peculiarities of the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy and synonymy: "If in general vocabulary such phenomena as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy is consistently presented, then in special vocabulary they have their own characteristics and limitations. Thus, as desired requirements for terms, unambiguity is distinguished, that is, one word - one meaning, which means that the term does not have polysemantic relations, homonyms, synonyms. In practice, this is not the case. The term cannot get rid of the material language form, where all these relations are inevitably present; nevertheless,
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terminologists select synonyms, specification of homonyms, separation of polysemia to achieve the requirements that are imposed on the term "[10, 55]. Consider this relationship in more detail. Any terminology, like the language as a whole, is inherent in the synonymy of lexical units. By synonymy it is customary to mean a coincidence in the basic meaning of words, morphemes, constructions, phraseological units. It is noted that synonyms: 1) express one concept;2) differ in shades of meaning, or stylistic color, or both; 3) are capable of interchangeability in the context [5, 53]. In terminology, synonyms relate to the same concept and object, they do not characterize its different properties. Therefore, some researchers call this phenomenon terminological doublets (absolute synonyms) [2, 246].
METHODOLOGY
A study of tourism terms showed that synonymy is observed more often in the terminology system of the Uzbek, Russian language than English. So, in the studied corps, synonyms are 33% among Uzbek, 12% among Russians and 18.5% among English terms of tourism. Researchers call the main reasons for the emergence of synonyms in terminology: 1) parallel termination of the concept by several researchers; 2) various translations of the term; 3) the presence of a complete and short designation of one concept; 4) coexistence of eponymous and ordinary terms [7,21]. Tourism terminology is most characterized by synonymy, which appears for the first three reasons. Thus, the following terms can serve as examples of term synonyms resulting from the parallel termination of the same concept by different researchers:
• nostalgic - ethnic - ethnocultural tourism (travel of tourists motivated by the desire to visit places, the country from which they themselves or their relatives come [12, 192]): Ethnic tourism is also represented in the region: Izborsk land is the birthplace of the small people living today in southern Estonia (13, 18.11.2009); "The region has a very large share of the so-called nostalgic tourism," says Andrei Kanorsky. "For many Germans, a trip to the homeland of their ancestors becomes the goal of visiting the region." However, the expert notes, "nostalgic tourists" are usually people of poetic age, and over time, of course, their number will decrease (13, 15.01.2009) Tourism terminology is characterized by the presence of a complete and brief designation of one concept, since multiword terms are inconvenient due to their cumbersome nature: "the use of complete forms contradicts the principle of language economy, according to which only separate, communication-optimizing language forms are implemented in speech" [5, 56]. Therefore, short versions of the term, truncated forms, abbreviations, as well as elliptical constructions appear in the texts,
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when one of its component parts is used instead of the full form of the term. The most characteristic are brief forms of terms for English terminology of tourism, when, along with the full term, its complex version is used: tourist base - turbase, tourism business - turbo business, tourist operator - tour operator, travel agent - travel agent, tourist package - tour package, environmental tourism - ecotourism, geological tourism - ecotourism, economic class - economy. In English terminology, abbreviation occupies a greater place in the creation of short versions of terms: DET -domestic escorted tour, DIT - domestic independent tour, FIT - foreign independent tour, GIT - group inclusive tour, VFR - visiting friends and relatives.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Speaking of absolute synonymy in the terminology system, it is necessary to dwell on the issue of the variability of terms, which arouses the increased interest of modern terminology. There are two opposing points of view on the problem of terminological variability. The first is associated with the name D.S. Lotte and the followers of his school S.I. Korshunov, G.G. Samburova, etc. The essence of this concept is that any terminological word is associated with the concept of isomorphism of the content plan and the plan for expressing a special sign. Similar views were expressed by E.N. Tolikina, who characterized the terminology systems as autonomously functioning in the language and forming closed systems in which a semantically special sign does not develop. Statements about the impossibility or undesirability of variability in terminology are characteristic of the work of foreign scientists. So, the ideas of the isomorphic device of the terminology system are supported by V. Ville, a representative of the West German terminology school of O. Wüster. The second point of view, recognizing the presence of terminological variability, has developed only in recent decades and is associated with the names of such specialists as B.N. Golovin, V.P. Danilenko, V.I. Siforov, T.L. Kandelaki, V.M. Leuchik, I.S. Kvitko and others. To date, there are a large number of classifications of terminology options. In this study, we use the classification proposed by the C.B. Grinev [6,58], which, in our opinion, is the most complete and best reflecting the modern situation. The scientist considers terminological variants within the lexico-semantic paradigm of absolute synonyms. So, he writes: "There is an opinion that synonymy and variability are different concepts, and variability cannot be considered as a kind of synonymy, but since variants serve to call one concept, they fully correspond to the features of absolute synonyms" [6, 109-110]. Based on these concepts, we classified English and Russian synonyms of tourism terminology and
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obtained the following data. An analysis of the sample of English terms in the tourism sector showed that 98 terms (9.9% of the total sample) have options in this language. In the Russian sample, this number is 118 (16.9%). Taking into account the level of the language system, the following types of options are noted.
1) Graphic - terms that differ only in spelling. English synonyms of this kind are presented in the amount of 18 units, which is 18.4% of the number of all sample options. Example: traveler - traveller, pressurization — pressurisation, familiarization trip — familiarization trip, travel catalog — travel catalogue, traveler's check — traveller's cheque, appetizer — appetiser, camping site - campingsite. In English tourism terminology, the presence of graphic variants is primarily due to differences between the British and American versions of the language.
2) Phonetic variants are variants that differ only in pronunciation. Synonyms of this kind are presented only in English in the number of 12 units, which is 12.2% of the number of all sampling options: scheduled/light fjedju: ldj - ['skedju: ld], valet parking fvcelitj - fvceleij, transit ftrcensitj - [' tramzit], boarding pass [ppeleij In most cases, variants of different pronunciation of terms arise due to differences between the British and American versions of the language, which leads to an increase in the number of phonetic variants in the English terminology of the tourism sector.
3) Phonetic-graphic variants - variants that differ only in pronunciation and variant spelling of identical lexes. In English us 8 similar options (8.2%) were revealed: snorkeling ['snoiklirj] - snorkelling ['sno: kdlin], agrotourism ['cegrdvotvdrism] - agritourism ['cegriotvdrism], barber's shop [Ja: ^r fop] - barber shop [Ja: to J op], draft [dra: ft] - draft [draft].
4) Word-forming variants - variants that differ in derivational affixes or the order of the elements. In the English sample, this type of variant is less significantly represented - only 8 terms (8.2%): shopping tour - shop tour, yachting tourism - yacht tourism, camping site - campsite, turning down - turndown. Uzbek word-formation options are presented in the amount of 12 units (10.2%): club-hotel - hotel-club, snowboarding - snowboarding, flight - flight, caravan - car caravan, non-stop flight -non-stop flight, traveler - traveling.
5) Syntactic variants - variants-phrases that differ in the syntactic model of formation (word order and relations between them). Synonyms of this kind are presented in the amount of 10 units in English (10.2%), Uzbek (7.1%): date of departure - departure date, date of arrival - arrival date, country of origin - origin
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country, tourism demand - demand for tourism, tourism infrastructure - infrastructure of tourism, guest house - guest house, hotel catalogue - hotel.
6) Morphological-syntactic variants are variants, one of which is a term-phrase or a complex term, and the other is its short variant obtained by syntactic or morphological transformations. The following varieties of morphologo synthacic variants are distinguished: - elliptical, formed by passing one of the elements of the multicomponent term without changing its meaning. In English, 16 such terms were noted (16.3%): farm stay tourism - farm tourism, healthcare tourism - health tourism, ground handling operator - ground operator, day tripper - tripper, world round tour -world tour, scuba diving - diving, commission - commission, tourist product information - tourist information, tour with educational goals - educational tour, block charter - block, baggage allowance - baggage allowance, tourist class bus -tourist bus; - composite, formed by adding words or basics of a multi-component term.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, an analysis of the actual material showed that in the terminology of the tourism sector of the Uzbek and English languages the terms-antonyms of the contradictor, complementary and counter type prevail. So, the analysis of semantic and structural relations gives us the opportunity to conclude that the main semantic relations are characteristic of tourist terminology of both Uzbek, and English. At the same time, significant differences were found in the buildings of the languages studied regarding the activity of semantic and structural relations, which testify to the more mature state of the Uzbek, English terminology of the tourism sector.
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