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8
Нащональний лкотехшчний унiверситет УкраТни
Чаплык В.В., Машталер Т.Р., Дудко Л.И. Выживание людей в городах при стихийных бедствиях
Доказано, что во время стихийных бедствий город более опасен для населения, чем сельская местность. Эмоции людей в чрезвычайных ситуациях приводят к простым, прямолинейным решениям с частыми ошибками. Наибольшей угрозой для населения является не стихийное бедствие, а непродуманные и неадекватные поступки самих пострадавших.
Ключевые слова: стихийные бедствия, поведение людей, чрезвычайная ситуация.
Chaplyk V.V., Mashtaler T.R., Dudko L.I. People's survival in cities during natural calamities
It is shown, that during natural calamities a city is more dangerous for citizens than a rural area. People in a state of emotional emergency take simple, straightforward frequently mistaken decisions. Unconsidered and inadequate actions of the victims are the main danger to people's lives.
Keywords: natural calamities, people's behaviour, state of emergency.
УДК 630*27 Д-р габ. В. М1хальцев1ч1; доц. У.Б. Башуцька2, канд. с.-г. наук;
д-р габ. C. Станковсм1; acnip. М. Романовскi1
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ВПЛИВУ ЛЕТКОГО ПОПЕЛУ НА ЗАГАЛЬНУ К1ЛЬК1СТЬ БАКТЕР1Й, АКТИНОМ1ЕТ1В ТА ГРИБ1В У ГРУНТ1
Обгрунтовано вплив доломггового вапна i леткого попелу з антрациту у поед-нанш i3 мшробюлопчним препаратом ЕМ-1 на загальну кшьюсть бактерш, грибiв й актиномщетсв у грунта Встановлено, що внесення у грунт долом^ового вапна спри-чинило збшьшення загально'1 кшькосп актиномщетсв у грунт! Чггюше збшьшення кшькосп мiкроорганiзмiв виявлено у грунтах, в якi вносили леткий пошл та мшробь олопчний препарат ЕМ-1.
Ключов1 слова: леткий пошл, бактерп, гриби, актиномiцети.
Introduction. Fly-ash, as a main component of combustion wastes, is a source of onerous environmental pollution, first of all due to its dusting properties and heavy metal migration. Enormous quantities of these wastes have been being collected at waste sites excluded from agricultural and silvicultural use. One of disposal methods with respect to fly-ash resulting from combustion of hard coal is its agricultural utilisation. Since fly-ash itself is not an environment favouring development of microorganisms due to its physicochemical properties (e.g. very high pH, no organic matter), it is being enriched with various types of organic raw materials (e.g. fermented sewage sludge, straw, effective microorganisms EM) which are not only a source of nutrients for plants but can also increase soil biological activity [Baran et al. 1993, Bielinska et al. 2008, Jasiewicz et al. 2007, Krzywy et al. 2008, Mau 2003, Wieczorek et al. 2005]. The present study aimed at determining the after-effect of fly-ash on the total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil under field conditions.
1 West Pomeranian University of Technology, Poland
2 NUFWT of Ukraine, L'viv
64
36i|)iiiiK науково-техшчних праць
HiivKOBiiii BiCHHK H^TY YKpaiHH. - 2010. - Bun. 20.2
Field experiment was set up in 2007 on a field located in Malyszyn near Gorzow Wielkopolski, on slightly loamy sand with pH 5.13. The experiment was set up with randomised complete block design in 4 replications. The area of respective experimental plots was 10 m . Experimental design comprised 7 fertiliser variants (control, dolomite lime, fly-ash, and fly-ash with microbiological preparation EM-1). Dolomite lime (CaCO3'MgCO3) and fly-ash were used in two doses corresponding to 1.0 and 1.5 soil hydrolytic acidity expressed in mmol H+ kg-1 soil. Lime fertiliser and fly-ash doses were determined based on calcium and magnesium contents in them. Plants under cultivation were as follows: spring barley, faba bean and spring wheat. In the soil samples collected, the following was determined: total number of bacteria on BUNT and ROVIRA's medium [1955], total number of actinomycetes on CYGANOW's medium [1964] as well as that of fungi on MARTIN's medium with rose bengal and streptomycin [1950]. The findings underwent statistical verification.
Table 1. List of experimental objects
Sample No. Object
1 control - spring wheat
2 control - sping barley
3 control - faba bean
4 1 CaCO3 MgCO3 - spring wheat
5 1 CaCO3 MgCO3 - sping barley
6 1 CaCO3 MgCO3 - faba bean
7 1.5 CaCO3 MgCO3 - spring wheat
8 1.5 CaCO3 MgCO3 - sping barley
9 1.5 CaCO3 MgCO3 - faba bean
10 1 fly-ash - spring wheat
11 1 fly-ash - sping barley
12 1 fly-ash - faba bean
13 1.5 fly-ash - spring wheat
14 1.5 fly-ash - sping barley
15 1.5 fly-ash - faba bean
16 1 fly-ash + microbiological preparation EM-1 - spring wheat
17 1 fly-ash + microbiological preparation EM-1 - sping barley
18 1 fly-ash + microbiological preparation EM-1 - faba bean
19 1.5 fly-ash + microbiological preparation EM-1 - spring wheat
20 1.5 fly-ash + microbiological preparation EM-1 - sping barley
21 1.5 fly-ash + microbiological preparation EM-1 - faba bean
Results and discussion. The findings show a significant increase in the number of soil bacteria in all experiment combinations when compared to the first study year (Fig. 1). The number of bacteria was from about 50 to 110 mlm c.f.u. in 1 g soil dry mass. When compared to control soil, addition of fly-ash itself as well as additional introduction of microbiological preparation EM-1 did not induce a significant increase in the number of microorganisms of this group.
Also, a 2- to 10-fold larger quantity of c.f.u. in case of microscopic fungi was found when compared to the number of these microorganisms determined in the first study year (Fig. 2). Fly-ash addition to soil, both in a dose 1 and 1.5, indu-
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ced a significant increase in their number. Introduction of microbiological preparation EM-1 also induced a significant increase in the number of microscopic fungi when compared to control soil.
Fig. 1. The number of bacteria in soil samples examined
Hi
"b
600 500 400 300 200 100
8 2007 ■ 2009
1;
1
1 ] 1
i 1 1 I nrri
J. i fe J J h J J J itil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Fig. 2. The number of fungi in soil samples examined
In relation to the quantity determined in 2007, the number of actinomycetes shows an almost ten-fold increase (Fig. 3). An increase in the quantity of c.f.u. in case of microorganism of this group was observed in the soil with dolomite lime addition, which is also confirmed by the findings from the first study year [Michal-cewicz et al. 2008]. This was probably connected with a change in soil pH induced by dolomite lime addition [Kurek 2002]. At the same time, an increase was observed in the number of actinomycetes in the soil with fly-ash contribution as well as
in that containing fly-ash and microbiological preparation EM-1.
- 10000 ° 9000 Q 8000 ¿„ 7000 "b 6000 % 5000 8 4000 o 3000 | 2000 § 1000 z 0
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 If! 19 20 21
Fig. 3. The number of actinomycetes in soil samples examined
Fungi have a substantial contribution to soil colonisation. Intensive development of bacteria and actinomycetes corresponds to their poorer development and vice versa. Relation of the number of bacteria and actinomycetes to that of fungi was defined as so called DDM (development degree of microorganisms) index [Myskow 1981]. In objects fertilised with organic materials, this index received significantly larger values than in those with mineral fertilisation only or non-fertilised ones [Myskow et al. 1996]. Larger value of this index is evidence of relati-
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vely poorer development of fungi which is a favourable phenomenon from the point of view of soil richness. Based on the findings, DDM indices were determined for respective experimental objects. It turned out that largest DDM values were observed in the soil with dolomite lime contribution. First of all, this can be explained by abundant development of actinomycetes on medium with higher pH and poorer development of soil fungi.
Fig. 4. The value of the DDM in soil samples examined
Summing up, it should be stated that introduction of fly-ash to soil as well as fly-ash and microbiological preparation induced an increase in the number of microorganisms, in particular actinomycetes and microscopic fungi. Similar results were obtained by Nowak and Blaszak [2006] in the study with fly-ash with various organic components. Fly-ash enrichment with microbiological preparation (Effective Microorganisms) accelerated mineralisation of soil organic compounds, and the same induced an increase in soil biological activity [Bielinska et al. 2008]. Further studies, in particular with the use of some other organic matter, will probably allow obtaining more unequivocal results referring to the direction of quantitative changes in microflora as affected by fly-ash contribution.
Conclusions
1. Dolomite lime addition to soil, in particular in a larger dose, induced an increase in the number of soil actinomycetes.
2. After enrichment of soil containing fly-ash with microbiological preparation EM-1, an increase occurred in the number of actinomycetes and macroscopic fungi.
References
1. Baran S. Przemiany substancji organicznej w glebie lekkiej uzyznionej osadem sciekowym / S. Baran, M. Flis-Bujak, R. Turski, G. Zukowska / Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk. Rol. 409, 1993. -S. 243-250.
2. Bielinska E. Zastosowanie testow automatycznych do oceny mozliwosci przyrodniczego wykorzystania popiolow fluidalnych z w^gla kamiennego / E. Bielinska, S. Stankowski, T. W^gorek / Mat. Mi^dzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowo-Technicznej, Slawsko, 2008. - S. 16-18.
3. Bunt J.S. Microbiological studies of some subanteratic soil / J.S. Bunt, A.D. Rovira / J. of soil. Science, 6, 1955. - P. 119-128.
4. Cyganov V.A. Morfologobiochimiciskie osobennosci navovo vida aktinomiceta 2732/3/ V.A. Cyganov, R.A. Zukov, K.A. Timofeleva / Mikrobiologija 33 (5), 1964. - S. 863-869.
5. Jasiewicz Cz. Agrochemical properties of silos fertilized with sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant at Olecko / Cz. Jasiewicz, J. Antonkiewicz, T. Mazur, K. Mazur, W. Krajenski / Ecol. Chem. Eng., vol. 14, 2007. - P. 5-6.
6. Krzywy E. Wplyw kompostow z komunalnego osadu sciekowego na zawartosc wapnia, magnezu i siarki w nasionach rzepaku jarego, ziarnie pszenzyta jarego i owsa / E. Krzywy, J. Krzywy, E. Krzywy-Gawronska / Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk. Rol. 533, 2008. - S. 197-207.
7. Kurek E. Zwi^zki przyczynowo-skutkowe aktywnosci mikrobiologicznej i zakwaszenia gleb/ Zesz. Prob. Post. Nauk Roln. z. 482, 2002. - S. 307-316.
Нащональний лкотехшчний унiверситет УкраТни
8. Martin J.P. Use of amid, rose bengale and streptomycin in the plate method for estimating soil fungi/ Soil Sci.6, 1950. - P. 215-217.
9. Mau P. Fantastische Erfaungen mit EM/ Wyd. EMIKO-Niemcy, 2003.
10. Michalcewicz W. Wplyw popiolu fluidalnego z w^gla kamiennego na mikroflor^ glebow^. w badaniach polowych / W. Michalcewicz, S. Stankowski, M. Romanowski / Z. Prob. Nauk Roln. z. 533, 2008. - S. 277-283.
11. Mysków W. Próby wykorzystania wskazników aktywnosci mikrobiologicznej do oceny zyznosci gleby/ Post^py Mikrobiologii, t. XX, z. 3/4, 1981. - S. 173-192.
12. Mysków W. Aktywnosc biologiczna gleby jako wskaznik jej zyznosci i urodzajnosci / W. Mysków, A. Stachyra, S. Zi^ba, D. Masiak / Roczniki Gleboznawcze, t. XLVVII, nr 1996. -S. 89-99.
13. Nowak A. Mikroflora odpadów paleniskowych zagospodarowanych na cele rekultywacji terenów zdegradowanych / A. Nowak, M. Blaszak / Cz^sc I. Bakterie, grzyby, promieniowce. Zesz. Nauk. UP Wroclaw, Rolnictwo LXXXIX, 546, 2006. - S. 271-278.
14. Wieczorek T. Wplyw sposobu rekultywacji skladowiska popiolów z elektrowni zasilanych w^glem brunatnym na ogóln^. liczebnosc oraz biomas? drobnoustrojów glebowych / T. Wieczorek, W. Michalcewicz, M. Wróbel, S. Stankowski, M. Gilewska / Monografía. XII Mi^dzy. Konf. "Popioly z energetyki". Sopot, 12-14 X, 2005. - S. 341-346.
Михальцевич В., Башуцка У.Б., Станковски C., Романовски М. Результаты влияния летучего пепла на общее количество бактерий, акти-номицетов и грибов в почве
Обоснованно влияние доломитовой известки и летучего пепла из антрацита в сочетании с микробиологическим препаратом ЭМ-1 на общее количество бактерий, грибов и актиномицетов в почве. Установлено, что внесение в почву доломитовой известки повлекло увеличение общего количества актиномицетов в почве. Более четкое увеличение количества микроорганизмов обнаружено в почвах, в которые вносили летучий пепел и микробиологический препарат ЭМ-1.
Ключевые слова, летучий пепел, бактерии, грибы, актиномицеты.
Wiera Michalcewicz, Ulyana Bashutska, Slawomir Stankowski, Marcin Romanowski. After-effect of fly-ash on the total number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil
The aim of carried out study was to determine the effect of dolomite lime and fly-ash from hard coal in connection with microbiological preparation EM-1 on the total number of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. It was found that addition of dolomite lime to soil induced an increase in the number of soil actinomycetes. A more distinct increase in the quantity of microorganisms was observed in the soil into which a fly-ash and microbiological preparation EM-1 were introduced.
Keywords: fly-ash, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes.
УДК 330.477 Астр. О.В. Олефiренко1 - Львiвський тститут державного
управлтня при Президентовi Украти
М1ЖНАРОДН1 АСПЕКТИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРИРОДООХОРОННО1 ПОЛ1ТИКИ
Проаналiзовано дiяльнiсть мiжнародних шституцш стосовно формування го-ловних положень сучасно'1 пол^ики збереження довкшля. Встановлено, що сьогодш на перший план виходить проблема розроблення документсв щодо охорони довкшля, яю були обов'язковими для виконання вама державами свггово'1 спшьноти. У цьому контекст найактуальшшою проблемою е затвердження на рiвнi ООН Еколопчно!' конституцп Землг
Ключов1 слова: довкшля, пол^ика, ООН, Римський клуб, сталий розвиток.
1 Наук. керiвник: проф. М.М. Мишевич, д-р юрид. наук - Львiвський НУ iiw. 1вана Франка
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Збiрник науково-техшчних праць
