CC BY
20
Lyapustin S.N.
the Head of the Chair of Customs of Vladivostok branch
of the Russian customs Academy, Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate Professor
Role and Place of the Cossacks of the Far East in the Fight against Smuggling in the Far East of Russia
A significant number of studies on the Cossacks' role and place in Russia's history have now become available. Among the historical works stand out the studies on the Cossacks' evolution in the Far East of Russia [1, 4, 7]. The subject on the Cossacks' role and place in confronting contraband is increasingly interesting, difficult enough and remains virtually undiscovered.
The emergence of regular Cossack local forces in the Far East dates back to the 19th century. In 1822, the Yakutsk Cossack dismounted city regiment was created for patrolling Yakutsk Oblast and Okhotsky Krai. The regiment included Yakutsk, Olekminsk, Vilyuysk, Verkhoyansk, Srednekolymsk, Okhotsk and Udsk command teams. At the proper time, the Yakutsk Cossacks also included the Kamchatska Cossacks. On the 29th of December in 1858, the Amur Cossack army was organized and on the 26th June 1889, the Ussurisk Cossak army had its origin. The most important tasks of the Amur and Ussuri Cossaks Hosts were to patrol border, block Honghuzi's attempts to cross the border and combat them.
In May 1883, the Siberian Cossack regiments came to defend the border with China in the Seven Rivers (Rigvedic rivers) from the Tien Shan in the south to the north of the Tarbagatai Mountains (since 1894 they were called the 1st and 2nd Siberian Cossack's). As far as back 1872, the border with China further north of the Seven Rivers territory from Tarbagatai Mountains through the Zaysan Gate and the South Altai, that almost reached the Tuva, was covered by the 3rd Siberian regiment. [7]. In the early 20th century, as the foreign policy situation near the Russia's border during the period of Boxer Rebellion in China worsened, in 1900, in the Minusinsk district (uyezd) three Cossack guards, namely, Karatuzskaya and Arbatska-ya, were organized to protect borders from the invasion of Chinese bandits, Honghuzi, to the Yenisei province. In early August 1900, the Cossack guards consisting of 127 people moved into Usinsk's border district and blocked the border with Tannu Uriankhai [3].
The Sibirean, TransBaikal, Yenisei, Amur and Ussuri Cossack patrolled along all the Chinese borders. The Cossacks often had to
protect the border with the weapon at hand. The interesting information about Cossack activities from the Ussuri Cossack Host on the borderland between Russia and China, in Poltavskaya stanitsa (Cossack village), were presented by V.D. Ivanov and O.I. Sergeyev. As a result of successful operations against Honghuzi gang consisting of more than 300 people, about 130 Chinese people, who had crossed the border and attacked the Cossack villagers, were killed and wounded. The rest hurriedly got off back to China [5].
The regional authorities paid special attention to protecting national borders from foreign predation and smuggling of natural resources. In 1864, the Military Governor of the Primorkaya Oblast, Rear Admiral Kazakevich sent to Kamchatka his adjutant cornet Moller to solve a number of problems, including taking measures to prohibit sable fur trade in spring months due to the number of sables decreased which was determined by a significant reduction of its number in the whole peninsula.
The decree stated that "in Petropavlovsk, Tigil and Gizhiga there are separate Cossack command teams and who are regarded thus as a part of the Yakutsk dismounted city regiment, and now with reforming of the Kamchatskaya Oblast the status of the Gizhiga Cossacks go into abeyance, and Kamchatka's Cossacks are governed by the provision on the Siberian establishment of the police Cossacks / v.2, pp. 1605-1813 / as command teams" [RSHA FE F. 1. I. 1 D. 505. L. 3. vol., 22 BL, 23.]1. It was Kamchatka's Cossacks, who despite their small numbers had made a significant contribution to the protection of biological resources from domestic and foreign predating and smuggling. In 1877, Kamchatka's Cossacks comprised a cornet2, a Pentecostal, three constables, fifty Cossacks [RSHA FE F. 1. I. 1. D. 595. L.12]. It is interesting, that instead of horses, which the Cossacks were assigned to have all across the country, Kamchatka's Cossacks had to have six Huskies (working dogs) for discharging the task with which they had been entrusted [RSHA FE. 1. I. 1. D. 595. BL. L.12.]. Since the seventies of the 20th century from the Cossacks in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands, a fishing coast guard has been raising. It was in 1873 when Petropavlovsk's Cossacks command team was tasked with the protection of the Commander Islands from foreign predatory poachers. That year a Cossack Grigorii Selivanov was appointed as the Warden of the Copper Island3, and a Cossack Ignatii Artamonov was ap-
1 hereandafter read as the Russian State Historical Archival of the Far East, Fund 1, Inventory 1, Document 505, List 3, Volume 22, Back List 23.
2 junior commissioned rank in the Cossak cavalry
3 Copper Island in English
. pointed as a lieutenant colonel [RSHA FE. F. 1. I. 1. D. 413. L. 117.].
In 1892 Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka was visited by the military Governor General P.F Unterberger. Having carefully considered the issue of hunting for the sea otter, he by order #10643, gave a command to send a defense group of 7 people from Cossacks to the Cape Lopat-ka to prevent foreign illegal hunting for this rare and valuable fur animal [RSHA FE. F. 1044. I. 1. D. 122 L.86.]. In the same year 1892, the Cossack successfully performed their duty by preventing Chinese poachers approaching the Cape on two schooners from hunting for the sea otter. In 1894, they did not allow another one, flying under the American flag, and the two ones, which remained unknown, approach to the shores. In 1896, near the Cape of Three Sisters Cossacks detained and kept away five other sailing schooners. On 17 and 18 May, 1907 near Gavryushkin's Kamen and the southern tip of the Cape Lopatka a guard of Cossacks repelled the attack of Japanese fishing boats on sea otter rookeries. On 17, 18, 27 and 28 May, 1908 in the area of the Cape of Three Sisters, a fishing guard again prevented Japanese poachers from landing on Kamchatka's coast [RSHA FE. F.1044.I.1. D. 122. L. 99, 131; F.702. I. 2. D. 229. L. 202].
Bioresources protection against foreign predatory fishers was being implemented in difficult circumstances. The Russian guards and wardens had sometimes to protect sea animals by fighting off armed attacks of foreigners and applying tough measures. On 24 of August in 1908, Japanese sailors from the schooner "Bos-maru" landed on the southeastern end of the Copper Island to attack on sea otter rookeries. As a result of resolute actions, the coast guard team of Copper Island (which was composed of sailors, the Cossacks and the Aleuts) was able to prevent the poaching and smuggling of fur seals' skins. In the attack on fur seals' rookeries, eight Japanese boats were attacked simultaneously. Two boats from the schooner "Bos-maru" were seized by the guards. In repelling assaults, nine men from the Japanese schooner were killed in a cross-fire [RSHA FE F. 1005. I. 1 D. 151. L. 7,15].
However, according to some researchers, the value of illegal export of furs and other goods (excluding gold) only to China in the late 19 th century was approximately equal to 1.5-2 million rubles. The annual outflow of illegally mined gold to Manchuria was 100 poods4 (that is 1344 thousand rubles) [RGIA ET F. 1005. I. 4. D. 1. L.73.]. Sometimes the Cossacks, who were tasked with guarding the border and fishing resources, became involved and even direct participants in smuggling themselves. In 1903, an investigation by the Uyezd Chief
' 4 old Russian unit of weight, approx. 16,38 kg)
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky A.Silnitsky revealed that the Chinese ac- . tively kept buying pelts of seals, sea otters for further smuggling to China. The officials, who had been authorized to guard beaver rookeries, that is "fishing supervision ranks in 1902 are for the Kamchatka Cossacks", were directly engaged in fishing, including through the breach of the established rules and procedures (sea otters were to hunt with nets, and hunting sea otters with firearms was banned), and further sale of sea otter pelts [RHIA FE. F. 1005. I. 4. D. 1. L.73].
It is important to note that the establishment of customs supervision in Priamursky Krai was not considered by Cossacks ambiguously. In April, 1902 at the land border with Manchuria and Korea and along the coast of Primorsky Region two customs outposts, four cross border check-points and eight customs posts were established. Customs authorities ranks' activities not only failed to find sympathy, but in some circumstances, it was perceived by Cossacks as an encroachment on their freedom to cross the border and transport the goods.
So what was the reason for Cossacks' to act this way and to not comply with the customs demands? Without a doubt, the Cossacks' refusal to comply with the customs inspectors' requirements was determined by the number of reasons.
Firstly, for a long time, before customs supervision had been established in the 20th century on the Russian-Chinese border, the Cossacks, on one hand, protected the Russian Empire's borders from invasions; on the other hand, they felt, to put it in contemporary terms, a sort of monopolists in the border zone. The emergence of a new structure at the border had caused misunderstanding and rejection.
Secondly, the 50 verst5 land border strip of duty-free regime established along the Russian-Chinese land border that existed for a long time (since1996 till 1997) in Russia, was considered by the Cossacks as one of the privileges, granted them due to their living in the border zone. Cancelling duty-free regime had been negatively perceived by them as an attack on their privileges.
Thirdly, it is important to take into consideration the history of creation of Amur and Ussuri Cossack Hosts. Thus, for example, completing the mission on populating the Amur territory, the Gov-erner-General Muravyov with the military minister Sukhozanet's agreement enrolled about 2 thousand soldiers who served their sentences in different prisons, in Cossacks.
As the Cossacks explained it themselves, they "went through fire and water", "old lads", as they were called by Cossacks themselves,
5 a Russian unit of distance equal to 1.067 kilometers (0.6629 mile)) '
. released to freedom gave their vicious passions a full revelry. So they were not only of any use of Cossack families but encouraged family members to keep harmful way of life and infected their bodies and destroyed their moral order [4. p. 99]. The presence among the Cossacks individuals, who are not on "friendly terms with law", without a doubt, influenced the formation of indigenous Cossacks' law-obedience.
Thus, in fact, since the establishment of customs authorities on the Russian-Chinese border, between customs officers and Cossacks there was a long period of misunderstanding that sometimes grew into an open confrontation. The documents that were stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA) serve as the confirmation of it.
The official documents of the Ussuriysk and Amursk Cossack Military Authorities, preserved in Russian State Military Historical Archive, give numerous evidence of the troublesome relationships between the Cossacks and local customs authorities. Thus the case documents "On the adjustment of disputes between the Stanitsa and Rural authorities and Customs officials" contain letters and notifications of the District Customs Inspector S. Latkin dated from the 4 January, 1903. S. Latkin reported the Military Governor of Primorsky Region that "Stanitsa Authorities of Platono-Aleksan-drovsk prevent the Ward of the Customs cross-border checking point at Platono-Aleksandrovsk from sending Customs correspondence together with the correspondence from Stanitsa Authorities". The Customs Inspector also draws attention to the Cossacks' improper behavior "I beg of you to persuade the highest ranks of the Platono-Aleksandrovsk Cossack village (Stanitsa) Authorities to make the Cossaks obey the customs rules and regulations performed by the customs officials on duty in relation to the goods and people crossing the board" [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2. D. 687. L. 14.].
It was not the only letter received by the Nakazny Ataman of the Ussury Cossack Host, but a number of other letters and official documents testify to the Cossacks' reluctance to observe the customs regulations, insulting customs officials in curse words and even threatening physically to harm and kill the customs officials. A vivid example of this open confrontation is the case of Cossack from Poltavka station Adrian Zyryanov, being seized with some illicit liquor (suleya) by the customs official of Poltavka, the Cossack threatened to shot them to death [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2. D. 687. L. 22, 22.].
Not infrequently, the Cossacks turned from verbal threats to violent actions. The letter of the District Customs Inspector of . Zaamursk District to the Nakazny Ataman of the Ussuri Cossack
- *
Host reports two Cossacks Dmitriy Kononov and Dmitriy Chy- . prov beating the customs surveyors Kotlovinov and Cherepanov. Two Cossacks attacked the customs surveyors from behind one at a time, when they were returning home alone, and threatened them saying that "It's going to be even worse if they did not stop their attempts to prevent smuggling" [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2. D. 687. L. 31].
This case of the Cossacks' offensive behavior resulted in the following order sent on the 11th December, 1903 by the Command Authority of the Ussuri Cossack Host to the Head of Grodecovo district Nakaz-ny Ataman received a report from the Customs authorities, testifying that the Cossacks are smuggling and are reluctant to submit to the legal procedures performed by the customs surveyors. On announcing this fact, the Command Authority of the Cossack Host commissions "your Honor to make the local people to fully obey the customs regulation rules, and make them realize that any resistance to the representative of customs authorities reported to the court and turned to the legal procedure will be severely punished. Your Honor is particularly recommended to pay a special attention to the Poltavsky and Platono-Alek-sandrovsky Stanitsa District." [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2. D. 687. L.18].
In subsequent years, relationships between the Cossacks and Customs service official never warmed up and remained rather straitened. In 1909 when a free customs zone was ultimately abolished, Customs service became fully operational. Yet again in this new, completely changed situation, the actions of the Customs authorities were not fully understood and accepted by the Cossack population of the region. The Archive Fund # 1573 "Command Authority of the Amur Cossack Host" contains a letter to the Military Governor of the Amur Region from the Head of the Priamursky Customs District Latkin, dating from 1910. The letter contains the following information: "according to the information received from the customs authorities of Priamursky district all the Cossack living along the Amur river, are openly hostile to the customs officials. They not only violate Article 77 of the Customs Code. Issued on 1904 by not rendering the customs official all the necessary assistance insured by the law, but also openly prevent customs officials from executing their duties [RSMHA F. 1573. I. 2. D. 650. L. 23]. Numerous reports from the customs posts testify to the complexity of the live situation.
Thus, on the 29th November 1909, a customs surveyor of Pokrovskaya customs post Belyaninov was killed by the Cossacks as a revenge for preventing smuggling [RSMHA F. 1573. I. 2. D. 650. L. 53].
The report of customs ward of the Aigun customs post dating .
. from the 9th January 1910 announces that Cossacks from Grode-kovo hamlet attacked the customs surveyors Khomyakov and Kut-senko, aiming to retake the smuggled goods arrested at the customs post [RSMHA F. 1573. I. 2. D. 650. L. 27].
Official papers of the Command Authority of the Ussuri Cossack Host contains copies of the report # 195 dating from the 16th March 1912, addressed to the Head of Priamursky customs district, by the customs ward of the Pavlovo-Fyodorovsk customs post Tsa-renko, testifying to the raise of antagonism between the Cosack population of the settlement and customs authorities. "Those contradictions have recently increased so dramatically that any further prosecution of smuggling is viewed as highly challenging and even creates a risk of the incidents similar to the one taken place on March 4, of the current year in respect to the customs surveyor Budnik. At the present moment, gangs of Cossacks and peasant numbering from 10 to 15 people, several of whom are always armed with Berdan rifles. Having killed the customs surveyor Budnik, the Cossacks feel confident about their strength and helplessness of the customs authorities, as the customs post is manned only with five low-ranking customs officials. The smugglers openly declare that any customs surveyor trying to prevent them from smuggling and confiscate the illicit liquor, which they bought with "their own honestly earned money" will share the fate of the late Budnik.
The Cossacks are particularly hostile to the customs surveyors Nikiphor Drobyshev and Avraam Prikhod'ko, who are ruthlessly perusing the smugglers and arrested a huge number of them" [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2. D. 697. L. 46]. The customs ward strongly urges the Head of Priamursky customs district to transfer those customs surveyors to some other legal establishment of the district, otherwise they would be killed by the Cossacks. In June 1912, the Head of Pol-tavskaya customs post Koshchug and customs surveyors Obushnoy and Scherbina made a report which announced that on the 17th July a horse patrol preventing smuggling along the border on the way to Katkinsk liquor distillery consisting of customs surveyors Obushniy and Sherbina arrested 24 Chinese people without identification documents. There was one Chinese smuggler with a jug of liquor during the illegal crossing of the border. Having gathered those 25 people, Obushniy and Sherbina headed for the Ushagou customs post. On the way to the post they were met by eight armed Cossacks mounted on horses who tried to prevent the customs surveyors from tak-
. ing the border violators to the customs post. The Cossaks shouted
in Chinese urging the Chinese people to disobey the customs sur- . veyors. Customs surveyors named the following Cossacks "Pyotor Kalmykov, Vasiliy Banshchikov, Vasiliy D'yatchkov, Osip Kalmykov, Mikhail Fyodorov, Yakov Bochkarev, and Trofim Zyryanov. All of them live in Cossack village (Stanitsa) Poltavskaya and serve as opium guards in the Ushgalsky area [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2. D. 697. L. 146].
It should be mentioned that the Command Authority of the Ussuri Cossack Host subjected the Cossacks violating the customs regulations rules to the strongest and most urgent action, and made assistance to the customs authorities one of its major tasks. In June 1912 the Nakazny Ataman of the Ussuri Cossack Host sent the Head Of the Priamursky Customs District a letter reporting on the undertaken measures. In reply to the letter dated from the 14th June, the Head Of the Priamursky Customs District informs the Nakazny Ataman of the Ussuri Cossack Host that "the letter received states that military administration is taking all the necessary measures to assist the customs officials in performing their duties, at the same time this very letter also expresses the opinion that the Cossacks' hostility is being caused by the customs authorities themselves. Taking this fact into careful consideration, I am feeling obliged to inform that all the cases of improper actions of the customs surveyors have been carefully considered. On the basis of the complains from the victims, those customs surveyors were always subjected to the appropriate punishment including dismissal without right to enter similar service again, and bringing to trial. One should also mention that taking into account a large number of customs institutions located in Amurskaya, Primorskaya, and Zabaikalskaya Districts, the number of complaints on improper behavior of the customs authorities is relatively insignificant. Meanwhile a registered number of rude and hostile assaults on customs representatives from third persons is quite significant. This hostility openly expressed by the Cossacks and going as far as attempts upon life, can be explained not by the improper behavior of the representatives of customs service to the citizens, but rather by the anarchical attitudes among the citizens themselves and their hostility to the customs surveyors preventing smuggling of illegal liquor. Which is proved by the fact that the Cossacks are threatening to kill those customs surveyors who intercepted larger number of attempts at smuggling illegal liquor [RSMHA F. 1582. I. 2.D. 697. L. 697].
Now we are turning once again to the official papers of the Command Authority of the Amur Cossack Host. Thus on the 16th January 1916 the Military Governor of the Amur District receives .
. an order from the Khabarovsk customs inspector Kotlov, stating that Katherin-Nikolsk customs post is closed for crossing due to the insufficient number of customs surveyors and violent behavior of the local people. The customs inspector reports that on the 16th December 1915 the Cossacks headed by the Atman of the hamlet Nadelyaev attacked the customs surveyor Krotov. The customs surveyor was beaten and even arrested by the Attaman of the Cossack village (Stanitsa) Saraev, and disarmed, which is a case of abuse of authority and a crime stated by the Art. 338, and Art. 341 of the Decree on Punishments [RSMHA F. 1573. I. 3. D. 122. L. 6].
Cossacks' participation in smuggling is documented up to the 1920th. During the civil war and intervention numerous clashes between the Cossacks and customs authorities took place at the Russian-Chinese boarder because the Cossacks refused to obey the customs regulations. On the 26th December, 1918, packhouse and ship keeper of Blagoveshchensk customs house Rossov filed a report stating that drunken Cossacks warned the customs surveyor at the gunpoint that he must give them back two bottles of alcohol. One of the insulters presented himself as a special investigation officer [2, P. 95]. In 1919, customs inspector of the Blagoveshchensk customs house D.Y. Morozov bitterly admitted that "Officers as well as soldiers not infrequently cross the border with arms at hands and often return drunk and defy to observe the customs regulations. Threatening the customs representatives with the use of force and arms they subject them to wanton insults while on duty" [2, P.98]. In the beginning of 1920th Vice-consul of the Russian Vice-consulate in Aiygun A. Tushkov informed the border commissioner of the Amur district that "according to the secret information received from the Chinese customs at sea a large amount of salt read salmon (keta) has recently been transported from Blagoveshchensk to Sakhalyan through Verkhne-Blagoveshenskaya Cossack village (Stanitsa) with the assistance of the Cossack and presented to the Chinese customs at sea for paying the duty on entry. I have the honour to report the following case to you aiming to inform all the proper authorities in order to prevent smuggling to China and exporting Russian goods".
On receiving this information the border commissioner of the Amur district, in his turn informs the customs authorities that can be testified by the resolution on the document 'Com. Head of the Customs for consideration' [SA RF . F. R. 9119. I. 3. 1. D 5. L. 3].
At the same time, a large number of Cossacks from Amurskiy, Ussuriysky, Yakutsky, and Kamchatsky districts understood the . necessity to defend the state border and felt for the needs of customs
authorities in fighting smuggling. In the late 19th, early 20th cen- . tury, a number of customs post on the Russian-Chinese border was manned by the Cossack population. The Cossacks of the Amur-Us-sury Cossack flotilla, established in 1897 made a significant contribution into contraband detention. We cannot underestimate the role of Cossack in fighting with the plunder of biological resources by foreign intruders, including smuggling of products of the illegal sea hunting, hunting for fur animals and other types of illegal cropping on the northeastern shore of the Pacific Ocean.
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