Научная статья на тему 'SELECTION OF COLD-TOLERANT VARIETIES AND LINES OF BREAD WHEAT'

SELECTION OF COLD-TOLERANT VARIETIES AND LINES OF BREAD WHEAT Текст научной статьи по специальности «Сельское хозяйство, лесное хозяйство, рыбное хозяйство»

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BREAD WHEAT / COLD TOLERANCE / VARIETY / GENOTYPE / LINE

Аннотация научной статьи по сельскому хозяйству, лесному хозяйству, рыбному хозяйству, автор научной работы — Dilmurodov Sherzod Dilmurodovich, Hazratkulova Shakhnoza Usmanovna, Jurakulov Eldor Jurakul Ugli, Safarova Nilufar Vokhidovna

Сreating cold-resistant varieties in wheat breeding programs is one of the most difficult tasks because several genes are involved. The main difficulty in creating cold-resistant varieties in breeding is usually the relationship between high cold tolerance and low yield and late ripening. Therefore, the purpose of selection is not to maximize cold tolerance, but to create varieties that can withstand the minimum temperature for a particular area. One of the important features of the regionalized wheat varieties in the country is their tolerance to cold and adverse winter conditions, as in some years, due to the very low temperatures, the germination of germinated seedlings increases and seedlings become sparse.

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Текст научной работы на тему «SELECTION OF COLD-TOLERANT VARIETIES AND LINES OF BREAD WHEAT»

СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ

SELECTION OF COLD-TOLERANT VARIETIES AND LINES

OF BREAD WHEAT Dilmurodov Sh.D.1, Hazratkulova Sh.U.2, Jurakulov E.J.3, Safarova N.V.4

1Dilmurodov Sherzod Dilmurodovich - Candidate of Agricultural Science, Senior Scientific Researcher, GRAIN BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION LABORATORY, KASHKADARYA BRANCH RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR GRAIN AND LEGUMINOUS CROPS;

2Hazratkulova Shakhnoza Usmanovna - Candidate of Agricultural Science; Jurakulov Eldor Jurakul ugli - Student of Master degree; 4Safarova Nilufar Vokhidovna - Student of Master degree, DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL TECHNICAL SCIENCES, KARSHI BRANCH

TASHKENT INSTITUTE OF IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION ENGINEERS,

KARSHI, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Abstract: сreating cold-resistant varieties in wheat breeding programs is one of the most difficult tasks because several genes are involved. The main difficulty in creating cold-resistant varieties in breeding is usually the relationship between high cold tolerance and low yield and late ripening. Therefore, the purpose of selection is not to maximize cold tolerance, but to create varieties that can withstand the minimum temperature for a particular area. One of the important features of the regionalized wheat varieties in the country is their tolerance to cold and adverse winter conditions, as in some years, due to the very low temperatures, the germination of germinated seedlings increases and seedlings become sparse. Keywords: bread wheat, cold tolerance, variety, genotype, line.

UDC 633.111.1; 631.527.3

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in world agriculture. The world produces 760 million tons of grain annually. Bread wheat occupies 17% of the total crop area [1, 10, 14, 19].

The advantage of winter wheat is reflected in good wintering, so autumn-winter and early spring are the most important periods for this crop. During this period, winter wheat can be damaged by some unfavorable conditions, sometimes completely destroyed. In Uzbekistan, winter wheat is in a dormant period for about 3.5-5 months [3, 11, 17].

One of the most important external factors affecting the plant is a sharp drop in temperature, which causes the formation of ice in the cell and disrupts the physiological processes in the plant [4, 9, 16].

In order to withstand winter colds and prevent freezing of winter wheat, the blind layer should be 5 cm at a temperature of -8 0C, 7 cm at -10 0C, 14 cm at -15 0C, 20 cm at -20 0C , Should be 27 cm when -25 0C. This means that in winter, thick snow cover protects the plant from cold and freezing, and the thicker the snow, the longer it will withstand low temperatures [6, 8, 13].

Varieties such as Saratnitsa, Pal-pich, Kuma are cold-resistant varieties, which can withstand low temperatures of -18, -20 for a certain period of time. Other varieties of winter wheat normally freeze at very low temperatures if the plant is not covered with a blind cover. Especially young, weak, grassy plants are more susceptible to cold [5, 12, 18].

In winter hardiness of winter wheat pays special attention to the correct selection of varieties. According to the authors, the winter hardiness of local wall varieties is stronger than that of selection wall varieties. This is due to the fact that the process of accumulation of carbohydrates in the plant is accelerated in the accumulation of wall varieties. Therefore, the authors recommend the use of local wall varieties and foreign biological autumn varieties in the creation of winter and cold-resistant selection varieties [2, 7, 15, 20].

In order to assess the cold tolerance of varieties and lines, an experiment was conducted in the field experimental field of the Agricultural Research Institute of the Republic of Karakalpakstan.

In the winter of 2013-2014, a sharp drop in temperature was observed. It was found that this figure reached -25-30oS in some northern regions. Winter hardiness depends on the depth of the accumulation joint in winter wheat samples, feeding up to the dormancy period and other physiological processes. Experiments have shown that cold damage reached 100% in 2014, and some varieties were not harvested. To assess the cold tolerance properties of winter wheat varieties and lines, 150 cultivar lines at 2 cm and 4 cm depths were planted in 2 reps and the effect of cold tolerance on the accumulation joint was studied. Krasnodar-99, Tanya and Yaksart varieties regionalized for the Republic of Karakalpakstan were taken as standard varieties.

Fig. 1. The degree of cold tolerance of varieties and lines planted at a depth of 2 and 4 cm

Experiments have shown that when wheat varieties are planted at a depth of 2 cm, they are more susceptible to cold damage due to the location of the collection joint on the surface. In our experiments, out of 150 varieties, 25 genotypes were 90 to 100 percent resistant, 11 genotypes were 80-90 percent, 7 genotypes were 70-80 percent, 9 genotypes were 60-70 percent, 7 genotypes were 50-60 percent, and 10 genotypes were 40. -50 percent, 10 genotypes had tolerance of 30-40 percent and 73 genotypes had tolerance of 0-30 percent. In the wheat selection program, these 25 varieties can be used to create cold-resistant varieties from the samples.

Table 1. Variety and lines with a high index of cold tolerance planted at a depth of 2 cm

№ Name Number of germination plants (Before winter) Number of plants after winter Cold tolerance, %

1 15IWWYTSA-30 86 85 98,8

2 20FAWWIR-144 90 88 97,8

3 20FAWWSA-249 86 84 97,7

4 Yaksart 71 69 97,2

5 20FAWWIR-142 99 96 97

6 Kiriya 91 88 96,7

7 15IWWYTSA-29 90 87 96,7

8 20FAWWSA-296 96 92 95,8

9 Tanya 91 87 95,6

10 13YTIR-6153 89 85 95,5

11 Victoriya 88 84 95,5

12 Yonbosh 94 89 94,7

13 20FAWWSA-305 90 85 94,4

14 20FAWWSA-294 79 74 93,7

15 KR11-9043 94 88 93,6

16 13AYTIR-9005 74 69 93,2

17 20FAWWIR-38 95 88 92,6

18 13YTIR-6018 92 85 92,4

19 20FAWWSA-291 76 70 92,1

20 Bezostaya-1 87 80 92

21 20FAWWIR-9 87 80 92

22 20FAWWSA-293 86 79 91,9

23 Moskvich 92 84 91,3

24 Krasnodar-99 94 85 90,4

25 Turkiston 92 83 90,2

In our experiment, more winter-resistant genotypes were identified in cultivar lines planted at a depth of 4 cm than in cultivar lines planted at a depth of 2 cm. Of course, the location of the accumulation vapor in the lower soil layer played an important role in this.

Varieties planted at a depth of 4 cm were found to be 100 percent overwintering in 21 genotypes. Fifty-two lines had a tolerance of 90 percent to 100 percent. According to the early ripening mark of the studied varieties, the standard varieties Krasnodar 99 and Tanya cultivated on May 16, while 42 varieties germinated 1-4 days earlier.

Table 2. Variety and lines with a high index of cold tolerance planted at a depth of 4 cm

№ Name Number of germination plants (Before winter) Number of plants after winter Cold tolerance, %

1 Yonbosh 85 85 100

2 13YTIR-6074 80 80 100

3 20FAWWSA-283 83 83 100

4 Turkiston 80 80 100

5 Sahray 80 80 100

6 20FAWWSA-216 87 87 100

7 20FAWWSA-295 78 78 100

8 20FAWWSA-296 81 81 100

9 20FAWWIR-139 86 86 100

10 20FAWWIR-88 85 85 100

11 20FAWWIR-38 90 90 100

12 20FAWWSA-249 81 81 100

13 20FAWWSA-293 73 73 100

14 KR11-28 77 77 100

15 15IWWYTSA-29 81 81 100

16 Krasnodar-99 96 96 100

The standard variety Krasnodar-99 had a cold tolerance of 90.4% when planted at a depth of 2 cm, and 100% when planted at a depth of 4 cm.

So, in conclusion, it is important to choose the right planting depth to get high yields from varieties. Of the varieties and lines planted at a depth of 2 cm, 25 varieties and lines were rated as 90-100% cold-resistant. Of the varieties and lines planted at a depth of 4 cm, 16 were evaluated and selected as 100% cold tolerant. Selected varieties and lines were recommended for use in selection work to create cold-tolerant varieties.

References

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