CC BY
8REFERENCES
1. The stability of the budget system is an important task of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, Finance, 2014, № 5, p. 7.
2. See, for example: the Law of the Kaluga region dated 26.06.2003 №223-OZ "ON state support of investment activity entities Kaluga region"; the Law of the Kaluga region dated 10.11.2003 № 263-OZ "on tax on property of organizations".
3. Rating of investment attractiveness of regions of Russia [Electronic resource]: http://www.ra-national.ru/?page=regions-raiting-investment.
4. Investment portal of the Kaluga region [Electronic resource]: http://www.investkaluga.com/news/.
5. Protsenko, A. (2014) "Field of dreams" was overgrown with quinoa, Labor, № 50, p. 3.
6. Resolution of the Government of the Kaluga region dated 12.11.2012 No. 563 "On approval of the long-term target program "Creation of Technopark in the sphere of high technologies in the city of Obninsk, Kaluga oblast for 2012-2014" (amended on September 9, 2013).
7. Alexandrov, E.L. (2014) "To the question about the role of institutional support to small and medium-sized businesses in the Kaluga region", Development of management and information technologies, their role in the regional economy: proceedings of the first all-Russian open NPK (June 3, 2014.), Kaluga, FE Riflemen I.A. (published by Eidos), p. 8.
8. Foreign economic relations [Electronic resource]: http://www.admoblkaluga.ru/sub/econom/invest/vnesheconom/.
9. Kruglov, V.N. (2014) "Innovative development of the region: the cluster approach, Regional Economics: theory and practice, № 12, p. 19.
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RUSSIAN INTELLECTUALS IN HISTORY AND CULTURE
OF THE SOUTH OF THE FAR EAST OF RUSSIA: UNKNOWN NAMES FROM THE FAMILY CHRONICLE2
Abstract
The paper deals with the results of studying of circumstances of life of two representatives of the senior generation of the author's family. Their destiny was directly connected with history and culture of the Far East suburb of Russia - the Vladivostok outpost. Reconstruction of biographies from archival and memoirs sources, it was succeeded to restore earlier unknown pages of history and culture of the South of the Far East of Russia and the Russian abroad.
Keywords
the Far East, Primorye, fortress Vladivostok, the Far East operetta, the Russian diaspora in Harbin and Shanghai
AUTHOR
Isabella Krylovskaya
PhD in Arts, associate professor Far Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok State University of Economy And Service
Vladivostok belcanto@bk.ru
2 The paper is performed within the grant of the Ministry of Education and sciences of the Russian Federation "Processes of cross-cultural communication in the Pacific Rim: interdisciplinary approach".
The history of development of Far East territories of Russia cannot be presented without appeal to destinies of people, which served the country and labored at the suburban boundaries. At the beginning of the XX century, wars and revolutions shook the Far East and Primorye. These events dramatically influences on both the whole country and destinies of the Russian intellectuals. Much data were dissolved in far past. However, the destiny sometimes lifts the veil and gives a chance to fill knowledge of that pre-revolutionary period and remember the forgotten names.
Studying the history of the author's family, we found out circumstances, which influenced the senior generation resettlement in Primorye and Vladivostok. The destiny of two relatives caused a great interest, because it was directly connected with history of the region and its culture. This fact induced to carry out a biographic research, which restored life of the people
The materials of various archives gave data about Alexey Aleksandrovich Krylovskiy, the regular officer, who had been serving in Vladivostok fortress for more than 15 years. The record of service stated that he was born on December 21, 1872; he was the son of an archpriest and had orthodox religion. For the time and estate, he managed to get very good education: he studied in the Novgorod-Seversk spiritual school, and then in the Chernigov theological seminary. In 1895 he started to carry out voluntary military duty in one of the oldest Russian fighting regiments - the 17th Arkhangelogorodsk infantry regiment. The same year he was sent and graduated from the Odessa infantry cadet school. Having ended it, he began service from the lowest rank. In 1900 together with his wife Nadezhda Yakovlevna Strelnikova, the young second lieutenant arrived for service in the first Vladivostok fortress infantry regiment [11, 34-82]. Assignment, which Alexey Krylovskiy was given at once, obviously, was connected with his initial spiritual education and origin: he began to fulfill duties of a Ktitor of regimental church3. Operating economy and an external order of parish, running business honestly and productively, she howed probably outgoing organizing abilities. In any case, his further appointments testified that A. A. Krylovskiy possessed the qualities of the excellent business executor. Several times, he was appointed to manage regimental and combined infirmaries; then he directed regimental bakery, tailoring workshop; he was quartermaster and the treasurer.
Positions, which A.A. Krylovskiy held for these 15 years, are considered as lucrative job nowadays. He had a lot of state money and he could dispose material resources. His service of the clerk in the commission on survey of the protested recruits also gave many chances to correct financial position: he had to grow up and study five children. However, the record of service plunges into amazement, especially against today's property scandals in the Russian army. Being on such profitable positions for years, the officer Krylovskiy "had no real estate. To punishments or collectings, connected with restrictions on service, he was not exposed" [11]. For faultless service within 5 years, by the order of the Priamursk military district he had an increase to the salary at the rate of 272 rubles a year [11].
To estimate the faultless service on such, apparently, prosaic posts held by A. A. Krylovskiy, it is necessary to remember the outpost and the settlement Vladivostok of that time. In recent times the taiga rose to the coast; tigers were quite often seen near barracks; in the downtown there was a mowing.
3 Ktitor is a special position in a church of military department. Only the military administration appointed Ktitor. Ktitor had to report about economic affairs to the military administration.
t-
КРАТКИЙ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОЧЕРК Г. ВЛАДИВОСТОКА
Владивосток в ¡866 году
FIGURE 1. THE PHOTO FROM N.P. MATVEEV'S BOOK [6, P. 49]
At the beginning of the XX century, to the city celebrated the 40th anniversary. Vladivostok remained the remote garrison. The most part of the population were military people. It was difficult to promote all necessary things to the garrison. The communication the center, Khabarovsk and Nikolaevsk was irregular. In such situation officers, whose service was connected with life support of the remote outpost (important strategic and political outpost for the Russian Empire), had great responsibility.
The other sources, connected with his eldest daughter, said that the captain (since 1909) A. A. Krylovskiy was an officer of the Vladivostok fortress before the revolution of 1917 [8, dossier 4, p. 2]. The last known position of A. A. Krylovskiy was a clerk in Management of the Vladivostok military chief. During the 1914 war with Germany, he was called up in an acting army.
The captain Krylovskiy also had military merits. As appears from materials of the Russian State Military and Historical Archive (RSMHA), he participated in battles of campaigns in 1900-1901 and 1904-1905. "In campaigns and affairs he was in structure of the Blagoveshchensk group of the lieutenant general Gribsky when bombing the city of Blagoveshchensk and occupating the city of Sakhomen - July, 1900" [11, 34-82]. He was not wounded or contused. For Chinese and Japanese campaigns in 1900-1901 and 19041905 he got silver and light-bronze medals, he was awarded by St. Stanislav's order of 3rd degree in 1905 and by St. Anna's order of 3rd degree for faultless service in 1910 [10, dossier 1773, p 1: 2].
Data about Ekaterina, the eldest daughter of captain of A. A. Krylovskiy, became the other discovery. From 1915 to 1920, she was brought up at the expense of a grant of the Ministry of Defense in Irkutsk "Maiden institute of the Eastern Siberia of Nicholas I", which was patronized by the empress Maria Fyodorovna. The institute was the first women's average educational institution in the Eastern Siberia, opened in petition of the governor general V. Ya. Rupert. It was opened for training girls of a noble origin from families of officials and officers, serving in Siberia. But not all families were able to afford the governess for education of daughters; lack of money did not allow to send girls to institutes or boards of the European part of Russia. Opening of the first and the one women's educational institution in Siberia raised the cultural status of Irkutsk and solved a problem of education of girls from noble families. They could get a worthy education now, without leaving Siberia [2, p. 82; 5].
Apparently, Ekaterina showed fair diligence in music and she could realize herself in this sphere later. In the archival reference, she was listed as a music student [7, dossier 20, p. 4]. After capturing of Irkutsk by Bolsheviks in 1920, she came back to her mother in Vladivostok. Ekaterina continued the training in one of schools of the Russian musical society; such societies had opened before revolution across all Russia and they were under the auspices of an imperial family.
The vocal talent and natural beauty brought Ekaterina on a scene of musical theater, first in Vladivostok and then in Khabarovsk. Since 1926 she was the soloist of the Khabarovsk theater of the musical comedy, where she worked under a surname Orlovskaya. Under the scenic pseudonym she had been living all her life, he also changed the date of birth in the official documents - 1902 on 1909. The new surname allowed to solve some problems at once - to hide a noble origin and belonging to a family of the officer of imperial army and it complicated obtaining data on a family.
Ekaterina, being already recognized prima donna of the Far East operetta, and her husband Valentin Valin (Katkhe) (the actor of the operetta and the director) made the decision to emigrate in China. In July 1930, the troupe of the Khabarovsk theater of the musical comedy left on a tour to Vladivostok. Orlovskaya and Valin used this opportunity to join one of the Soviet artistic troupes, which went to China for cultural service of workers of the Chinese East Railroad (CER). It was usual practice of that time, considering boundary position of the capital of Primorye [3].
Chronicle of events managed to be restored by orders on the theater in 19304 and E. Orlovskaya's photo and comments to it, which are available in V. D. Zhiganov's album "Russians in Shanghai" [1, p. 113]. There, in particular, it is specified that during a season of 1931-1932, she was the prima donna of operetta in Harbin, where Serov5 and Valin were the directors. She made the brilliant career in an A. K. Karpi enterprise. During a season of 1932-1933 she moved to Shanghai and continued working on a scene of Lyayseum theater.
The Shanghai period was an hour of triumph in E. Orlovskaya actress career. E. Odintsova in the memoirs about Shanghai in the 30-ies remembers unusually rich theater life, shares impressions about the Shanghai operetta and its prima donna: "for all the time of existence of the Russians in Shanghai there was a magnificent operetta. <...> Incomparable Ekaterina Orlovskaya was the prima donna. the best fashion houses of Shanghai sewed her costumes. There were so many applause, encore, flowers!" [9, p. 26].
V. Serebryakov, the participant of the first string of O. Lundstrem's jazz band, left interesting memoirs about Orlovskaya. He earned additionally in an orchestra of the operetta and left the exhaustive characteristic of E. Orlovskaya's talents. Her surname on posters provided the notice, and, therefore, the success and money. Ekaterina always knew the performance by heart. The English conductor, Sir Arthur Bliss, having listened Orlovskaya in the operetta "Flower of Hawaii", called her voice "a heavenly hand bell". Besides a beautiful voice, she had outgoing talent of a magnificent dancer. V. Serebryakov wrote that conductors had to be very attentive, because she constantly improvised [12]. On pages of the memoirs, the orchestral player tells about interesting experiment, when Orlovskaya and A. Vertinsky sang in the operetta "Cheerful Widow" [12]. Most likely, the singer was Vertinsky's close friend and was familiar with his wife and children. Later, already living in Vilnius, she wrote about Vertinsky's daughters: "Nastenka Vertinskaya <...> made an outstanding career at cinema. She acted in "Amphibian Man". Admiring her
4 Access to archival documents was kindly given by the honored worker of culture of the Russian Federation of T. S. Baburova - the manager of literary part of the Khabarovsk theater of the musical comedy, who have been collecting and publishing materials about its history for years. Today the specified documents are transferred to archive of the Khabarovsk Krai.
5 B. A. Serov was the director and the ballet master-soloist, the colleague of Orlovskaya and Valin in the Khabarovsk theater of the musical comedy. It is possible that they moved to China together.
talent and figure, Orlovskaya wrote she was "thoroughbred as well as the father"6 (Vilnius, July 5, 1962).
In 1936, Orlovskaya and Valin were meeting F. Shalyapin, who arrived in Shanghai on a tour. Under V. Serebryakov's certificate, there were flowers and various posters with greetings, "and the incomparable beauty, the charming prima donna of the Russian operetta Katyusha Orlovskaya and her spouse Valentin Evgenyevich Valin bore the banner: "Oh, if only it was forever..." [12].
After the World War II, the Russians started leaving Harbin and Shanghai. Orlovskaya returned to the USSR with the first wave of repatriation in 1947alone. the poetess Nora Kruk wrote that Orlovskaya broke with Valin. In the USSR Ekaterina "absolutely decayed", Valin returned to the theater and promoted on the periphery [4, p. 80]. It is incredible that Orlovskaya had never return to Vladivostok. She received the family news from familiar figures.
First Ekaterina, as well as most of residents of Shanghai, located in Tashkent. She earned poor money for singing songs on a variety. At the end of 1957, the operetta arrived to the city on a tour. By a lucky chance they looked for an actress, knowing operetta. Orlovskaya made furor and for some time she became the soloist of a troupe. Going on tour on the USSR cities, Orlovskaya came to Vilnius, which she liked a lot. In 1959, she stayed in Baltic. However, there were no happy changes in her life. She sings on a variety, but the years are taking their toll. In one of the letters to L. Andersen she wrote: "I live a solitary life and nights for me turn in heavy sleepless hours <...> to be lonely in my years means something!" She reported about destiny of mutual friends, mentioned her Valyusha (Valin) - she, obviously, continued to communicate with him. She "appeared behind line of fate materially and morally" (Vilnius, 8/1 /1959). To earn for a living, the prima donna of the operetta was compelled to sing in church. In Vilnius she knew about mother's death in Vladivostok. The only joyful event was the arrival of O. Lundstrem's jazz band on a tour to Vilnius in August-September, 1962. Meetings with the Shanghai friends and memoirs brightened up her everyday life for a while.
6 Orlovskaya's letters to Larissa Andersen, ballerina and poetess, Orlovskaya's close friend. T. N. Kaliberova, Vladivostok journalist, inherited archive of L. Andersen, kindly gave the correspondence.
E. A. Orlovskaya died in Vilnius in 1967. She was buried under the scenic pseudonym as the actress Ekaterina Alekseevna Orlovskaya (1909-1967). Her destiny in many respects repeated destinies of the Russian intellectuals and natives of the noble families, who as the fates decree appeared outside the motherland, and then came back from there for call of a soul .
The destiny of her father, captain A. A. Krylovskiy is still not found out. In 1920 in documents of the daughter, Ekaterina, his location was specified as unknown. Most likely, he died during the German war. Avaricious archival documents held him in remembrance as the unselfish person and honest officer, for what the Russian army and fleet was always famous. Thanks to such devoted and self-sacrificing militaries, the outpost Vladivostok could live and ensure safety of the Far East boundaries.
There are still "blank" pages in the history of the Far East and Primorye. But, turning over family albums, restoring events of the families, we have a unique opportunity to fill in these pages, which contents can finally complete the history of the region and the country.
REFERENCES
1. Zhiganov, V.D. (1936) Russians in Shanghai: Album / Originator, editor and publisher shtabs-captain V. D. Zhiganov. - Shanghai - the USA: Printing house of the Russian representation in Shanghai "Word", 330 P.
2. Ishchenko, O.V. (2011 )Development of the general and professional female education in Siberia in the second half of XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries//Historical, philosophical, political and jurisprudence, cultural science and art criticism. Questions of the theory and practice. - Tambov: Diploma, . - No. 2 (8): in 3 h. - Ch.III. - Pp 82 - 85.
3. Koroleva, V.A.(2000) Chronicle of cultural life of Vladivostok. 1923 - 1929. Music. Theater. Cinema. -Vladivostok: Publishing house dalnevost. un-that, 188 P.
4. Kruk N. (2003) Kwan Yin//the Bulletin smiled to us. - No. 375. - Tel Aviv - Yaffo, March-April,. - Pp 74 -81.
5. Kuznetsova, V. and Kustova, E. Where noble maidens of Irkutsk studied? - Well from URL: http://newsbabr.com/? IDE=90830. - [Date of the address: 15.09.2013].
6. Matveev, N. P. (2010) Short historical sketch of Vladivostok. - Vladivostok: Almanac "Rubezh", 480 P.
7. OGKU GAIO. t. 64, op. 2 ("The list of pupils in 1917").
8. OGKU GAIO. t. 64, op. 2 ("The list of parents of pupils of Irkutsk women's institute and their address for 1918").
9. Odintsovo (Pavlovsk), E. (1999) Shanghai those far years//Bulletin. - No. 357. - Tel Aviv - Yaffo, January-February, Pp 25 - 27.
10. RGVIA. T. 408. Op. 1. (The list on a seniority in ranks a staff and to subaltern officers and cool officials of Management of the Vladivostok military chief (it is made by January 1, 1915)).
11. RGVIA. T. 409. (A track record of the clerk of Management Vladivostok military chief captain Krylovsky Alexey Aleksandrovich (made in January, 1910) who is registered on army infantry).
12. Serebryakov, V. The song. - Well from URL: http://gustow.narod.ru/vol_mem/vol_00.htm. - [Date of the address 9/2/2012].
