CC BY
28Research integrity policy for a scholarly journal
Armen Yuri Gasparyan, George D. Kitas
Mediterr J Rheumatol 2016; 27(3):88-90
AN EDITION OF GREEK RHEUMATOLOGY SOCIETY AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RHEUMATOLOGISTS
EKAOZH THE EAAHNIKHZ PEYMATOAOHKHE ETAIPEIAZ KAI EflArrEAMATIKHE ENflEHE PEYMATOAOfflN EAAAAOZ
mediterranean journal
of RHEUMATOLOGY
E-ISSN: 2459-3516
mediterranean journal of rheumatology
June 2016 | Volume 27 | Issue 3
mediterranean journal
of RHEUMATOLOGY
EAAHNIKH PEYMATQAOriA
27 3
2016
© Gasparyan A Y, Kitas G D
This work is licensed under and Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International L
EDITORIAL
Research integrity policy for a scholarly journal
Armen Yuri Gasparyan1 © , George D. Kitas1,2
1 Departments of Rheumatology and Research and Development, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust (Teaching Trust of the University of Birmingham, UK), Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, UK, 2Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Peer-reviewed medical journals serve as platforms for distribution of trustworthy information that may influence health professionals' decisions and patients' care globally. Adhering to the best available standards of research reporting, archiving well-checked records, and correcting erroneous publications are mandatory tasks for the editorial staff and advisory board members. Scientific authors, reviewers and experts in any academic discipline, who are invited to join the journal editorial board, are obliged to familiarize themselves with the principles of research and publication ethics and related recommendations of the global editorial associations.1 The journal's staff members, acting as gatekeepers and shaping the landscape of evidence accumulation, should regularly revise their instructions for authors, and enforce them,2 including well-formulated ethical points that guide the authors and help them avoid misconduct.
Experience gained by several successful journals suggests that launching a research integrity section, headed by a skilled specialist, can be useful in terms of expanding the indexing of the journal by prestigious databases (e.g. MEDLINE, Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded). The research integrity editor should provide guidance on updating the journal's instructions and analyse ethical issues in submitted and published articles.3
Clinical specialists are primarily concerned with keeping abreast of recent developments in their narrow field
of their specialization. Most of them read and publish scholarly articles for professional growth, accreditation to societies, and continuing medical education. However, few
Mediterr J Rheumatol 2016;27(3):88-90 https://doi.org/10.31138/mjr. 27.3.88
of them delve deeper into the structure of the articles, critically analyse available evidence and discard items negatively affected by unethical, biased or erroneous research reporting. The research integrity editor may help clinicians and scientists to systematically analyse the evidence base, avoid referring to unethical sources, and ethically edit their own research, reviews and practice guidelines.
Clinical journal editors are increasingly encountering research and publication misconduct that is partly related to the uncertainties with ethical policies in academic and research institutions. They need support of research integrity specialists to find ways to handle cases of suspected misconduct. Most institutions worldwide consider fabrication, falsification and plagiarism as serious transgressions, warranting 'policing' actions by lay persons.4 However, many other forms of misconduct, such as inappropriate authorship, mismanagement of conflicts of interest, substandard peer review and unethical publication practices, are often disregarded as serious threats to the research integrity. Interestingly, a recent analysis of the authorship policies in 600 impact-factor journals revealed that almost all journals provided guidance on authorship criteria, but only 32% warned against 'gift', 'guest' or 'ghost' authorship, and only 5% advised disclosure of author contributions.5 Our own analysis of Scopus-indexed Rheumatology journals in 2014 revealed that only one-third of these periodicals had statements on authorship.6 We also advocated the implementation of the Open Research and Contributor IDs (ORCID) to increase transparency and avoid inappropriate authorship,7 which is a big issue for research-intensive disciplines, including Rheumatology. To date, there are only a few Rheumatology journals that advise their authors to register and present their digital IDs.
Corresponding author:
Armen Yuri Gasparyan, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine Departments of Rheumatology and Research & Development, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust (Teaching Trust of the University of Birmingham, UK), Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley DY1 2HQ, West Midlands, UK E-mail: a.gasparyan@gmail.com
Keywords: Publication ethics; Authorship; Best Target Journals.
Cite this article as: Gasparyan A Y, Kitas G D. Research integrity policy for a scholarly journal. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2016;27(3):88-90.
RESEARCH INTEGRITY POLICY FOR A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL
All clinicians follow recommendations from evidence-based sources, and especially those endorsed by relevant professional societies. Latest analyses of a large number of systematic reviews, which were retrieved from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE and Psyclnfo, demonstrated incomplete disclosure of conflicts of interest by authors.8,9 Non-Cochrane reviews were 4 times less likely to report the authors' individual conflicts than Cochrane reviews.8 'Systematic' reviews on psychological therapies were affected by biased citing of the authors' own studies.9 Our own analysis pointed to the fact that two-thirds of Scopus-indexed Rheumatology journals lack comprehensive policies over the disclosure of conflicts by reviewers and editors, and that two-thirds of published Rheumatology practice guidelines do not contain explicit disclosures of the experts' conflicts and their relationships with the pharmaceutical industry.10 The results of randomized controlled trials are also viewed as the 'strongholds' of the evidence pyramid, and are increasingly cited in the recommendations of professional societies. Most of these trials are conducted in the US, UK and other developed countries, while the results are indiscriminately implemented in clinical practice worldwide. That is one aspect of the mismanagement of trial results. Additionally, not all trials pass the expedient peer review, and sometimes are published with errors, potentially jeopardizing the patients' care. An analysis of 93 trials, which were reported in prestigious medical journals, suggested that peer reviewers failed to detect deficiencies in methodology of numerous trials.11 As a result, 38% of the published trial reports did not describe randomisation, 35% - primary and secondary outcomes, and 34% - sample size calculation. In 16% of cases, peer reviewers inappropriately advised to run additional analyses that negatively affected the reporting. Some Rheumatology journals explicitly advise their authors and reviewers to follow the CONSORT guidance on reporting trials.12 However, it seems that fundamental flaws in peer review may seriously affect the integrity of not just trial reports, but many other evidence-based articles. In fact, our analysis revealed that most indexed Rheumatology journals (75-77%) lack transparency in describing the employed peer review model and number of external reviewers.6 Oversights throughout the process of peer review may lead to redundant or otherwise unethical publications, requiring corrections and retractions. As of 25 August 2016, there are 20 retracted articles in PubMed which are related to Rheumatology. The number is small, but it can increase if one adds records from allied fields of science. Some of the retracted articles, published in impact-factor journals, were analysed by us earlier and linked to either blatant plagiarism, duplication, or publishers' error.13
All indexed Rheumatology journals can be affected by fraudulent, recycled or erroneous articles, despite the declared ethics, text similarity tests, peer review barrier and internal quality checks from submission to proofreading. As such, special attention to the articles' life is required post-publication. The journal instructions should incorporate an action plan for correcting/ retracting inappropriate publications. Referring and adapting related instruction points of the leading mul-tidisciplinary and rheumatology journals is advisable,14 though experience with handling cases in any given journal is probably more helpful. With the fast growing online publishing market, the likelihood of publishing wasteful, misleading and unethical information is also increasing. Jeffrey Beall, a librarian from the University of Colorado, voiced concerns over the so-called predatory publishing and threats of publishing anything and everything for a fee.15 Rheumatology and allied disciplines with increasing research outputs are not immune to predatory publishing practices. A quick look at the blacklisted publishers and standalone journals may give an impression of the scale of bogus open-access publishing in multidisciplinary journals with titles attractive for Rheumatologists: "International...", "British...", "European.", "Eurasian." and even "Mediterranean." (https://scholarlyoa.com/indi-vidual-journals/). Rheumatologists and allied specialists with any record of publications in PubMed, Scopus or Web of Science can be targeted by predators, exploiting the authors' keen interest in individualized emails and invitations to act as contributors or honorary editorial board members. In all predatory journals, even those with indexing status, impact factors and impressive websites, authors' interests are subdued to financial considerations. Their editorial boards with often big names are not functional, and are, in fact, illegitimate. Controls for the novelty and validity of the published articles are absent, since no qualified internal or external peers are involved in the processing and publishing. Research integrity specialists can increase awareness of the apparent and covert predatory activities and help clinical Rheumatologists publish ethical articles in the best possible periodicals. As editorial team members, research integrity editors are best positioned to check the novelty, methodological rigour and systematic approach to references in the journal submissions. Spotting predatory references and suggesting relevant replacements is one of the simple and quite helpful actions by them,16 which can be appreciated by indexers from Scopus and Web of Science.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
mediterranean journal 27
of RHEUMATOLOGY 3
E Л Л H N I К H PEYMATOAOflA 2016
REFERENCES
1. Veal6 B L, Ludwig R. The philosophy of the editorial review board. Radiol Technol 2015;86:329-30.
2. Horvat M, Mlinaric A, Omazic J, Supak-Smolcic V. An Analysis of Medical Laboratory Technology Journals' Instructions for Authors. Sci Eng Ethics 2016;22:1095-106.
3. Simundic A M. Biochemia medica appoints research integrity editor. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2012;22:271.
4. Resnik D B, Rasmussen L M, Kissling G E. An international study of research misconduct policies. Account Res 2015;22:249-66.
5. Resnik D B, Tyler A M, Black J R, Kissling G E. Authorship policies of scientific journals. J Med Ethics 2016;42:199-202.
6. Gasparyan A Y, Ayvazyan L, Gorin S V, Kitas G D. Upgrading instructions for authors of scholarly journals. Croat Med J 2014;55:271-80.
7. Gasparyan A Y, Akazhanov N A, Voronov A A, Kitas G D. Systematic and open identification of researchers and authors: focus on open researcher and contributor ID. J Korean Med Sci 2014;29:1453-6.
8. Hakoum M B, Anouti S, Al-Gibbawi M, Abou-Jaoude E A, Has-bani D J, Lopes L C, et al. Reporting of financial and non-financial conflicts of interest by authors of systematic reviews: a methodological survey. BMJ Open 2016;6:e011997.
9. Lieb K, von der Osten-Sacken J, Stoffers-Winterling J, Reiss N, Barth J. Conflicts of interest and spin in reviews of psychological therapies: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010606.
10. Gasparyan A Y, Ayvazyan L, Akazhanov N A, Kitas G D. Conflicts of interest in biomedical publications: considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors. Croat Med J 2013;54:600-8.
11. Hopewell S, Collins G S, Boutron I, Yu L M, Cook J, Shanyinde M, et al. Impact of peer review on reports of randomised trials published in open peer review journals: retrospective before and after study. BMJ 2014;349:g4145.
12. Schumacher HR Jr, Von Feldt JM. Some suggestions for reviewers and for authors to know what reviewers may be looking for. J Clin Rheumatol 2014;20:241-3.
13. Gasparyan A Y, Ayvazyan L, Akazhanov N A, Kitas G D. Self-correction in biomedical publications and the scientific impact. Croat Med J 2014;55:61-72.
14. Resnik D B, Wager E, Kissling G E. Retraction policies of top scientific journals ranked by impact factor. J Med Libr Assoc 2015;103:136-9.
15. Beall J. Dangerous Predatory Publishers Threaten Medical Research. J Korean Med Sci 2016;31:1511-3.
16. Beall J. Predatory journals: Ban predators from the scientific record. Nature 2016;534:326.
