CC BY
41
Restoring degraded arid pasture in Uzbekistan
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-187-189
Ergashev Ismoil Tashkentovich, Samarkand agricultural institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, doctor of technical sciences, professor E-mail: [email protected]. Islomov Yorqin Iskandarovich, Samarkand agricultural institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, competitor E-mail: [email protected]. Tashtemirov Bekzod Ravshanbekovich, Samarkand agricultural institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, competitor E-mail: [email protected]
Restoring degraded arid pasture in Uzbekistan
Abstract: In article are brought results of the improvement pasture by strip tillage of soil and sowing seeds of the fitome-liorative plants.
Keywords: Restoration; strip tillage; fitomeliorants; forage productivity; Uzbekistan.
Introduction
Uzbekistan is located in Central part of Central Asia. The large part of republic, extending, from north-west to south-east, is plain, engaged the deserts and steppes, the south-east part engaged the hills and mountains.
Use by person of lands in drought zones as a pastures, changes of adapted systems, conversion of natural grassland to cropland with large temporary and space fluctuations of precipitation, soil humidity and productivity of plants resulting in rapid expansion of land desertification in the arid and semiarid region of Uzbekistan.
Discussions of the causes, indicators of desertification, restoration technologies applied in the Central Asia region represented in the literature [1—10].
Causes can be categorized and briefly summarized in three groups: a) natural factors (solar radiation, windy regime, high evaporation, slopes of lands surface, soil salinity, growth and encroachment of mobile sand bodies zoogenic factors and etc.); b) anthropogenic factor (roads, moving technics, irrigation, agricultural practice, ranching, mining, tourism, woodcutting, excessive pasture of cattle, military factor and ets.); c) a combination of (a) and (b) (the degradation ofvegetative cover due to overgrazing, soil erosion, water logging, salinization of irrigated lands and ets.).
The purpose of this paper is research the possibility of the restoring or improving of the rangelands with minimum soil tillage and sowing fitomeliorants, and maximum keeping of existing vegetation cover.
Materials and methods
The experiments were organized in two places: Kizilkum and Nurata stations of the Karakul Sheep Research Institute.
The restoration site soils are sandy loam at Kizilkum and grey loam soil at Nurata which are highly susceptible to wind and water erosion.
Investigation site of 100m x 50m was selected in area with lowe vegetation cover. The site was subdivided into 10m x10m subplots. Plant species was recorded in there 1 x 1m quadrates in each subplot before and after treatments.
Experiment implies comparative studies of germination and development fitomeliorants under plowing at the depth 0.20 m and strip tillage at the same depth. Strip tillage treatment implies a cultivation action with sub-soiler implements to a different depth
and 150mm wide. Distance between strips was 600.. .700 mm. The sowing fitomeliorans was made at February, number of germinated species is determined on each sub-plot at April. The dynamics of growing of the plants was assessed upon their height, which was determined in each quarter, four times at year.
Soil samples were collected in January, March, May, July and September at three points in each sub-plot.
For seeding treatments were selected shrabs (Haloxylon aphyl-lum, H.persicum, Salsola Paletzkiana, S.richteri, Ephedra strobilacca, Calligonum spp.) dwarf shrabs (Kochia protrata, Comphorosma Less-ingi, Salsola Arientalis, Ceratoides evermanniana), grasses (Poa bulbosa, Agropyron desertorum). This species characterized by their ability withstand long droughts and low humilities, nutrient deficiencies, high soil salinity, extreme high summer and low winter temperatures.
For interpretation of the data in this study least significant difference (LSD) values were reported at the 5% level of significance.
Results and discussion
Restoring degraded rangelands by sowing fitomeliorants
Germination ability, output of germinated plants, water accumulation and total forage productivity restored sites were determined by different technologies of preparing of soil. Were compared plowing by mouldboard ploughing at the depth 20-22 cm following hand sowing and hurrowing and strip tillage (15cm x 70cm) at the same dept and sowing by combination machine. As a fitomeliorants were taken Haloxylon aphyllum, Halothamnus subaphyllus, Cera-toides eversmanniana, Kochia protrata, Salsola orientalis.
Number of sowing and germinated plants are shown at table 1. Germinaded plants at plowing were 0.55-17.0%, mean germinating ability was 2.62%, at strip tillage respectively — 0.49-12.8%, mean value — 2.67%. On germination ability difference at compared variants was not significant.
Total water storage at the plowing in the January was about 5.0%, in May about 38% more than at strip tillage (Fig. 1, a). Top layer of soil accumulate more precipitation water at plowing, but due to increasing evaporation at the July water contents at this compared variants are not significant.
Total forage productivity restored areas at strip tillage were always more than at plowing. (Fig 1. b). At the first year after treatments total productivity plots at strip tillage was (35.6%)
Section 12. Technical sciences
more then at plowing plots, these differences were 21.2% at the tivity due to storage (keeping) natural plants and creating favor-second and 18.9% at the third years. Strip tillage increase produc- able conditions for growing of sowing and existing plants.
Table 1. - Number of sowing and germinated seeds at plowing and strip tillage
Рlants Plowing Stri p tillage
Number of seeds % Germinated seeds % Number of seeds % Germinated seeds %
Haloxylon aphyllum 215 100 4,95±0,11 2,3 215 100 8,72±0,52 4,0
Halothamnus subaphyllus 50 100 8,57±0,91 17,0 50 100 6,42±1,54 12,8
Ceratoides eversmanniana 80 100 9,12±1,14 11,3 80 100 8,77±1,97 10,9
Kochia protrata 850 100 4,7±0,62 0,55 850 100 4,17±1,54 0,49
Salsola orientalis 230 100 10,6±1,42 4,6 230 100 10,2±1,89 4,4
Total 37,9 2,65 38,2 2,67
Restoring by sowing fitomeliorants at different combination of components.
Germination ability, dynamics of growing, output of germinated plants and total forage productivity were investigated at different depth of seeding, depth of tillage and different combination of the
Total water storage in 0-1,0m
components at strip tillage technology. Germination and growing sowing fitomeliorants and minimum output of germinated plants were at the depth of seeding 1-2cm and at the tilling depth 20 cm. Results of growing at the first year after treatments and productivity plant species were shown at the Tabl. 2.
V
Months
■strip tillage ■
plowing
Vegetation years
□ Pow ing ■ strip tillage
a) b)
Figure 1. (a) Total water storage in 0-1.0 m; (b) Total forage productivity of restored ranges.
Total forage productivity at the combination S25+D50+G25 (9.8 c/h) 37.6% and 39.9% respectively. (16.3 c/h) was more than S50+D25+G25 (10.2 c/h) and S25+D25+G50
Table 2. - Dynamics of growing fitomeliorants at different proportion of components
Variant of combination Component and proportion Dynamics of growing, сm
25.08.2014 25.09.2014 25.10.2014 25.11.2014
VD25+G25 Haloxylon aphyllum. 50% 58.3 64.7 69.4 71.8
Salsola orientalis, 8% 40.1 48.7 53.3 58.2
Halothamnus subaphyllus, 9% 16.7 21.2 23.7 25.8
Kochia protrata, 8% 56.4 72.1 79.8 83.2
Climacoptera lanata, 13% 39.6 48.2 53.4 55.3
Agropiton desertorum, 12% 51.7 60.3 66.2 70.6
VD50+GM Salsola orientalis, 16% 34.4 42.3 51.5 54.8
Haloxylon aphyllum, 25% 59.3 69.8 73.4 78.2
Halothamnus subaphyllus, 18% 15.2 18.3 21.4 25.7
Kochia protrata, 16% 57.8 75.2 81.6 85.4
Climacoptera lanata, 13% 36.5 46.8 52.3 55.1
Agropiton desertorum, 12% 50.2 61.4 67.7 69.7
VD25+G50 Haloxylon aphyllum, 25% 53.6 67.2 70.7 73.5
Salsola orientalis, 16% 45.9 59.4 62.3 66.4
Halothamnus subaphyllus, 18% 15.7 19.1 23.3 26.4
Kochia protrata, 16% 59.3 76.8 82.5 85.9
Climacoptera lanata, 13% 41.2 53.6 57.1 59.5
Agropiton desertorum, 12% 54.3 61.8 68.1 73.6
Conclusions promotes better germination and establishment seeded fitomelio-
Accumulation of water creates favorable conditions for growing rants, total forage productivity at sowing of fitomeliorants more than
desert plants. Strip tillage allows to keep existing plant species and at plowing and sowing.
Brightness transformation of image with adaptive blocks, research of its efficiency in compression.
Strip tillage and sowing fitomeliorants at the combination S25+D50+G25 (Shrabs - 25%, Dwarf shrubs - 50%, Grasses - 25%) creates favorable conditions for seeded fitomeliorants and allows to create all-year-round pastures. Total forage productivity restored/improved rangelands considerably more then other combinations of components.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Centre of Science and Technology of Republic of Uzbekistan.
References:
1. Zhao H. L. at all., desertification process due to heavy grazing in sandy rangeland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments, -2005. - 62, 309-319.
2. Kassas M., Arid and Semi-Arid Lands: Problems and Prospects, Agro-Ecosystems, - 19773, - 185-204.
3. Loraine Van den Berg, Klaus Kellner, Restoring degraded patches in a semi-arid rangeland of South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments - 2005. - 61, 497-511.
4. Steven L. Rethinking Desertification: What Do We Know and What Have We Learned?//World Development. - 1991. - Vol. 19. - No 9. - P. 1137-1143.
5. Su Yong-Zhong at all., Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China., Catena, - 2005. - 59, 267-278.
6. Tatyana A. Saiko, Igor S. Zonn, Irrigation expansion and dynamic of desertification in the Circum-Aral region of Central Asia. Applied Geography, - 2000. - 20, 349-367.
7. Thomas D. S. G., Middleton N., Salinization: new perspectives on a major desertification issue. Journal ofA. Envir., - 1993. - 24, 95-105.
8. Ed Fredrickson at all, Perspectives on desertification: south-western United States., Journal ofArid Environments, - 1998. - 39, 191-207.
9. Gregory S. Okin at all, Journal ofArid Environments, - 2001. - 47, 123-144.
10. Gintiburger G., Toderich K. N., Mardonov B. K. and Mahvudov M. M., Ronglands of the arid and semi-arid zones in Uzbekistan., CIRAD-UCARDA., - 2003. - 426 p.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-189-192
Kamilov Mirzayan, Nosirov Khabibullo, Tashkent University of Information Technologies, E-mail: [email protected]
Brightness transformation of image with adaptive blocks, research of its efficiency in compression and estimation of reconstructed image quality
Abstract: This article discusses the method of converting the luminance of the adaptive block partitioning, which allows you to select and remove the image uniformity. It also provides the experimental results obtained by the study of the effectiveness of this method and the evaluation of the reconstructed images.
Keywords: image compression, conversion, block partition.
Introduction. Today there are many different techniques and video standards that provide good image quality at bit rate more than 3-5 Mbps. However, at the moment an important task is to develop efficient methods of compression, providing the transmission of broadcast TV programming stream via cellular communication at a speed of 2 Mbps [1].
Main part. To improve the efficiency of image compression the image's pixels' brightness changing the image has been proposed [2; 3]. The method starts work with dividing the image into square blocks of arbitrary size ranging from 32x32 to 2x2 pixels within which the luminance value is set in such a way that on the one hand, to bring it closer to zero, on the other hand, to make more uniform the entire brightness frame field, as shown in Figure 1.
As can be seen from Figure 1, on certain types of images can be obtained a full uniform image, which statistical information is well below 300-500 times by the RLE long series compressor.
However, these are provided only for certain types of synthetic images and on a normal picture some violation of the uni-
formity of brightness of the adjacent blocks (fig. 2) appears, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of the method. Therefore, we proposed adaptively changing block sizes method, depending on changes in the brightness of the source image structure [3].
In this algorithm, whose block diagram is shown in fig. 3, the procedure of finding the same areas of the image is carried out. This means that for the transmission of information on the areas having the same chrominance levels (monochrome), only the necessary area and color layer will transfer. This method is similar to the Huffman conversion, where the transmission of the same portion of the repeating elements, you must have one of the elements and the number of repetitions it [4].
This algorithm works as follows. The image is divided into blocks of size 2x2; between these 4 pixels the minimum luminance value will be found. Then, the minimum value is subtracted from each pixel in the block. Results are compared with the error factor, the size of which is determined by the formula 2,55*k (where k—is the user set percentage and is called the percentage error). If the difference is less than a pre-
