322ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 1 | ISSUE 3 | 2020
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2020: 4.804 THE CONCEPT OF TERM AND TERMINOLOGY IN LINGUISTICS
Hilola Namitdinovna Rashidova
Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent region
ABSTRACT
At present, it is difficult to imagine the basis of the content of the dictionary without different terminological systems. When we look at the history of translation, in the scientific work that has taken place from past centuries to the present, experts have thought about the lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and many other pressing problems of experience. The main purpose of the study of terms is to replace and translate words from foreign languages into words that correspond exactly to our native language. Many of our scholars today are doing different research on this topic. This article also covers some aspects of terms and terminology.
Keywords: stylistic, semantics, cognitive, terminology, structure, semantic terminology, onomastic.
INTRODUCTION
The word "term" is derived from the Latin word "terminus" which means limit, border. A term is a word or phrase that is a clear and stable expression of a particular concept specific to a field of science, technology, or profession. As terms move from scientific communication to live speech, they become words that are understandable to the public over time. It is very difficult to imagine the scientific and normative picture of the universe without terms. Because the terms serve as the basic units that make up the scientific text. Linguists have differing views in the field of terminology, with different definitions of the word 'term'.
METHODOLOGY
As an example, A. Reformatsky contributes to this area and defines the term as follows: "Terms are special words" [1]. A.V. Kalinin calls certain terms "special vocabulary" and divides them into two groups:
1) Special vocabulary includes, first of all, terms.
2) In addition to terms, special vocabulary includes professionalisms.
In addition, A.V. Kalinin distinguishes between terms and professionalism: "The difference between a term and professionalism is that a term is an expression or name of a concept that is completely formal, accepted, and legitimized in a particular science,
industry, agriculture, or technique. Professionalism, on the other hand, is a semi-formal word, a profession, a specialty, often spread in the living language, in fact, it does not have a strict, scientific description of the concept.
We are not mistaken in saying that this claim is a continuation of the views of some scholars who consider language to be a class" says R. Doniyorov H. Jamolkhanov has the following attitude to the term: "Terms are nominative units that represent specialized concepts in science - technology, literature, art and other fields, the use of which is limited to a particular field." The change of terms in linguistics and the emergence of new terms are inextricably linked with the development of science and technology. Linguist L.I. Bojno states: "Under the influence of technical progress, terminology changes on the basis of two interrelated laws, first, with the laws of scientific and technological progress, and secondly, with the general laws of language development. ». The fact that technical skills now go beyond a certain narrow range and become popular, and that experts in various fields make extensive use of the achievements of science and technology in their daily work, requires a high level of demand for terminology. Because the more important the development of science and technology in life, the more important the terms for its acquisition, management and development. In this regard, the regulation of terms is of great scientific and social importance.
RESULTS
Terminology, consists of two words from the Latin "termus", meaning border, and "logos", science, field, subject, and is usually used in two different senses. The first is a set of terms related to a system of concepts in a particular science, technology, industry, or field of art, social activity. Examples include: Military terminology; Jewelry terminology; Tourism terminology; Technical terminology. The second meaning is inextricably linked with linguistics, the field of linguistics that deals with the study and regulation of terms. Terminology is one of the most important means of social communication, which has had a great impact on the existence of language in general. The creation and constrution of a term can be described as a targeted search based on available information. As long as a particular national or international language is created, that language is encoded, stored, and processed. Of course, terminological information is important for languages. Terminology has always been an important issue in linguistics. Because the definition of the place and function of terms in the lexical layers of the field allows to understand the essence of the concept. The need for an in-depth and comprehensive study of the essence of the term also requires the use of the principles of a functional approach.A functional approach to the
term E. Drozen (1934), G.O. Vinokur (1 939), V.V. Vinogradov, A.A. Reformatsky (1986) and V.G. It has been studied in the works of scholars such as Gak. Also, A.A. Reformatskiy (1986), B.N. Goloven (1981), N.P. Kuzkin (1962), L. Kapanadze (1965), and many other scholars in the field of terminology, O.S. Akhmanova (1990), V.P. Kaprovich (1978), R.Yu. Kobrin (1991), V.M. Leychik (1986), V.D. Tabanakova (1998), E.N. Scholars such as Tolikina have focused on the semantic features of terminology, A.S. The connection between Gelt terminology and a set of terms,, O.V. Dovbysh (2003), S.V. Sakhneevich (1998) discusses translation problems of terminology and Z.M. Polyutina (2002) conducted research on areas close to the field of terminology [2]. In studying the relationship between the meaning of an object and the meaning of a concept, it is expedient to take into consideration the followings: a) the term has a lexical meaning, but this meaning is not limited to the concept being expressed (DP Gorskiy, KA Levkovskaya, AS Gerd); b) the term has a lexical meaning and this meaning is a concept (Ye. M. Galkina -Fedoruk, P.S. Popov); c) the term does not have a lexical meaning, but corresponds to a concept (Zvegensev, Reformatsky, L.A. Kapanadze).
DISCUSSION
The main normative requirements for the term were originally D.S. Developed by Lotte. These requirements are: structural, non-specificity, brevity, unambiguousness, clarity, simplicity, comprehensibility, degree of applicability, etc. [3]. Some of them have provided additional information to many scholars, including I.N. Volkova, A.V. Krijanovskaya, L. A. Simonenko and others. We will focus on some of these requirements below:
1. Stuructural: any term is part of a particular terminological system. It is this feature that elevates it to the status of a term. The term system has two types of structure -logical structure and linguistic structure.
2. Unambiguousness: a term should represent only one scientific or technical concept and one concept should correspond to only one term. One of the most serious shortcomings of the terminology, according to D.S. Lotte, is that the meaning of the term varies from context to context.
3. Brevity: The short version of the term is functionally equivalent to a term. It cannot be used freely and voluntarily.
4. Clarity: A scientific concept has a definite boundary and this boundary is reflected in its definition. The accuracy of a term means that it has all the characteristics of a given concept.
5. Linguistic basis: when it is necessary to choose one of the terms based on one's own or another language, of course, it is advisable to use the term itself. This is because the excessive and unreasonable use of assimilation terms inevitably leads to the separation of terminology from the vernacular and its incomprehensibility to non-experts [4]. The structural structure of the term, V.P. According to Danilenko, it includes three lexical layers: 1) non-terminological vocabulary; 2) general scientific vocabulary; 3) terminological vocabulary. Terminological lexicon (special words of a specific terminological system) is the most meaningful part of the language of science, if general scientific terms express general meanings that are not limited to a single subject area.
Terminology is currently divided into several areas of research:
1. Theoretical terminology - studies the laws of development and use of special vocabulary (terms).
2. Practical terminology - deals with the development of practical principles of terms, recommendations for overcoming the shortcomings of terms and terminology, tools for their use, creation and translation.
3. General terminology - studies the general properties and problems of special lexicons (terms).
4. Private Terminology - The study of terms that belong to a particular area of a particular language.
5. Typological terminology - comparative study of individual terminology and defining the properties of general and individual terminology.
6. Comparative terminology - comparative study of general and special terminology in different languages and their properties.
7. Semasiological terminology - studies the problems of semantics of special lexemes, changes in semantic units, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy.
8. Onomastic terminology - studies the special lexemes of naming, the process of their naming, the choice of the optimal form of naming.
9. Historical terminology - studies the history of terminology and analyzes the origin and formation of terms. This is how the terms are regulated. Based on the results of this direction, a new independent science in linguistics - anthropolinguistics - emerged.
10. Functional terminology - studies the role of modern terms in various texts, in situations of professional communication, training, as well as the use of terms in speech and computer systems. Now there are new areas of terminology - cognitive and epistemological terminology.
CONCLUSION
As the science of linguistics developed and expanded its scope of research, the study of terms became one of its most important and integral components. In modern times, the study of terms has formed a separate branch of linguistics - terminology. Political and social terms denoting international relations play an important role in the lexicon of any language, including English, Russian and Uzbek, and they form a significant part of the language lexicon. In the process of combining language and culture, especially in the process of translation, one inevitably encounters terms. Among linguistic units, terms have a special significance due to their functions such as naming and distinguishing objects of words and phrases, as well as the principles of individualization and identification. The problem of terms in international and intercultural relations and even in interactions between peoples has long existed.
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