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Journal of Geology Geography and Geoe-cology
Rebati Nadia, Bouchenafa Nadia, Oulbachir Karima, Svideniuk Mykhailo
ISSN 2617-2909 (print) ISSN 2617-2119 (online)
Journ. Geol.Geograph.
Geoecology, 27(3), 485-494 doi: 10.15421/111872
Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(3), 485-494
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
Remote sensing and ground based assessment of distribution of land cover parameters inthe catchment area of Wadi el K'sob M'sila (Algeria)
Rebati Nadia1, Bouchenafa Nadia 1, Oulbachir Karima 1, Svideniuk Mykhailo2
1Ibn Khaldoun University, BPP78 Zaâroura 14000, Tiaret, Algeria,, e-mail: rebatin@yahoo.com
2Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of Earth, NAS Ukraine, Oles Honchar st. 55 b. Kiev, 01054, Ukraine, e-
mail:svideniuk m@ukr.net
Abstract. Remote sensing methodology was applied to assess two land cover parameters Received 29.09.2018; (elevation and soil moisture) in the first stage.Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Received in revised form 05.10.2018; (sRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) was used to build a map of the water catchment Accepted 18AL2°18 basins within the Wadi El K'sob area. Relative soil moisture for the territory of the Wadi
El K'sob catchment area was estimated by using the Sentinel-1/Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) optical multispectral data. Elevation data of the sampling points range from 398 to 1081 meters above sea level. Soil moisturevaried from 0.2 to 0.37 relative units. The effects of altitude and physico-chemical properties of soil on soil microflora communities in the catchment area of Wadi El K'sob M'sila (Algeria) were investigated in the second stage. The work presented here identified three groups of microorganisms in the soil samples collected in spring 2017from 7 locations situated in the catchment area of Wadi El K'sob M'sila (Algeria) along with 11 physico-chemical characteristics. Statistical tests showed that actinomycetes, fungi and mesophilic bacteria were positively correlated to the altitude. The results revealed that the microflora communities was very dependent on soil physico-chemical characteristics, the main parameters were relative soil moisture, texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium. Generally, the parameters analyzed in this study, indicate a change in the soil microflora community according to the altitudinal and soil physico-chemical variations.
Keywords: remote sensing, land cover, catchment area, physico-chemical properties, soil microflora communities.
Дистанцшне зондування та наземна оцшка розподшу параметр1в земельного покрову на територн водозбору Вад1 ель Ксоб Мсша (Алжир)
Ребап Навдя1, Боученатаа Надiя 1, Oулбачiр KapiMa 1, Свщенюк Михайло2
1 Умверситет 1бн Халдун, BPP78 Задроура 14000, Tiapem, Алжир,, e-mail: rebatin@yahoo.com 2Науковий центр аеpокосмiчних дослiдженьЗемлi, НАН Ккрати, вул..Олеся Гончара. 55 б. Kuie, 01054, Укpаiна,e-mail:svideniuk_m @ ukr. net
Анотащя. Методолопя дистанцшного зондування була застосована для ощнки двох napaMeTpiBrpyHTOBoro покриву (висоти i вологост Грунту) на першому етат. Цифрова модель рельефу мюцевост SRTMDEM використана для побудови карти вoдoзбipних басейтв на територн ВадьЕль-К'соб. Вщносна волопсть Грунту на територн водозбору Вадьель-К'соб ощнена за допомогою прилад1в Sentinel-1/Multispectral (MSI) i Landsat-8, операцшного землеустрою (OLI) i оптичних мультиспек-тральних даних тeплoвiзiйнoгo тфрачервоного датчика (TIRS). Висотш дан точок вщбору проб становлять 398 - 1081 метра над piвнeм моря. Волопсть Грунту варшвала вщ 0,2 до 0,37 умовних одиниць. На другому етат вивчався вплив висоти i фiзикo-хiмiчних властивостей Грунту на угрупуванняГрунтово! мжрофлори у вoдoзбipнoмy басейн Вaдi Ель-к'соб (Алжир). У данш робой, навесн 2017 року,разом з 11 фiзикo-хiмiчними показниками були визначен три групи мiкpoopгaнiзмiв у пробах Грунту, ввдбраних з 7 мюць, розташованих у вoдoзбipнoмy басейт Вaдi Ель-к'соб (Алжир),. Статистичн тести показали, що aктинoмiцeти, гриби i мeзoфiльнi бактерп позитивно корелювали з висотою. Результати показали, що спiльнoти мiкpoфлopи в значнш мipi залежать вiд фiзикo-хiмiчних характеристик Грунту, основними параметрами е вщносна вoлoгiсть Грунту, текстура, рН, електропровщтсть, opгaнiчний вуглець, opгaнiчнa речовина, загальний азот i доступний калш. В цiлoмy параметри, пpoaнaлiзoвaнi в даному дослщжент, свiдчaть про змшу спiльнoти Грунтово! мiкpoфлopи в залежност вiд висотно! i Грунтово! фiзикo-хiмiчнo!' вapiaцiй.
KnwnoBi cnoBa: öucnaH^üm 30HÖyBaHH%, VpyHmoBO - pocnuHHUü noKpuB, Boöo30ipHuü 6aceüH, foi3UKO-xmium BnacnuBocni, угpупуваннn tpymnoBoï MÎKpofinopu.
Introduction. Soil is the most favorable habitat for a vast diversity of microorganisms including meso-philic bacteria, fungi (Bakken, 1997, Aislabie et al., 2013) and actinomycetes (Bakken, 1997). Soil microorganisms comprise the major part of the biological diversity on earth (Aislabie et al., 2013). They play a pivotal role in soil ecosystem processes (J Morin and McGrady-Steed, 2004, S Giller et al., 2004; Fierer and Jackson, 2006, Philippot et al., 2013; Schimel and Schaeffer, 2012), such as nutrient cycling, organic matter turnover (Aislabie et al. 2013), bioremediation and enhancing macroag-gregate formation (Egamberdieva et al., 2010). Changes in soil microbial communities can have important effects on soil biogeochemical properties (Chapin Iii et al., 2000) which ultimately affect the functioning of the terrestrial ecosystem. Meanwhile, they are subjected to the influences of environmental factors. Environmental factors may be classified as physiographic factors, edaphic factors, climatic factors and biotic factors (Cepel, 1995; Topaloglu et al., 2016).
The effects of the soil's physico-chemical properties on soil microorganisms have been discussed in numerous studies (Guo-Mei et al. 2010; Saravanakumar et al. 2016; Dang et al. 2017). However, there is little information on the impact of altitude on soil microorganisms. Previous studies have proved that the soil microbial community is also influenced by changes in the soil's organic matter, soil pH, water content (Bââth et al. 1995; Taylor et al. 1999; Tan et al. 2005; Davidson and Janssens, 2006), the soil type (Girvan et al. 2003) and soil texture (Bekku et al. 2004; Kastovska et al. 2005; Kastovska et al. 2007). These factors, in turn, are influenced by the altitudinal gradient (Kidane-mariam et al. 2012). Some studies have indicated that with differences in elevation there is variation in the microbial community structure and changes in microbial activity (Margesin et al. 2008; Chang et al. 2016).
The aim of this study was to build a topographic map of water catchment basins, to estimate the spatial distribution of relative soil moisture, to examine the effect of altitude on the microbial community, to reveal the relationship between phy-sicochemical properties of the soil and microbial communities in the catchment area of Wadi El K' sob (M'sila) Algeria.
Materials and methods. Study Site.The catchment area of Wadi El K'sob is located at the northern borders of the large Hodna basin (Hadjab, 1998). It constitutes the western part of the high Plain of Constantine. The catchment area of Wadi El K'sob
is located on the southern slopes of the Hodna Mountains and its water runs out towards Chott Hodna, which is an endorheic lake, i.e. deprived of a discharge outlet (Mimeche, 2014 ). The climate of the area is temperate with a mean annual temperature of 19.41 °C and annual precipitation averaging 202.26 mm. The climate in this region is arid. The study area was mostly inhabited by plants. Effect of altitudinal gradient and soil physico-chemical properties on soil microflora communities in the catchment area of Wadi el K'sob M'sila (Algeria)
In May 2017, soil samples were collected separately from seven different elevations on the catchment area of Wadi El K'sob along a south-north transect (Fig.1).
Different soil samples were extracted from the surface layer (0 to 20 cm depth) soils of each site and homogenized to obtain a representative sample for each station. The type of sampling used in our sector of investigation was the two way diagonal sampling. Soil samples were placed in plastic bags on ice and transported to the laboratory. Before processing, each soil sample was sieved (2 mm) to remove the stone and root fragments and separated into two portions. One portion was stored at room temperature for chemical analysis (e.g. pH, organic matter) and the other portion at 4°C for microbial analysis.
Laboratory Analysis. Analyses of soil physico-chemical properties. Prior to determining the soil physical and chemical properties, the collected soil samples were air-dried and ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve. Soil texture was determined by the international Robinson pipette method. Bulk density corresponds to the ratio between the dry mass of the soil and the apparent volume. The soil moisture content (MC) was determined by oven-drying 10 g of soil at 105 °C for 24 hours, and the results are presented based on the soil weight loss (Hesse and Hesse, 1971). The pH of each soil sample was measured in distilled water at a 1: 2.5 soil: water volume ratio with a pH meter (HANNA). Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined according to 1:5 (w/v) soil-water suspensions at 25 °C with a con-ductimeter (HANNA) (Richards, 1954 ). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined by the ANNE method, 1945 (Aubert, 1978). The organic matter content (OMC) was obtained by multiplying SOC content with Van Bemmelen factor (1.724). Total nitrogen (TN) content was assessed via the Kjeldahl method (Qiu et al. 2010). The total calcium (calcium carbonate) was determined by the method of
calcimeter Bernard (Baize, 1988). Active limestone was determined using the method of Drouineau-
Galet (Mathieu et al. 2003). Amounts of K+ were analyzed flame photometrically.
Fig. 1. The map of the catchment area of Wadi El K' sobM'sila
Laboratory Analysis. Analyses of soil physico-chemical properties. Prior to determining the soil physical and chemical properties, the collected soil samples were air-dried and ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve. Soil texture was determined by the international Robinson pipette method. Bulk density corresponds to the ratio between the dry mass of the soil and the apparent volume. The soil moisture content (MC) was determined by oven-drying 10 g of soil at 105 °C for 24 hours, and the results are presented based on the soil weight loss (Hesse and Hesse, 1971). The pH of each soil sample was measured in distilled water at a 1: 2.5 soil: water volume ratio with a pH meter (HANNA). Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined according to 1:5 (w/v) soil-water suspensions at 25 °C with a con-ductimeter (HANNA) (Richards, 1954 ). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was determined by the ANNE method, 1945 (Aubert, 1978). The organic matter content (OMC) was obtained by multiplying SOC content with Van Bemmelen factor (1.724). Total nitrogen (TN) content was assessed via the Kjeldahl method (Qiu et al. 2010). The total calcium (calcium carbonate) was determined by the method of calcimeter Bernard (Baize, 1988). Active limestone was determined using the method of Drouineau-Galet (Mathieu et al. 2003). Amounts of K+ were analyzed flame photometrically.
Soil Microbiological Analysis. 1 g of soil was mixed with 9 ml of physiological water and shaken thoroughly. 1 ml from the solution was then mixed in 9 ml of physiological water to make a 10-2 dilution of this solution and in the same pattern dilutions for 10-3, 10-4etc.
Indirect numeration in solid medium. Specific methods and media were used for enumeration of the microbial counts of different groups of micro-bial flora: starch casein agar medium for actinomy-cetes, potato Dextrose Agar medium for fungi (Saravanakumar et al. 2016) and Agar Nutrient for mesophilic bacteria. Enumeration of all the microbes was done by adopting a spread plate method. 0.1 ml of each dilution was spread uniformly on agar-medium Petri plates to determine the number of populations per gram of soil. Microorganisms were cultured at the temperature of 28 ± 2 °C. After the incubation period of 5 days for fungi, 7 days for actinomycetes and 2 days for mesophilic bacteria, the colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Data analysis. Three replicates were used in soil physico-chemical parameters and microbiological analysis. Data presented was the average of the triplicates. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of the altitude and physico-chemical parameters of soil on soil microflora. Correlation analysis was used to demonstrate the rela-
tionship between different parameters. All these analyses were conducted by SPSS (version 22). Results. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) (Fig.2a)
4°30'0"E 4°35'0"E 4°40'0"E 4°45'0"E
was used to build a map of the water catchment basins within (Fig.2b) the Wadi El K'sob catchment area.
4°30'0"E
4C35'0"E
4a40'0"TE
4°45'0"E
Legend
Elevation, m
-main watercourses-isolines of the relief elevations -boundaries of the locality M'Sila -name of the locality
- water catchment basin of the Oued El Ksob river |
- water catchment basin of the El Heloula river
- other water catchment basin
Fig. 2. The map of the basins by using the SRTM DEM: a - SRTM digital elevation model; b - topographic map
-study sites
Relative soil moisture for the territory of the Wadi El K'sob catchment area was estimated by using the Sentinel-1/Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and Landsat-8/Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) optical multispectral data.
In particular, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land surface emissivity were computed to determine the land surface temperature (LST) (Stankevich et al.2016) based on Landsat-8 image of 15 May 2017. Then, the processed Senti-nel-2A/MSI image of 17 May 2017 (Fig.3a) was used to compute Normalized Water Index. Finally, the products obtained of thermal and optical remote sensing were fused to determine the land cover moisture which depends on LST (Fig. 3b) (Sak-hatsky et al.2007).
Data from the study sites on elevation and relative soil moisture for seven soil samples are shown in Table 1.
Elevation of the sampling points varied from 398 to 1081 meters above sea level. Soil moisture data were calculated for each sampling site using the map in Fig 3b and varied from 0.2 to 0.37. Physico-chemical parameters. The values of the physico-chemical parameters of soils are shown in Table 2.
Microbial properties. The microflora of our soil was represented by the high concentration of meso-philic bacteria followed by actinomycetes and fungi. The effects of the altitude and physico-chemical properties of soils on soil microflora (mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) are discussed below.
Mesophilic Bacteria (109 cfu/g). The colony forming units (CFU) counts for mesophilic bacteria were significantly higher, in station 7 (309000 x 109) and lower in station 2 (73 x 109) (Fig. 4). There was a significant effect of the soil texture on mesophilic bacteria (Table 3).
4°30'Q"E 4°35'0"E 4°40'0"E 4"45'0"E 4°30'0"E 4°3S'0"E 4°40'0"E 4°45'0"E
Legend
Relative soil moisture, %
Fig. 3. The map of land surface moisture relative to land surface temperature: a - optical multispectral image Sentinel-2A/MSI of 17 May 2017 (wavelengths of 0.67, 0.56 and 0.5 ^m in the Red, Green and Blue bands); b - the map of land surface moisture
Table 1. Data from study sites on elevation and soil moister_
Sampling Sites Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Elevation (m) Relative soil moisture
S1 35°33'03.0'' 4° 29'31'' 398 0.28
S2 35°40'11.3'' 4°30'51.1'' 441 0.37
S3 35°49'40.5'' 4°34'07.0'' 563 0.34
S4 35°46'05.2'' 4°45'13.9'' 682 0.34
S5 35°47'36.3'' 4°47'14.3'' 848 0.30
S6 35°49'13.8'' 4°47'13.5'' 993 0.20
S7 35°49'50.2'' 4°47'39.7'' 1081 0.29
Table 2. Physical and chemical characteristics of the soils in the spring in the seven different studied sites
Spring
Stations S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7
Texture loam loam loam loamy sand silty clay silty clay sandy clay loam
Bulk density 1.24±0 0.67±0 1.51 ±0 1.36±0 1.05±0 0.89±0 0.92±0
MC 1.68±0 1.83±0 0.96±0 1.99±0 7.91±0 0.43±0 2.77±0
pH 7.67±0 7.27±0 7.62±0 7.47±0 7.8±0 7.66±0 8.14±0
EC (uS/cm) 945.3±20.5 3650± 90 1842.33±109 3020± 20 2493±620 527.33±46. 5 492.33±102.5
CaCO3 (%) 51.27±1.17 36.37±1.06 50.35±0.61 22.8±1.23 12.77±0.49 41.81±0.58 21.05±1.6
ActiveCaCO3 (%) 12.5 ± 1 13.5±3.04 15.5±1.32 15.25±0.25 13 ± 0.58 20.83±2.08 10 ± 1
K (meq/l) 6.15 ± 0 12.42±0.37 4.48±0.12 8.72 ± 0 6.79±0,38 7.92±1.82 3.20±0.38
OC (%) 0.86±0.005 1.75 ± 0.07 1.05±0.11 0.74±0.11 1.21±0.24 1.28±0.06 0.19±0.13
OM (%) 1.48±0.01 3.01±0.13 1.8± 0.19 0.87±0.19 2.07±0.42 2.21±0.11 0.333±0.22
N (%) 0.035 ±0 0.15±0 0.046±0 0.018±0 0.08±0 0.19±0 0.032±0
C/N 21.5±0.14 11.67±0.48 21 ± 2.44 41.11 ±6.41 15.12±3.06 6.74 ± 0.34 17.81 ± 4.08
S: Station MC: Moisture Content, EC: Electrical Conductivity, CaCO3: Calcium Carbonate, active CaCO3: Active limestone K: potassium, OC: Organic Carbone, OM: Organic Matter, N: Nitrogen, C/N: ratio Carbon on Nitrogen.
Table 3. Output of the ANOVA analysis demonstrating the altitude and the effect of soil physico-chemical properties on soil microflora communities
Soil property Actinomycetes Fungi Mesophilic bacteria
F-value P-value F-value P-value F-value P-value
Altitude 9284.37 0.000 140.68 0.000
Texture 15371.4 0.000 8.19 0.001 6316.05 0.000
Bulk density 9284.37 0.000 140.68 0.000
MC(%) 9284.37 0.000 140.68 0.000
pH 9284.37 0.000 140.68 0.000
CaCO3(%) 43.088 0.005
Active CaCO3 (%) 0.982 0.573 1.682 0.328 1.017 0.556
OC (%) 5968,52 0.000 90,438 0.000
OM (%) 5968,52 0.000 90,438 0.000
N (%) 9284.37 0.000 140.68 0.000
C/N 9284,37 0.000 140,68 0.000
K+(meq/l) 994.754 0.000
The correlation analysis also proved a significant positive correlation between mesophilic bacteria and altitude (p b 0.01) (Table 4).
Mesophilic bacteria show negative correlation with conductivity (p b 0.05), organic carbon (p b 0.01), organic matter (p b 0.01), active limestone (p b 0.05) and available K+ (p b 0.01) while they show a positive correlation with texture (p b 0.01) and pH (H2O) (p b 0.01) .
Actinomycetes (106 cfu/g). The actinomycete counts showed large variations at different altitudes from 0.092 to 47 x 106 CFU g-1 dry soil (Fig. 5). Total actinomycete numbers increased with increasing altitudes. The correlation analysis also demon-
strated a significant positive correlation between actinomycetes and altitude (p b 0.01). ANOVA analysis also demonstrated a significant effect of altitude on actinomycetes. It was observed that populations of the actinomycetes were significantly affected by the bulk density, texture, the moisture content, pH (H2O), organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio and available K+. Actino-mycetes showed negative correlation with conductivity (p b 0.01), active limestone (p b 0.01), organic carbon (p b 0.05), organic matter (p b 0.05) and available of K+ (p b 0.05) while they showed a positive correlation with texture (p b 0.01) and pH (H2O) (p b 0.01).
Table 4. Correlation coefficient between altitude, soil physico-chemical properties and soil microflora communities. Significance
Actinomycetes Fungi Mesophilic bacteria
Altitude 0.67** 0.60** 0.59**
Texture 0.73** 0.54** 0.66**
Bulk density -0.284 ns -0.655** -0.232 ns
MC(%) 0.080 ns -0.291 ns 0.035 ns
pH 0.803** 0.397 ns 0.782**
EC (uS/cm) -0.478* -0.476* -0.480*
CaCO3 (%) -0.411 ns -0.094 ns -0.350 ns
Active CaCO3 (%) -0.478* 0.003 ns -0.516*
OC (%) -0.730** -0.201 ns -0,745**
OM (%) -0.572** -0.054 ns -0.608**
N (%) -0.268 ns 0.388 ns -0.325 ns
C/N -0.089 ns -0.515* -0.053ns
k+(meq/l) -0.555** -0.116ns -0.575**
Fungi (103 cfu/g). The data showed that the highest population of fungi in S7 (79 x 103), while S1exhibited the significantly lowest concentrations of fungi (1.45 x 103) (Fig. 6). Abundance of fungi was also observed to be affected significantly by altitude (Table 4). The fungi showed a positive correlation with altitude (p b 0.01). In our studies, the bulk density, texture,
moisture content, pH (H2O), calcium carbonate, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen and C/N ratio in the soil had a significant effect on fungi. The fungi showed a negative correlation with bulk density (p b 0.01), conductivity (p b 0.05) and C/N ratio (p b 0.01) while they showed a positive correlation with texture (p b 0.01).
Fig. 4. Variation in the number of mesophilic bacteria in our soils
Fig. 5. Variation in the number of actinomycetes in our soils
Fig. 6. Variation in the number of fungi in our soils
Discussion. Our experimental study aimed to determine the influence of altitude and soil properties on microflora communities in the catchment of Wadi El K'sob in spring. Our findings revealed that microbial communities in this environment were represented by the high concentration of mesophilic bacteria followed by actinomycetes and fungi. This is perhaps unsurprising because other environments presented the same one profile microbial communities (Baldrian et al., 2012).
Altitude is appropriate to variables that affect the ecosystem, such soil moisture, mean annual precipitation, soil organic matter, labile C and min-eralisable N and microbial activities (Griffiths et al., 2009). The results showed that altitude was statistically correlated with microbial communities (Table 4). In our study, microbial, actinomycete and fungal communities were significantly influenced by altitude. The effect of altitude may due to changes in vegetation and/or to human activity at low altitudes (Faoro et al,. 2010). Some researchers (Margesin et al., 2008, Chang et al., 2016) have detected a significant rise in the populations of fungi and bacteria with increasing elevation. Other studies also generally observed a decrease in microbial biomass and activity with increasing altitude and colder climate conditions (Uchida et al., 2000, Lipson, 2006).
Thus, characterization of abiotic properties is important for providing a clearer vision of how
microbial communities change. Statistical analyses showed that physico-chemical characteristics make specific contributions to soil microbial communities.
Previous studies have proved that microbial community composition appeared to vary as a function of the size of soil aggregates (Kanazawa and Filip, 1986; Sessitsch et al., 2001, Vâisânen et al., 2005). We found an influence of texture and bulk density on the microbial communities of soils (Table 3). Some researchers (Bott and Kaplan, 1985, Vâisânen et al., 2005) have observed that soil microbial biomass increased with decreasing grain sizes.
In agreement with our results (Table 3), many other studies have formerly described the significant effect of soil moisture on the microbial community (Barness et al., 2009). The effect of moisture content on the microbial community of soil might be due by its effect on osmotic potential, transport of nutrients and energy and cellular metabolism as well as on the competitive interactions between microbial species (Williams and Rice, 2007;Meimei et al., 2008;Barness et al., 2009).
Soil pH has been significantly correlated with the soil mesophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. (Lauber et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2014) confirming that bacterial communities were strongly correlated, with soil pH. However, many studies have demonstrated that fungal biomass was not
strongly related to soil pH (Frey et al., 1999, Lauber et al., 2008), which is also what we found (Table 4).
It had also been documented that salinity affects microbial community composition (Abdelkader Dellal, 1992, Egamberdieva et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2013). Our results indicated that microbial communities (actinomycetes, fungiand mesophilic bacteria) were also negatively correlated with EC. Similar results were found by other researchers (Rietz and Haynes, 2003).
Our research presented a negative correlation between soil available potassium and actinomycete communities. A similar result was obtained by Cheng et al 2016.
Previous studies found that soil organic carbon played the most significant role in microbial community structure (Postma et al., 2008;Zhang et al., 2013;Cheng et al., 2016) .In our study, actino-mycetes and mesophilic bacteria showed a significant correlation with organic carbon. In accordance with our result, (Frey et al., 1999) detected that the proportional fungal biomass was not strongly related to soil organic C.
It was shown that an increase in N availability affects soil microbial processes (Ramirez et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2013) . Thus, fungi appear more sensitive than bacteria to soil N enrichment (Frey et al., 2004). On the other hand, (Frey et al., 1999) found that fungal biomass was not strongly related to soil N and that is what we found (Table 4). (Postma et al., 2008) have demonstrated that among the highly significant explanatory factors of the composition of the dominant fungal population was soil C/N ratio. This may help to explain why we found the significant effect of soil C/N ratio on the fungal community (Table 3). It was showed also that microbial community functional structures were closely correlated with soil C/N(Yang et al., 2013)..
Conclusions.Remote sensing approaches were applied to assess two land cover parameters (elevation and soil moisture) at the first stage of our research.
The effects of altitude and physico-chemical properties of soil on soil microflora communities in the catchment area of Wadi El K'sob M'sila (Algeria) were investigated at the second stage. Elevation data of the sampling points range from 398 to 1081 meters above sea level. Relative soil moisturevaried from 0.2 to 0.37 relative units.The results indicated that the elevation could determine the microflora community in an ecosystem. Altitude had a significant correlation with the soil microflora population of the collected samples. Also, the variations between microflora communities were clearly related
to the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil, the principal parameters were texture, pH, electrical conductivity, active limestone, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium. In conclusion, the altitude and physico-chemical properties of the soil were recognized as key factors in the dynamics of the colonization of the soil by microbial populations. Acknowledgements. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the realization of this work, particularlyMr. Dellal Abdelkader, Be-louadah Zouheyr, Sarri Madani and his wife, Hendel Noui, Ben Aichata and Mme Moulay.
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